A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants

Transformed petunia, tobacco, and tomato plants have been produced by means of a novel leaf disk transformation-regeneration method. Surface-sterilized leaf disks were inoculated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain containing a modified tumor-inducing plasmid (in which the phytohormone biosynthetic genes from transferred DNA had been deleted and replaced with a chimeric gene for kanamycin resistance) and cultured for 2 days. The leaf disks were then transferred to selective medium containing kanamycin. Shoot regeneration occurred within 2 to 4 weeks, and transformants were confirmed by their ability to form roots in medium containing kanamycin. This method for producing transformed plants combines gene transfer, plant regeneration, and effective selection for transformants into a single process and should be applicable to plant species that can be infected by Agrobacterium and regenerated from leaf explants.     

A probabilistic functional network of yeast genes

A conceptual framework for integrating diverse functional genomics data was developed by reinterpreting experiments to provide numerical likelihoods that genes are functionally linked. This allows direct comparison and integration of different classes of data. The resulting probabilistic gene network estimates the functional coupling between genes. Within this framework, we reconstructed an extensive, high-quality functional gene network for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, consisting of 4681 (approximately 81%) of the known yeast genes linked by approximately 34,000 probabilistic linkages comparable in accuracy to small-scale interaction assays. The integrated linkages distinguish true from false-positive interactions in earlier data sets; new interactions emerge from genes' network contexts, as shown for genes in chromatin modification and ribosome biogenesis.     

适于SSR-PCR的农作物基因组总DNA高通量提取方法的建立

[目的]建立一种新的、通用、快速的农作物基因组总DNA提取方法,为应用分子标记技术研究遗传多样性及变异提供方便.[方法]分别从甘蔗、水稻、玉米、花生和大豆5种作物中提取基因组DNA,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳对所提取的DNA质量进行检测,然后每种作物分别选取两对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测扩增结果.[结果]采用该提取方法,不同作物产生的纯DNA在100.0~160.0 g/g,提取DNA的A260/A280比率在1.80~1.95.此外,电泳凝胶未出现可见的RNA污染,每个作物基因组DNA单一条带非常清晰,DNA结构完整,质量较高,适用于分子标记的研究.应用SSR分子标记进行PCR扩增,重复性、稳定性好,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,条带清晰且分辨率较高.[结论]建立的DNA提取方法为直接将叶片剪碎后装入EP管中,加入提取缓冲液进行DNA提取,省去了用液氮研磨的过程.与传统的DNA分离方法相比,新建立的DNA提取方法具有高通量、简单、快速、经济效益高等优点.     

一种适于PCR扩增的快速提取猪基因组DNA的碱裂解法

以大白猪背最长肌、脾脏、耳组织为材料,用碱裂解法和酚-氯仿法分别提取猪基因组DNA,用紫外分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、PCR扩增检测DNA的产量和质量,结果发现2种方法提取的DNA产量没有明显差异。通过猪MC4R、TEF-1基因特异引物进行PCR扩增均能得到目的条带。碱裂解法提取的DNA原液稀释5倍、10倍后作为模板均获得了较为稳定的扩增产物。该结果表明,简单、快速、无毒的碱裂解法适用于动物定性PCR检测时DNA的提取。     

一种通用高效液相色谱测定植物叶片内源激素水杨酸的方法

以3-羟基-苯甲酸为内标,利用甲醇提取拟南芥叶片水杨酸,然后用三氯乙酸和盐酸溶解,再用乙酸乙酯∶环己烷(1∶1)萃取浓缩,高效液相色谱法测定.结果表明流动相0.2 mol·L-1醋酸钠∶甲醇(9∶1)p H为6.0时,水杨酸独立出峰,分离效果最好.用水稻及水仙叶片验证该提取及测定方法,效果良好,说明该方法在植物中具有一定的通用性.     

A general method for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins

A new method has been developed that makes it possible to site-specifically incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins. Synthetic amino acids were incorporated into the enzyme beta-lactamase by the use of a chemically acylated suppressor transfer RNA that inserted the amino acid in response to a stop codon substituted for the codon encoding residue of interest. Peptide mapping localized the inserted amino acid to a single peptide, and enough enzyme could be generated for purification to homogeneity. The catalytic properties of several mutants at the conserved Phe66 were characterized. The ability to selectively replace amino acids in a protein with a wide variety of structural and electronic variants should provide a more detailed understanding of protein structure and function.     

