The Influence of Dicamba on Somatic Embryogenesis and Frequency of Plant Regeneration from Cultured Immature Embryos of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

An investigation was made to discover the influence of dicamba on the somatic embryogenesis of winter wheat cultivars-. Immature embryos of Triticum aestivum cv, ‘Sage’, ‘Caribo’ and ‘Kanzler’ were cultured, on modified N6-medium with the addition of 1 mg/13,6 dichlor-2-methoxy benzoe acid (dicamba). The young embryos were placed with the embryo axis on to the medium. Under this condition the scutella of the embryos at different stage of development produced compact calli and embryoids which regenerated plants with a high frequency (70 %) four to: six weeks later. The results suggest that dicamba could be of value in the induction of somatic embryogenesis.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Tritordeum

Regeneration of plants by somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos of hexaploid tritordeum (AABBH^chH^ch, amphiploid Hordeum chilense×Triticum turgidum conv. durum) and durum wheat (Triticum tergidum) was induced on MS medium supplemented with different 2.4-D concentrations. Well-defined embryoids were formed with a high frequency on the scutellar callus from 1 or 2 weeks onwards and plantlets were developed from them. In the best cases from one single explant more than 100 plants could be obtained. Plants were also regenerated by somatic embryogenesis from inflorescences of Hordeum chilense×Triticum turgiditm conv. durum hybrid and its respective hexa-amphiploid. With regard to callus induction and regenerative ability, evident differences between hexa- and octoploid (H. chilense×T. aestivum) tritordeum were found, the latter showing a very low response.     

绿色棉新彩棉7号体细胞胚胎发生及其植株再生

以绿色棉新彩棉7号的子叶、下胚轴为外植体,MSB(MS培养基附加B5维生素)基本培养基附加不同激素组合,诱导愈伤组织及调控分化,通过体细胞胚胎发生方式获得再生植株.结果表明:0.1 mg· L-1 KT(Kinetin,激动素)+ 0.1 mg·L-12,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic,2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)为诱导愈伤组织的最适植物激素组合,不同外植体处理出愈率均达到100％,但下胚轴纵切面背向培养基放置培养更有利于诱导愈伤组织形成;分化调控阶段的最佳植物激素组合为0.15 mg·L-1 KT+ 0.3 mg·L-1 IBA(Indole-3-butyric acid,吲哚丁酸),胚性愈伤分化率可达23.33％; MSB中去除NH4NO3同时KNO3加倍,附加0.5 g·L-1Asn(Asparagine,天冬酰胺)和lg· L-1 Gln(Glutamine,谷氨酰胺),胚性愈伤可进一步分化获得体细胞胚,将成熟的子叶胚接种于1/2MS获得完整的再生植株. 本研究通过体细胞胚发生途径获得了新彩棉7号的再生植株,为天然彩色棉基因工程研究奠定了一定基础.     

陆地棉原生质体培养与植株再生技术研究

 分离培养陆地棉品种ZDM-3（Gossypium hirsutum L cv ZDM-3）胚性细胞悬浮系的原生质体,通过体细胞胚胎发生成功获得再生植株。试验结果表明,植物生长调节剂组合和碳源对原生质体培养具有重要的影响,添加2,4-D + KT + 1.5%（W/V）葡萄糖+ 1.5%（W/V）麦芽糖的KM8P培养基对于陆地棉原生质体培养的效果较好。激素组合0.46 μmol·L^-1 KT + 0.45 μmol·L^-1  2,4-D诱导的愈伤组织较松软,分化潜力高;胚性愈伤组织的增殖使用0.93 μmol·L^-1 KT + 2.46 μmol·L^-1 IBA的激素组合;1.2 μmol·L^-1 IBA + 1.39 μmol·L^-1 KT有利于体细胞胚胎发生,而MSB-5 + 0.67 μmol·L^-1 KT+2.69 μmol·L^-1 NAA的培养基适合体细胞胚胎萌发和植株再生。此外,愈伤组织诱导宜用葡萄糖作为碳源,而胚性愈伤组织增殖、保存和胚状体的萌发过程宜使用麦芽糖作碳源。     

棉花体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的影响因素

对影响棉花体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的基因型、外植体及培养基中的碳源、氮源、固化剂、外源激素、pH值等方面的因素进行了综述,并讨论了存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

