寒地温室豆角耗水规律分析及节水灌溉模式优化

为了探索北方寒冷地区温室蔬菜的耗水规律,基于温室豆角滴灌试验,采用正交试验设计,研究了寒地温室不同生育期不同灌水定额对秋季豆角耗水规律及产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:豆角在苗期耗水模数最高为37.75%,在开花期耗水强度最高为2.83mm/d;苗期灌水量对豆角产量的影响显著,产量及水分利用效率最佳的灌溉模式为:苗期灌水定额为12mm、开花期灌水定额为12mm、结荚期灌水定额为24mm、采摘期灌水定额为6mm,可提高产量7.63%,灌溉水利用效率提高98.26%,达到27.48kg/m3,该节水灌溉模式可实现豆角高产及水分利用高效的统一,为指导北方寒冷地区温室豆角的节水灌溉提供依据。     

马蹄（荸荠）耗水规律及灌溉模式试验研究

在4年的试验研究成果基础上,探求了马蹄的耗水规律,对正常灌溉条件下马蹄耗水量在全生育期内的变化规律、不同水分条件下马蹄的耗水规律、马蹄耗水量与气象的关系、马蹄耗水量与产量的关系等4个方面进行了实验研究,并由此提出了马蹄的合理灌溉模式,为马蹄的节水灌溉和高产优质提供了基本依据。     

保水剂在京郊果园的应用试验研究

重点研究了果园施用保水剂后剖面土壤水分动态、果树耗水规律 ,探讨了保水剂作用下土壤水分对果树生长、果实生长发育、产量与品质的影响规律 ,同时对保水剂在山区果园的应用进行了经济可行性分析     

吐鲁番地区不同灌水量和毛管间距对葡萄生长和产量的影响

2013年对吐鲁番葡萄采用滴灌方式进行灌水实验,灌溉定额分别为720、850和960mm,滴灌带间距设置为40和60cm,监测并分析葡萄生长期生长指标、耗水和产量等数据。结果表明:滴灌带间距为60cm时的葡萄在各项生长指标和产量上优于滴灌带间距为40cm的处理;各灌溉定额处理的葡萄整个生长期耗水由低到高再降低,耗水量和耗水强度随灌水量增加而增大,其中葡萄的浆果膨大期耗水量最大,其他依次为浆果成熟期和枝蔓成熟期、新梢生长期、花期和萌芽期;灌溉定额850mm的W2处理产量和水分利用效率也最高,优于灌溉定额960mm的W3处理,增加灌水量在一定范围内可以增加葡萄产量。在综合考虑产量与水分利用效率的情况下,滴灌带铺设间距为60cm,灌溉定额为850mm为宜。     

保水剂在京郊果园的应用试验研究

重点研究了果园施用保水剂后剖面土壤水分动态、果树耗水规律，探讨了保水剂作用下土壤水分对果树生长、果料生长发育、产量与品质的影响规律，同时对保水剂在山区果园的应用进行了经济可行性分析。     

山区苹果节水灌溉试验研究

通过3年田间试验,采用灌关键水、控制土壤水分下限和果树栽培管理相结合的管理模式,探索出苹果生长期的需水规律及节水灌溉模式,即管道输水加按棵施灌的灌水方法.以田间试验为主,通过4个小区不同灌溉制度与群众习惯灌溉的对比试验,按照水量平衡原理.确定了盛果期苹果园生长期的需水量及需水规律;根据各小区果树连续3年的需水量、果树产量和产值,确定苹果树的水分生产率和水分生产效益.求得灌溉效益最大的那组试验数据.由此制定出苹果非充分灌溉节水灌溉制度:苹果在管灌方式下,灌溉4次为宜,最佳灌水期为萌芽前、新梢生长和幼果膨大期、果实迅速膨大期和落叶期.灌溉定额为1 050 m3/hm2.     

