宁夏引黄灌区近50年北移冬小麦越冬期温度变化特征分析

利用宁夏引黄灌区所辖市（县）的11个气象站点1961-2009年的逐日温度数据,分析了当地北移冬小麦种植区各项温度指标的变化特征。结果表明：近50a来,宁夏引黄灌区1月极端最低气温的平均值为-19.8℃,冬小麦北移后比北移前升高了3.9%;1月的平均温度为-7.4℃,冬小麦北移后比北移前升高了12.8%,1月平均气温低于-9℃的年数减少了75%,说明宁夏引黄灌区北移冬小麦已经处于冬小麦种植北界内的适宜种植区;北移冬小麦生育期≥0℃积温平均值为1969.6℃.d,冬小麦北移后比北移前增加了11.1%,但无论冬小麦北移之前还是之后,宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦生育期≥0℃积温都能保证冬小麦正常生长;北移冬小麦越冬前≥0℃积温平均值为363℃.d,北移后比北移前增加了10.3%,接近华北冬小麦生长所需冬前≥0℃积温400℃.d的下限;越冬期负积温平均值为-586℃.d,北移后比北移前增加了22.3%,但仍然达不到华北冬性和强冬性品种安全越冬的越冬期负积温的下限。因此,适时早播和加强水肥管理以增加冬前≥0℃积温、培育壮苗和提高冬小麦的越冬存活率是保证北移冬小麦高产的关键技术措施。     

太行山山前平原近50 年气候变暖特征及其对冬小麦-夏玉米作物系统的影响

气候变暖及其对作物系统的影响是农业应对全球变化领域的主要研究命题之一。本文以河北省石家庄为例, 通过对近50 年气温数据以及作物系统热量资源变化特征的分析, 探讨了太行山山前平原区气候变暖对冬小麦-夏玉米作物系统的影响。山前平原区近50 年来明显变暖, 增温速率为0.35 ℃·10a^-1, 其中冬季增温幅度最大, 为0.51 ℃·10a^-1。气候变暖对作物的影响主要体现在有效积温的增加。近20 年来, >10 ℃积温较基准时段增加明显, 农业热量资源条件改善, 相当于农作物有效生育期延长10~20 d。由于较大的增温幅度及季节不均衡性, 冬小麦-夏玉米作物系统受到显著影响: 1990 年以来, 冬小麦生长季积温较基准时段上升幅度超过10%, 冬前生长期积温增加易造成旺长, 影响其安全越冬能力, 需推迟冬小麦播种期以适应气候变暖导致的不利影响; 气候变暖改善了夏玉米生育期热量条件, 综合考虑其收获期因小麦晚播而相应推迟的影响,夏玉米生长季>10 ℃积温可超过2 900 ℃, 满足中晚熟玉米品种平播的热量条件。     

中国北部冬麦区小麦生育期对生育阶段积温变化的响应

利用1993-2013年中国北部冬麦区19个农业气象观测站的冬小麦生育期及气象资料,研究了冬小麦各生育阶段积温和生育期的时空变异特征。通过皮尔逊相关性分析等方法,探究冬小麦各生育阶段积温变化对生育期的影响。结果表明：（1）播种-出苗、返青-拔节阶段≥0℃积温和越冬期负积温的值呈东高西低的空间分布,拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟、乳熟-成熟和播种-成熟阶段≥0℃积温为东南低西北高,而出苗-越冬开始阶段≥0℃积温则呈东南高西北低的分布;拔节-抽穗和乳熟-成熟阶段≥0℃积温均在21%的站点上显著减少,返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟和播种-成熟阶段≥0℃积温及越冬期负积温分别在26%、37%、21%和42%的站点上显著增加,而播种-出苗和出苗-越冬开始阶段≥0℃积温的变化较小;（2）播种和出苗期呈东部晚西部早的空间分布,抽穗、乳熟和成熟期则相反;越冬开始期呈东南晚西北早的分布,返青期则相反;拔节早的站点主要位于麦区东部。播种、出苗、返青、拔节、乳熟和成熟期分别在21%、16%、37%、26%、42%和21%站点显著推迟且多位于麦区东部,而越冬开始期和抽穗期仅在5%站点变化显著;（3）相关分析表明,各生育阶段≥0℃积温（或越冬期负积温）与多个生育期的相关性显著,生育阶段积温的变化可能直接或间接影响了冬小麦的生长发育。越冬期负积温与返青、拔节、抽穗、乳熟和成熟期相关性最大,且与冬后多个生育期呈现一致的时空变异特征,其时空变异性可能是造成冬小麦冬后生育期在时空上存在差异的原因。     