新陆早42号体细胞胚发生和植株再生

 以新陆早33号为对照研究新疆主栽品种新陆早42号的体细胞胚胎发生。研究表明,所用4种激素组合均能有效诱导愈伤组织,但二者仅在经过IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+KT 0.5 mg·L^-1和2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1+KT 0.1 mg·L^-1两种激素组合诱导初生愈伤后,才能胚胎发生。新陆早42号在IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+KT 0.5 mg·L^-1培养基上46 d就开始胚胎发生;新陆早33号则不能直接胚胎发生,需继代到MSBP培养基上培养48 d才有胚胎发生。经2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1+KT 0.1 mg·L^-1组合培养的愈伤均需要继代到MSBP培养基上培养才能胚胎发生,新陆早42号和新陆早33号胚胎发生的最早时间分别是71 d和81 d。胚性愈伤在铺有滤纸的MSBF培养基上分化成胚并发育成再生植株。新陆早42号在140 d有根系发育良好的能嫁接植株（株高 7～8 cm）,而新陆早33需180 d。即成功建立了新陆早42号的再生体系,且其胚胎发生能力和再生能力均优于对照。     

棉花组织培养高效植株再生体系的建立

通过对影响棉花体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生关键因素的研究,建立了适用于广泛基因型的棉花组织培养高效胚胎发生与植株再生体系。从中棉所12、中棉所19、泗棉3号等20余个主栽品种诱导获得了胚胎发生和植株再生,有效地突破了棉花组织培养植株再生的基因型控制,使占我国棉田面积50%以上的品种均能诱导获得胚胎发生和再生植株。首次诱导获得直接胚胎发生,使棉花组织培养的周期由180d缩短到120d左右,减少了培养过程中变异的发生。该结果的获得必将大大促进植物细胞工程和基因工程在棉花遗传改良上的应用。     

不同品种橡胶树花药愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生的比较

为优化橡胶树花药体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为橡胶树分子育种提供技术支撑,以橡胶树品种‘云研73-477’、‘云研73-46’、‘热研8-79’、‘云研77-4’、‘RRII105’、‘热垦525’的花药为材料,比较不同品种在相同培养条件下愈伤组织诱导、体胚发生能力及植株再生频率。结果表明,6个品种的花药均能脱分化形成愈伤组织,但不同品种间存在显著差异,诱导率最高的是‘RRII105’和‘热垦525’,分别为93.33%、90.33%,最低的是‘云研77-4’,为31.33%;体胚发生能力在不同品种间也有较大差异,‘云研73-477’体胚诱导率最高达76%,‘云研73-46’没有分化出体细胞胚;植株再生频率较高的品种有‘热垦525’和‘云研73-477’,分别为75.38%、54.35%,‘云研73-46’和‘云研77-4’无再生植株。     

棉花组织培养直接胚胎发生和植株再生

选用陆地棉(GossypiumhirsutumL.)品种中棉所12,首次直接诱导获得棉花体细胞胚胎发生,并获得了再生植株。结果表明,激素是影响棉花体细胞胚胎直接发生的重要因素,单独使用ZT可直接诱导获得棉花胚性愈伤组织和胚状体,2,4-D的添加虽有利于愈伤组织的形成,但却没能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织,IAA的添加削弱了ZT的诱导效果。下胚轴、子叶和胚根直接诱导获得胚胎发生的能力不同,其中以子叶的分化能力最强,胚根次之,下胚轴较差。实验中,棉花体细胞胚胎直接发生的最高频率为11.42%,占诱导获得总愈伤组织的44.44%。     

Influence of genotype and culture medium on callus formation and plant regeneration from immature embryos of Triticum turgidum Desf. cultivars

Twelve durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for their response to in vitro tissue culture. Zygotic immature embryos were used to induce callus formation using four different Murashige and Skoog‐based media. Each contained 9.05 μM 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid but differed in their carbon source (sucrose or maltose) and the presence of NaCl (0 mM or 40 mM). The influence of both genotype and medium on the type and percentage of callus produced was observed. Calli were either compact and frequently embryogenic, or soft and watery. Percentages ranged from 54 to 100%, depending upon genotype and induction medium. All calli were then plated on a regeneration medium containing 20 g/l sucrose, 2.68 μM 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.22 μ 6‐benzylaminopurine. The regeneration of plantlets was higher from compact than from soft calli, with a strong dependence on genotype and type of induction medium used. MSm induction medium (30 g/l maltose) and MS40s (30 g/l sucrose plus 40 mM NaCl) were best for inducing compact calli, and gave the highest proportion of regenerated plants. The in vitro response (number of total shoots from a compact callus/number of embryos plated) was higher for immature embryos of ‘Baztan’, ‘Bradano’ and ‘Don Pedro’. These cultivars are a good starting material for experiments involving transformation of calli from zygotic immature embryos.     