荔枝需水量试验研究

为提高荔枝产量和质量，节约灌溉水资源，促进农业生产，对荔枝不同生长期的需水量进行了试验研究，结合日耗水强度等因素，讨论了灌水计划湿润层深度、适宜土壤含水量下限、灌水定额、灌水深度等灌溉制度；对荔枝试验田块实施了科学喷灌，达到了预期的目的。     

南疆绿洲区滴灌红枣不同生育期水肥利用研究

为了揭示红枣不同生育期的耗水规律,确定灌溉施肥制度,通过大田和室内实验,对不同灌溉和施肥水平下的红枣在不同生育阶段的耗水量及水肥利用效率开展了研究。结果表明,枣树整个生育阶段的耗水量为355.42~554.39mm,枣树的需水临界期为开花坐果期,耗水量最大,芽期、新梢生长期耗水量最小;综合考虑产量和灌水施肥效益,初步确定灌溉定额为5 400m3/hm2、施肥量2 250kg/hm2为最优的灌溉施肥方式,既能满足红枣对水分的需求,又能获得较高的经济产量。初步制定了大田红枣的灌溉制度。     

冬小麦节水高产栽培技术研究

研究了节水灌溉条件下高产小麦的耗水规律和麦田土壤水分变化规律 ,以及作物对短期缺水的适应、补偿栽培技术。     

微咸水膜下滴灌条件下对棉花耗水规律的研究

在相同灌溉水量条件下,以不同比例混合塔里木盆地干旱区地下咸水（3.56g/l）和地表淡水（0.4g/l）,采用膜下滴灌技术充分灌溉,探求棉花的在微咸水膜下滴灌条件的耗水规律的研究。经研究表明在一处理3的矿化度为分界线下,表现出棉花耗水规律的不同受水盐协迫不同因素影响。     

蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限幼龄苹果树耗水特性及作物系数的试验研究

以三年生矮砧红富士为试验材料,利用水量平衡方程和彭曼-蒙特斯公式(Penman-Monteith)计算幼龄苹果树全生育期的实际耗水量和参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,探明了蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限幼龄苹果树的耗水特性及作物系数变化规律。结果表明:1CK、T_2、T_3处理全生育期耗水量差异不大,分别为327.40、322.60和314.10mm;T_1处理最小为296.40mm。生育期内各处理耗水量均呈中间大,两头小的"纺锤形"分布,生育中期(7-9月)的耗水模数为69.43%~75.44%,此阶段是幼龄苹果树的需水关键期。2CK、T_2、T_3处理幼树作物系数全生育期内呈双峰分布,初始生育期缓慢增长;花芽分化期,略有下降;快速生育期,作物系数持续增长并在生育中期达到峰值;成熟期,作物系数迅速减小;T1处理幼树作物系数全生育期内呈单峰分布,除7月外,其余时期都小于其他处理;不同处理幼树作物系数均在9月达到峰值。3蓄水坑灌比地面灌溉具有更强的蓄水保墒能力。     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对苹果幼树生长与生理特性的影响

为探明半干旱区苹果树科学合理的灌溉和施肥制度,进行了滴灌条件下北方半干旱地区水肥耦合效应对苹果幼树生长与生理特性影响的试验,灌水设4个水平,施肥设3个水平,其中灌水处理为田间持水率的75%~90%（W1）、65%~80%（W2）、55%~70%（W3）和45%~60%（W4）,施肥处理为N、P2O5、K2O与风干土质量比分别为0.9、0.3、0.3g/kg（F1）,0.6、0.3、0.3g/kg（F2）,0.3、0.3、0.3g/kg（F3）。结果表明：不同水肥耦合处理下苹果幼树各生育期植株生长量、叶面积和干物质量最大值均出现在F1W2处理,最小值均出现在F3W4处理,植株生长量和叶面积在萌芽开花期、新梢生长期、坐果膨大期和成熟期较F1W1处理分别增加了6.9%、6.2%、11.0%、2.7%和9.3%、5.8%、5.0%、3.3%,生长指标一定程度上可以反映作物的生理特性。随着苹果幼树的生长,不同水肥耦合处理对苹果幼树叶片SPAD的影响越来越大,苹果幼树全生育期耗水量随灌水量和施肥量的增加呈递增的趋势,在F1W2处理下水分生产率均达到最大值（2.43kg/m3）,且与F1W1处理相比增加了14.6%,耗水量却减少了12.2%。苹果幼树净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的最大值均出现在F1W1处理,F1W2处理与其相比分别降低了4.2%、9.7%和4.2%,但水分利用效率提高了5.9%,最大值也出现在F1W2处理。综上,F1W2水肥处理为最佳的水肥耦合模式,是最佳的灌溉和施肥制度。     