济宁市秋冬积温变迁及其对冬小麦生长的影响

利用济宁市1967-2006年的气象资料及小麦秋冬季生长发育资料,分越冬前和越冬期分析了秋冬积温变迁及其对冬小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明,1967年以来,每10 a平均冬前≥0℃积温及其≥700℃.d的几率、≥750℃.d的几率、≥800℃.d的几率均显著增加,越冬期≥0℃积温也显著增加,而负积温显著减少;冬小麦冬前旺长年的几率增加、旺长程度加重,越冬期间生长量加大。因此,早播麦田适宜播期应推迟到10月5日-9日,不宜早于10月5日,遇暖秋（10月上旬旬均温≥18℃）年开播时间可推迟至10月10日,偏春性半冬性品种在上述各适宜播期的基础上应再推迟5d,以便有效预防冬前旺长和越冬期冻害。     

松嫩平原作物生长季气候和作物生育期的时空变化特征

基于松嫩平原及其周边地区131个气象站点1951-2008年的观测数据和133个农业气象站1992-2010年主要旱作物(春玉米、大豆和春小麦)的生育期记录数据,分析了松嫩平原主要气候要素和主要旱作物各生育期的时空变化特征。结果表明,松嫩平原近60a气候变化十分明显,气温平均升高了1.79℃,年≥10℃积温平均增加了228℃.d,积温线明显北移,2700、2800、2900℃.d线向北位移了100～240km;松嫩平原的降水量减少、相对湿度降低,且西部地区较东部变化更加明显;日照时数呈南减北增的变化趋势。松嫩平原气候变化对不同旱作物的生育期产生了不同程度的影响,大豆生育期推迟相对较为明显,其次是春玉米,春小麦的生育期变化最小。松嫩平原西部和南部地区的作物生育期距平的变化较其它地区更明显。     

河北省温度和降水变化对农业的影响

利用京、津、冀区域内70个气象观测站点自建站至2000年的气象观测资料,以温度和降水作为主要因子,重点分析了河北省平均温度、降水量的时空分布、年际和年代际变化。结果表明:随着全球气候变暖,河北省20世纪90年代的温度升高了0.8~1.2℃,平均每10年升高0.4℃;年降水量减少了87mm,平均每10年减少21mm。气候变化使冬小麦各生育期均有所提前,冬小麦种植北界到90年代延伸到了41°N以北,和50年代相比向北推移了30~50km。     

辽沈Ⅰ型日光温室环境及保温性能试验研究

东北型节能日光温室——辽沈I型日光温室在采光设计、保温设计、结构设计等方面性能优越,具有较齐备的配套设施。该文通过试验对沈阳农业大学工厂化中心9#日光温室的温、光、湿等环境及保温性能进行了综合分析。测试分析表明,测试期间,室内最低温度8.2℃、最高温度32.3℃,室内平均温度15.0℃,室外平均温度-17.3℃,室内外平均温差32.3℃;土壤1、3.5、50 cm的平均温度基本相同,分别为14.2、14.2、14.8℃。墙体的平均蓄热为8.35 MJ/(m²·d),夜间向室内放热1.69 MJ/(m²·d),通过墙体向外散失的热量2.61 MJ/(m²·d);后坡平均蓄热3.45 MJ/m²·d,夜间向室内释放的热量较小,仅为0.07 MJ/(m²·d),后坡的热损失较大,平均2.04 MJ/(m²·d);通过地下5 cm处土壤热流量分析,土壤的平均蓄热0.75 MJ/(m²·d),夜间平均释放热量0.48MJ/(m²·d);前坡的平均散热量为7.55 MJ/(m²·d),散热量较大。     

未来气候变化对四川盆地玉米生育期气候资源及生产潜力的影响

开展气候变化背景下四川盆地玉米生育期气候资源及生产潜力时空变化趋势的预估, 可对未来应对气候变化及玉米生产宏观决策提供重要的理论依据。利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2和B2气候情景(2071-2100年)及基准气候条件(1961-1990年)气象要素资料, 分析了四川盆地玉米生育期内主要气候资源(日平均气温≥10 ℃积温、日照时数、降水量、参考作物蒸散量和缺水率)和玉米生产潜力(光合、光温和气候生产潜力)的时空变化特征。结果表明, 与基准气候条件相比, 在A2和B2两种气候情景下, 2071-2100年四川盆地玉米生育期内≥10 ℃积温、日照时数和参考作物蒸散量都呈增加趋势; 两种气候情景下, 日平均气温≥10 ℃积温的增量分别为460~641 ℃·d和376~492 ℃·d, 在盆地西部增量最大; 日照时数的增量分别为15~225 h和33~202 h, 雅安增加最多; 参考作物蒸散量的增量分别为76~144 mm和73~123 mm, 雅安增加最多。降水量在大部分地区呈减少趋势, 变幅分别为 87~56 mm和 73~47 mm, 雅安减少最多。玉米缺水率分别增加2%~18%和5%~16%, 雅安增幅最大, 未来四川盆地玉米受干旱灾害的风险可能加大。在A2和B2情景下, 2071-2100年玉米光合生产潜力分别增加228~3 277 kg·hm^-2和485~2 960 kg·hm^-2, 雅安和川北部分地区增量最大; 光温生产潜力也呈增加趋势, 分别增加2 923~5 874 kg·hm^-2和2 697~4 909 kg·hm^-2, 雅安的增量最大; 气候生产潜力同样呈增加趋势, 分别增加984~2 975 kg·hm^-2和293~2 090 kg·hm^-2, 盆地西部增加较多。未来四川盆地气候资源变化对玉米的生产有利, 产量存在提升空间。     