棉花川239体胚发生和植株再生

以长江流域棉花新品系川２３９为材料,系统比较了四种激素组合（２,４－ Ｄ＋ ＫＴ,ＮＡＡ＋ ＫＴ,ＩＡＡ＋ ＫＴ, ＺＴ）对愈伤组织诱导和体胚发生的影响,对获得大量再生植株的条件进行了研究,获得了“川２３９”再生植株。并对难于进行体胚发生的棉花品种的体细胞培养策略进行了初步探讨     

新陆早32号、33号的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生比较研究

以新疆主栽品种新陆早32号、33号和对照YZ1为研究材料,通过不同浓度的激素组合成功诱导获得了体细胞胚,并进一步发育成苗.研究发现,所用的12种激素组合均能有效诱导愈伤组织.虽然IBA+KT组合有利于诱导YZ1和新陆早33号的快速分化,但在增殖生长过程中体细胞胚容易褐化、死亡:在2,4-D+KT组合中,0.1 mg·L...     

Donor Plant Growth Conditions and Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Somatic Embryos Induced on Immature Zygotic Embryos of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Immature zygotic embryos of the sunflower inbred line ‘Ha 300’, cultivated on a modified MS medium containing 6-benzyladenine and a high amount of sucrose, regenerated fertile plants via direct somatic embryogenesis. Plant regeneration from immature sunflower embryos is generally characterized by a relatively high experimental variability resulting from the interactions of multiple factors. We present here a study of some of the factors acting on the donor plants and their influence on the capacity to regenerate plants. Repeated experiments during a 2-year period with greenhouse-grown as well as field-grown plants led to the following conclusions: (i) The use of pesticides, unavoidable in the greenhouse, is compatible with routine regeneration of fertile plants, (ii) The plant growth retardants tested were useful for the production of healthy plants in the greenhouse and had no effect on the regeneration capacity.     

A Simple Method of Inducing Somatic Embryogenesis in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.

A single-step method for the induction and development of somatic embryoids from hypocotyls explains of Brassica juncea is reported. On modified MS medium containing 2 % sucrose, 0.25 mgl ¹ 2,4-D, 0.5 mgl ¹ each of NAA and BaP-R, each explant calluses at both of and at its best, 31% of explants produce embryoids. In the variety RLM-198, the number of embryoids ranges from 8–21 per culture. Each embryoid, upon proliferation, developed up to the 25 shoots. The method is rapid; the time La ken from inoculation to the development of intact plantlets is 8–10 weeks. Regenerated plants have flowered normally and have set seed. The system can profitably be used for in vitro mutant selection and early bulking in mustard.     

Regeneration potential of CIMMYT durum wheat and triticale varieties from immature embryos

Twenty‐five durum wheat elite advanced lines and released varieties, and five triticale varieties were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus using three different media. For callus initiation and maintenance there were basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing double strains of macroelements and 2.5 mg/l 2,4D (DW1), basal MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4D (DW2), or basal MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4 D and coconut milk (DW3). Plant regeneration was achieved on basal MS medium with indoleacetic acid and 6‐benzylaminopurine, and plants rooted on MS with 1‐naphthale‐neacetic acid. DW3 medium proved better than the other media tested for embryogenic callus initiation and maintenance. Regeneration rates varied widely with both genotype and initiation medium, with values ranging from no regeneration to 100% regeneration; the plantlets produced per embryo ranged from five to 20. Fourteen of the durum wheat genotypes showed 63–100% regeneration from DW3 callus formation medium, four lines from DW1 medium, and two lines from DW2. Four of the triticale varieties had regeneration of 48–100% from DW3 medium. After six subcultures, over a 6‐month period, genotypes lost their ability to regenerate plants. Only 10 lines retained some plant regeneration potential but regeneration was at reduced levels. Successful regeneration of durum wheat and triticale varieties will be used as an integral part of the transformation process.     