灌水模式对油葵耗水量产量及经济效益的影响

通过5种灌水处理模式和对照旱地油葵田间试验,探讨了灌水模式对油葵耗水量、产量、水分利用效率以及经济收入的影响。结果表明,油葵出盘前和灌浆后耗水量比其他时段多50％以上。在油葵不同生育阶段耗水量随着灌水量增加而增加;灌水定额120mm,灌两次水的灌水模式的产量最高,为2268kg／hm^2,而水分利用效率最大值出现在灌水定额66mm的灌水模式,灌水量增加反而使水分利用效率下降。经济分析结果表明,纯收入最高值出现在灌水模式93mm灌二水的处理,为2871元／hm^2,灌水定额增加或减少均导致经济收入下降。统计分析结果表明,干旱年份（全生育期有效降水量123mm）灌二水时,为了兼顾产量、水分利用效率以及经济收入,油葵最佳总灌水量以208-218mm为宜。全生育期有效降水量超过350mm的丰水年份不应该再灌水。     

苹果滴灌灌水定额试验研究

本文介绍了苹果需水量的测定方法以及试验结果,分析了陇东旱塬区苹果各生育期的耗水规律,推算出了苹果树在降水保证率50 % 时幼龄树和盛果期树的灌水次数及每次的灌水定额,对推广应用滴灌技术,提高苹果产量和品质,节约用水,促进苹果生产具有实际意义。     

胶东水库灌区果树灌溉效益分摊系数试验研究

在灌溉工程项目经济效益分析和评估中 ,通常应用灌溉效益分摊系数法 ,对粮食作物如冬小麦、夏玉米、水稻方面有一些研究成果 ,但对果树的灌溉效益分摊系数研究较少。山东省胶东地区是国内享有盛名的果树种植区 ,自然条件优越 ,果树种植面积大 ,效益高 ,产业化发展前景好 ,对果树生产效益方面的研究具有实际和很好的代表性。基于上述原因 ,龙口市北邢家水库所在其灌溉试验站对果树灌溉效益分摊系数进行 3年的试验研究 ,主要研究了长把梨、苹果、黄杏 3种主要果树的灌溉效益分摊系数 ,为灌溉水在果树生产中的作用作了定量分析 ,为灌溉工程的经济评价提供了科学依据。     

水分调控对干旱山地苹果树生长发育和结实的影响

人为灌溉补水是改善干旱山地果园水分供应状况的有效措施。为给山地果树精准灌溉提供科学依据,以陕北米脂山地6年生红富士苹果树为研究对象,以苹果树物候期为时段,以土壤田间持水量为标准进行了水分调控试验,研究分析了水分调控对干旱山地苹果树生长及果实生长发育的影响。结果表明,陕北山地苹果树萌芽期(3月下旬-4月中旬)、开花期(4月下旬-5月初)、新稍生长和幼果发育期(5月初-7月上旬)及果实膨大期(7月中旬-10月上旬)适宜的土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的50%~60%、50%~60%、50%~60%和70%~80%。在一般水文年,陕北山地苹果树萌芽期适宜的灌溉量为56.50mm,开花期为22.20mm,新稍生长和幼果发育期为92.63mm,其中5月初-6月上旬宜灌水75.16mm,6月中旬-7月上旬宜灌水17.47mm,果实膨大期降雨量可满足苹果树的需水量,不需灌溉。     

Determination of comprehensive quality index for tomato and its response to different irrigation treatments

In order to investigate better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato under limit water supply, two experiments of different irrigation treatments were conducted in the arid region of northwest China during spring to summer in 2008 (2008 season) and winter in 2008 to summer in 2009 (2008-2009 season). After measuring single quality attributes, the analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used to determine the weight of single quality attributes and comprehensive quality index, respectively. The results show that the rank of comprehensive quality index had good fitness to that of single quality attributes, indicating that the comprehensive quality index was reliable. Compared to full irrigation, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the seedling stage had slight improvement of comprehensive quality and limit water saving. Applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the fruit maturation and harvesting stage decreased the yield by 23.0-40.9%, but had the best comprehensive quality. However, applying 1/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly reduced crop water consumption and had obvious improvement of comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly and water use efficiency in the 2008 season. And applying 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly decreased crop water consumption and slightly improved the comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly in the 2008-2009 season. Considering the water saving amount, yield and comprehensive quality, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage and no water stress in other growth stages appears to be a better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato, which can be recommended for the spring to summer and winter to summer seasons in the arid region of northwest China.     