1961-2010年中国农业热量资源分布和变化特征

利用全国508个气象站点1961-2010年地面气象观测资料,采用气候倾向率和GIS方法研究了近50a全国尺度热量资源分布,并比较分析1961-1980年(Ⅰ)和1981-2010年(Ⅱ)两个时段的热量资源变化特征。结果表明:全国热量资源分布不均匀,总体特征为南多北少,东部主要受纬度的影响,西部则受地形影响。与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ平均温度0℃、10℃和15℃等值线均存在北移现象;日平均气温≥0℃和≥10℃的持续日数平均增加5.5d和4.7d;日平均气温≥0℃和≥10℃积温分布和变化趋势相似,华南地区5500~6100℃·d(≥0℃积温)和5300~6500℃·d(≥10℃积温)积温带面积分别增加5.32×104km2和1.92×103km2。1961-2010年,平均温度气候倾向率为0.27℃/10a,增暖趋势显著,且北方增暖趋势较南方明显;最低、最高温度气候倾向率分别为0.37℃/10a和0.21℃/10a。≥0℃积温和≥10℃积温增加趋势大体一致,约为70℃·d/10a。近50a,全国热量资源(平均温度、最高、最低温度和积温)呈增加趋势,且最低温度变化幅度高于最高温度,对气候增暖起主要作用。气候增暖将对农业生产的空间分布产生影响,使基于原来指标和气候确定的农业气候区划边界与当前气候现实存在偏离,研究热量资源的分布和变化对合理利用热量资源,确定合适的农业气候指标和作物种植区域具有指导意义。     

安徽省沿江地区双季稻光热资源利用效率变化特征及对气象产量的影响

为进一步了解安徽省沿江地区双季稻光温资源利用效率的变化特征及光温资源变化对双季稻气象产量的影响,以安徽省沿江地区19个市县气象观测站1961—2017年逐日日平均气温、日照时数及7个双季稻主产市县1961—2006年早稻和晚稻产量为基础,采用线性趋势、M-K突变检验、相关分析、回归分析等方法,分析了早稻、晚稻、双季稻生长季光热资源和利用效率变化特征及光热资源变化对气象产量的影响。结果表明,1961—2017年安徽省沿江地区早稻、晚稻和双季稻生长季太阳总辐射呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）,平均每10 a降幅分别为30.5 MJ·m^-2、69.8 MJ·m^-2和86.6 MJ·m^-2;≥10℃积温呈显著增加趋势,平均每10 a增幅分别为39.1℃·d、24.4℃·d和14.7℃·d。早稻、晚稻、双季稻光能和热量利用效率均呈显著增加趋势（P<0.01）,其中光能利用效率增幅分别为0.040%·（10a）^-1、0.103%·（10a）^-1和0.083%·（10a）^-1,热量利用效率平均每10 a增幅分别为0.141 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2、0.39 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2和0.315 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2;早稻、晚稻和双季稻光热资源利用效率显著增加主要源于其产量的大幅提升。太阳总辐射、≥10℃积温与早稻气象产量分别呈极显著（P<0.01）、显著（P<0.05）正相关;晚稻气象产量与太阳总辐射呈显著（P<0.05）正相关,但与≥10℃积温相关性不显著（P>0.05）。太阳总辐射是影响早稻和晚稻气象产量的主要因子,≥10℃积温为次要因子;光热资源变化对早稻气象产量的影响较晚稻更为明显。在太阳总辐射减少、≥10℃积温增加趋势下,可通过选择光合效率高的品种,并采用薄膜育秧或温室育秧方式,增加早稻生长季积温,适当延长晚稻生育期等途径,提高安徽省沿江地区双季稻光热资源利用效率,实现水稻周年产量的高产稳产。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.