花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生研究

为了建立花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为花生分子育种提供技术支撑,以花生品种‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’为材料,采用预培养3天的种子胚小叶、下胚轴、子叶节为外植体,在添加外源激素的MS培养基中使体细胞脱分化形成体细胞胚,再分化成植株。结果表明,在所设定2,4-D浓度（3,5,10,15,20 mg/L）范围内,胚小叶最容易诱导形成体细胞胚,2,4-D的适宜浓度为10 mg/L,经过约30天培养,可产生大量体细胞胚,‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’的平均诱导率分别为55.37%和36.72%。平均每个外植体产胚量分别为5.68个和4.27个。将诱导形成的体细胞胚转接到6-BA浓度由5 mg/L逐渐降低到1.5 mg/L的MS培养基中,体细胞胚萌发再生成无根小苗,正常植株再生率‘桂花30’为32.6%,‘桂花771’为23.5%。将无根苗转接到生根培养基中可获得完整植株。花生是较难诱导体细胞胚形成的作物之一,筛选合适的基因型、外植体和激素浓度是获得较高体细胞胚发生率和植株再生率的关键技术。     

Somatic Embryogenesis in Hypocotyl Protoplast Culture of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

By using a system of agirose plating and agarose bead culture, it was possible to induce efficient somatic embryogenesis in protoplast-derived calli of two rapeseed varieties, ‘Ceres’ and ‘Duplo’. Protoplasts were isolated from hypocotyls. For the initial protoplast culture a modified 8P medium was employed containing 2,4D (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/ 1), BAP (0.4 mg/l) and mannitol (7 %). After microcalli were obtained in four weeks, somatic embryos were induced by a two-step method. This involved a modified MS medium containing 2,4D (3.0 mg/l) in the first step and no 2,4D, but BAP (3.0 mg/l) and GA₃ (0.1 mg/l) in the second. This procedure also secured plant regeneration.     

Effect of Mutagenic Treatments on Somaclonal Variation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Different wheat genotypes were treated with gamma-rays, sodium azide (SA) and EMS before tissue culture and immature embryos from M₁ plants or plants shortly after exposure to gamma-rays were used to initiate callus culture. Thousands of plants were regenerated and used to investigate the effect of mutagenic treatments on the regenerated plants and somaclonal variation in the M₃R₂ and M₂R₂ generations. The results showed that mutagen-induced damage in terms of reduction in plant height, fertility and spike length were not outstanding in the regenerated plants as compared with the untreated control. In the M₃R₂ generation, only SA treatment had significantly higher frequencies of somaclonal variations than the control. Increases in the variation frequencies were observed when explant embryos were irradiated with 2.5 and 5 gy gamma-rays and the highest frequency appeared when embryos were exposed to 5 gy gamma-rays on the 5th day after anthesis. Increased variation spectra also resulted from mutagenic treatments and most of the variants recovered were unsuitable for plant improvement.     

荔枝胚性悬浮细胞系的快速建立及其体胚植株的再生

荔枝幼胚诱导的胚性培养物在低糖条件下连续继代4~6次左右,可筛选到颗粒细小、不含原胚的松散型胚性愈伤组织;以这种松散的胚性愈伤组织作为起始材料,在附加2,4-D 2mg/L或2,4-D 2mg/L、KT1 mg/L、AgNO3 5mg/L的MS液体启动培养基上振荡培养（100~120 r/min）10~14 d,即可建立起分散性良好的胚性悬浮细胞系。采用激素减半的2种启动培养基交替继代培养或周期性固体－液体轮回培养,可以长期保持胚性悬浮细胞系。荔枝胚性悬浮细胞在附加NAA 0.1 mg/L、KT 或Ze 5 mg/L、肌醇100 mg/L、蔗糖50g/L、琼脂10g/L的MS固体培养基上诱导体胚,25~40d后可形成大量胚状体,诱导体胚数量达10,000个/g FW以上。经过成熟培养后,正常的体胚75%以上萌发再生完整植株。     

Frost Resistance of Somaclones Derived from Triticum aestivum L. Winter Wheat Calli

Frost resistance was studied in SC₄ seedlings generated by self pollination from 31 (SC₄) plants of ‘GK Csongor’ winter wheat variety derived from resistance than ‘GK Csongor’. With respect to percentage survival, one family possessed significantly higher frost resistance as compared to the control at a temperature of -13°C In the case of regrowth analysis, 22 of the 31 families showed less growing capacity and 5 proved to be significantly better than ‘GK Csongor’. According to both testing methods, one family showed significantly higher frost resistance than the control.