Yield and fruit development in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Chok Anan) under different irrigation regimes

‘Chok Anan’ mangoes are mainly produced in the northern part of Thailand for the domestic fresh market and small scale processing. It is appreciated for its light to bright yellow color and its sweet taste. Most of the fruit development of on-season mango fruits takes place during the dry season and farmers have to irrigate mango trees to ensure high yields and good quality. Meanwhile, climate changes and expanding land use in horticulture have increased the pressure on water resources. Therefore research aims on the development of crop specific and water-saving irrigation techniques without detrimentally affecting crop productivity.The aim of this study was to assess the response of mango trees to varying amounts of available water. Influence of irrigation, rainfall, fruit set, retention rate and alternate bearing were considered as the fruit yield varies considerably during the growing seasons. Yield response and fruit size distribution were measured and WUE was determined for partial rootzone drying (PRD), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and irrigated control trees.One hundred ninety-six mango trees were organized in a randomized block design consisting of four repetitive blocks, subdivided into eight fields. Four irrigation treatments have been evaluated with respect to mango yield and fruit quality: (a) control (CO = 100% of ET_c), (b) (RDI = 50% of ET_c), (c) (PRD = 50% of ET_c, applied to alternating sides of the root system) and (d) no irrigation (NI).Over four years, the average yield in the different irrigation treatments was 83.35 kg/tree (CO), 80.16 kg/tree (RDI), 80.85 kg/tree (PRD) and 66.1 kg/tree (NI). Water use efficiency (WUE) calculated as yield per volume of irrigation water was always significantly higher in the deficit irrigation treatments as compared to the control. It turned out that in normal years the yields of the two deficit irrigation treatments (RDI and PRD) do not differ significantly, while in a dry year yield under PRD is higher than under RDI and in a year with early rainfall, RDI yields more than PRD. In all years PRD irrigated mangoes had a bigger average fruit size and a more favorable fruit size distribution.It was concluded that deficit irrigation strategies can save considerable amounts of water without affecting the yield to a large extend, possibly increasing the average fruit weight, apparently without negative long term effects.     

Ten consecutive years of regulated deficit irrigation probe the sustainability and profitability of this water saving strategy in loquat

The successful application of postharvest regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) over ten consecutive years (from season 1999/2000 to season 2007/2008) confirms the sustainability of this strategy for producing ‘Algerie’ loquat. Postharvest RDI consisting in a reduction of watering (between 45 and 80% depending on the season) from early June until the end of August, improved loquat profitability by increasing fruit value and by reducing water consumption with respect to fully irrigated trees (control). The increase in fruit value in RDI trees was due to a consistent improvement in harvest earliness as a result of an earlier blooming. Water savings of around 20% did not diminish yield nor fruit quality. Water use efficiency in RDI trees rose by over 30%. Water productivity reached 9.5 € m⁻³ of water applied in RDI trees versus 6.6 € m⁻³ in control trees. The most noticeable effect of RDI on vegetative growth was a significant and progressive decline in trunk growth. The canopy volume seems to be strongly influenced by pruning and no significant effects were detected in this parameter. Our results confirm the suitability of RDI in loquat and the economic benefits of saving water during the summer.     

温室梨枣树土壤水分和品质对调亏灌溉的响应

为探明调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率及梨枣品质的影响,以日光温室生长的9年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材,试验设置充分供水处理(处理1(CK)),萌芽展叶期重度亏水处理(处理2),萌芽展叶期中度亏水处理(处理3)和果实膨大期中度亏水处理(处理4)。结果表明,亏水处理有利于提高梨枣树的根系吸水能力,促进根系向土壤深处生长,同时显著降低棵间蒸发;与CK相比,处理2和处理3对梨枣品质的所有指标都起到了提高和改善的作用,其中处理2最佳,处理3次之;综合考虑不同生育期调亏灌溉对梨枣树各项指标的影响,萌芽展叶期中度亏水能较好的改善果实品质,是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。