马铃薯卷叶病毒的RT-PCR快速检测

根据马铃薯卷叶病毒的外壳蛋白基因序列,设计合成了一对寡核苷酸引物。从感染马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)的马铃薯叶片中提取出病毒RNA,进行cDNA合成并运用RT-PCR技术进行体外扩增,得到一条长度约627bp的特异PCR扩增产物,与理论设计的外壳蛋白基因大小一致,而对照未得到任何产物。从而建立了快速灵敏的PLRV检测方法,为PLRV的防治及检测提供了有效手段。     

基于HACCP理论的酒曲害虫防治方法探讨

利用HACCP理论,分析酒曲害虫防治过程的关键环节,并针对关键环节制定防治措施,以达到良好的曲虫防治效果。实验结果表明,曲虫治理中的关键曲虫为咖啡豆象,曲虫防治的关键环节为出房曲的曲虫感染治理以及在采取曲虫治理手段的同时采用覆盖等隔离手段。针对关键环节采取治理措施,能达到高效地预防为主的防治效果。     

玉米抗矮花叶病基因的染色体定位及分子标记研究进展

综述了玉米抗矮花叶病基因染色体定位及分子标记的研究进展，并对RFLP，RAPD，SSR，AFLP等几种主要的分子标记在玉米遗传育种中的应用及发展前景作了初步探讨。     

应用 RT-PCR 法快速检测马铃薯卷叶病毒

根据马铃薯卷叶病毒的外壳蛋白基因序列,设计合成了一对寡核苷酸引物,从感染ＰＬＲＶ的马铃薯病叶组织中提取出病毒的ＲＮＡ,进行ｃＤＮＡ合成及ＰＣＲ扩增,得到一条长度约６２０ｂｐ的特异ＰＣＲ扩增产物,与理论设计的外壳蛋白基因大小一致。建立了快速灵敏简便的ＰＬＲＶ检测的新方法,其灵敏度要比ＰＬＲＶ的血清学检测方法高１０＾４倍,在基因水平上为ＰＬＲＶ的检测提供了更新手段,并在农业部植物检疫实验所马铃薯病毒检     

酵母重复基因在蛋白质互作网络中的分歧进化

【目的】分析全基因组重复后,蛋白质互作网络对重复基因分歧模式的作用机制。【方法】结合高精度的蛋白质互作数据集和具有相同进化年代的重复基因数据集,在全基因组范围关联分析拷贝间进化距离与网络结构的相关性,并通过对拷贝间连接水平的差异程度分类,分析不同阶段网络结构对基因功能的影响。【结果】重复基因两拷贝间的进化距离与其祖先基因在网络中的连接水平呈显著负相关,与重复基因间的连接度差异率呈显著正相关;网络结构完全歧化的重复基因间的非同义替换均值,较未完全歧化的重复基因显著高出30.2%。【结论】网络结构对重复基因的进化起调节作用,网络系统在保持核心稳定的同时,使外围组分发生了更大变化;重复基因在网络结构改变的前期为基因组提供功能冗余,但在网络结构差别较大后,显著增加的突变更有利于基因新功能的产生。     

DNA分子标记与小麦抗性基因定位研究

综述了几种DNA分子标记技术(RFLP,RAPD,SSR,AFLP)在小麦抗性基因定位上的研究进展,并对它们在小麦抗性基因定位中存在的问题进行了探讨。同时比较了基因定位的几种方法,肯定了DNA分子标记在基因定位上的优越性,并就DNA分子标记在小麦辅助育种上的应用作了探讨。     

New method for detecting cellular transforming genes

Tumor induction in athymic nude mice can be used to detect dominant transforming genes in cellular DNA. Mouse NIH 3T3 cells freshly transfected with either cloned Moloney sarcoma proviral DNA or cellular DNA's derived from virally transformed cells induced tumors when injected into athymic nu/nu mice. Tumors were also induced by cells transfected with DNA from two tumor-derived and one chemically transformed human cell lines. The mouse tumors induced by human cell line DNA's contained human DNA sequences, and DNA derived from these tumors was capable of inducing both tumors and foci on subsequent transfection. Tumor induction in nude mice represents a useful new method for the detection and selection of cells transformed by cellular oncogenes.     

The chemical genomic portrait of yeast: uncovering a phenotype for all genes

Genetics aims to understand the relation between genotype and phenotype. However, because complete deletion of most yeast genes ( approximately 80%) has no obvious phenotypic consequence in rich medium, it is difficult to study their functions. To uncover phenotypes for this nonessential fraction of the genome, we performed 1144 chemical genomic assays on the yeast whole-genome heterozygous and homozygous deletion collections and quantified the growth fitness of each deletion strain in the presence of chemical or environmental stress conditions. We found that 97% of gene deletions exhibited a measurable growth phenotype, suggesting that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in at least one condition.