Kinetics of endotoxin concentration and tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-1beta,and interleukin-6 activities in the systemic and portal circulation during small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion induces bacterial translocation and proinflammatory cytokine response in either the systemic or portal circulation in dogs. ANIMALS: 17 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 0 (group-3 dogs), 30 (group-1 dogs), or 60 (group-2 dogs) minutes, followed by reperfusion for 180 minutes; serum lactate and endotoxin concentrations and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 activities in the systemic and portal circulation and intramucosal pH were measured at various time points. RESULTS: In group-2 dogs, TNFalpha activity was found to be significantly increased in the portal circulation, peaking at 60 minutes of reperfusion; TNF-alpha activity, in the systemic circulation, gradually increased from 60 minutes of reperfusion to the end of the experiment; however, the increase was not significant. In group-1 and -2 dogs, IL-6 activities significantly and gradually increased in the systemic and portal circulation during the reperfusion phase, and the magnitude of these increases was dependent on the duration of the ischemic phase. There were no significant changes in IL-1beta activity or endotoxin concentration in any dog group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of the our study indicate that intestinal ischemia and reperfusion leads to significant increases of the circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 activities, depending on the duration of the ischemia phase, in the absence of detectable endotoxin in the circulation. This finding suggests that intestinal ischemia and reperfusion induces a systemic proinflammatory cytokine response in dogs.     

Effects of continuous low-dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide on expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA and neutrophil accumulation in specific organs in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of continuous low-dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and neutrophil accumulation in the lungs, liver, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas in dogs. ANIMALS: 11 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs received a continuous infusion of a low dose (10 microg/kg/h, i.v.) of LPS (Escherichia coli 055:B5) or saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (20 mL/kg/h, i.v.) for 8 hours. Activity levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (1L-6) and the number of WBCs in circulation were examined before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after the onset of LPS infusion. Expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA and the number of neutrophils in each tissue were examined. RESULTS: After the onset of LPS infusion, serum TNF-alpha and IL-1beta activities transiently increased. Thereafter, IL-6 activity increased, and high IL-6 activity was maintained throughout the experiment. In dogs in the LPS group, expression of E-selectin mRNA increased only in the lungs, and expression of ICAM-1 mRNA increased in the lungs and liver; the number of neutrophils in the tissue increased in the lungs and liver. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA increased during sepsis, particularly in the lungs and liver, and that this increase was associated with neutrophil accumulation. Hence, inhibiting the activation of endothelial cells in the lung and liver may decrease organ damage caused by accumulated neutrophils and help regulate multiple-organ dysfunction.     

Effects of ischemia and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin on in vitro passage of lipopolysaccharide across equine jejunum

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ischemia and flunixin affect in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) absorption in samples of the jejunum of horses. ANIMALS: 12 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were anesthetized, a midline celiotomy was performed, and the jejunum was located. Two 30-cm sections of jejunum (60 cm apart) were selected. One segment was designated as control tissue; ischemia was induced in the other segment for 120 minutes. Horses were then euthanatized. Mucosa from each jejunal segment was mounted on Ussing chambers and treated with or without flunixin. Tissues from 6 horses were used to assess permeability to radiolabeled LPS; mucosal samples from the remaining 6 horses were incubated with fluorescent-labeled LPS (FITC-LPS) and examined histologically. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and production of LPS-binding protein (LBP) were assessed as indicators of mucosal response to LPS. RESULTS: Ischemia significantly increased mucosal permeability to LPS, but by 180 minutes, the mucosa was not more permeable than control tissue. Flunixin treatment adversely affected intestinal barrier function throughout the experiment but did not result in increased mucosal permeability to LPS. Compared with control tissues, LBP production was increased by ischemia and reduced by exposure to LPS. In ischemic tissue, FITC-LPS entered the lamina propria but TNF-alpha was produced on the mucosal side only, indicating little response to the absorbed LPS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ischemia increased LPS passage across equine jejunal mucosa. Flunixin delayed mucosal recovery but did not exacerbate LPS absorption. Evaluation of the clinical importance of flunixin-associated delayed mucosal recovery requires further in vivo investigation.     

Effects of Carolina rinse solution, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on microvascular permeability and morphology of the equine jejunum after low-flow ischemia and reperfusion

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of Carolina rinse solution, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on microvascular permeability and morphology of the equine jejunum after low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. ANIMALS: 20 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Under anesthesia, full-thickness biopsy specimens of a distal portion of the jejunum were obtained for baseline measurements. In addition to a control segment, 2 jejunal segments were identified as sham-operated or experimental segments. Experimental segments underwent 60 minutes of low-flow ischemia and 3.5 hours of reperfusion. Treatments were as follows: U-74389G (3 mg/kg, IV; 6 horses), DMSO (20 mg/kg, IV; 6) diluted in 1 L of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, local perfusion (via jejunal artery) of Carolina rinse solution (0.5 mL/kg; 4), and local perfusion of lactated Ringer's solution (0.5 mL/kg; 4). RESULTS: Jejunal microvascular permeability was significantly lower after treatment with Carolina rinse solution or DMSO, compared with U-74389G or lactated Ringer's solution treatments. After DMSO treatment, serosal- and submucosal-layer edema was significantly increased in experimental segments, compared with control or sham-operated segments; however, edema increases were significantly less than for lactated Ringer's solution or U-74389G treatments. Significant decreases in intestinal wet weight-to-dry weight ratio were found following Carolina rinse solution or DMSO treatments, compared with lactated Ringer's solution or U-74389G treatments. Edema formation and leukocyte infiltration in jejunal segments of horses treated with lactated Ringer's solution or U-74389G were increased, compared with Carolina rinse solution or DMSO treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carolina rinse solution and DMSO may be protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum.     

In vitro evaluation of an intraluminal solution to attenuate effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of horses

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of intraluminal administration of a customized solution during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion in the jejunum of horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Segments of jejunum obtained from 13 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: In isolated segments of jejunum maintained in an extracorporeal circuit, arterial flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 40 minutes (ischemia) followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. In 2 groups, a customized solution (concentrations, 12.5 and 25%, respectively) was placed in the lumen prior to low-flow ischemia and maintained during reperfusion. The control group received intraluminal lactated Ringer's solution for the same duration. Various metabolic, hemodynamic, histologic, and permeability variables were recorded. RESULTS: The 12.5% solution resulted in less histomorphologic injury and reduced mucosal permeability to albumin, compared with the 25% solution and the lactated Ringer's solution. Morphologic injury and permeability were reduced in tissues that received the 25% solution, compared with the control group, but this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of a 12.5% customized solution appeared to minimize injury in the isolated extracoporeal jejunal loop, which provides some indication that it might be useful in clinical situations.     

Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dogs experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, CJ) pollinosis is mediated by type-I hypersensitivity and induces seasonal rhinitis and conjunctivitis in humans. Previous studies showed that dogs could be experimentally sensitized with CJ pollen. In this study, we carried out quantitative analysis of mRNA levels of various cytokines in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 12 dogs experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen. Experimental sensitization was carried out by injection of crude CJ pollen extract with aluminium hydroxide gel. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-gamma, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNAs in the PBMC were quantified using a real-time sequence detection system. In the PBMC tested without culture, the expression levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNAs in experimentally sensitized dogs were significantly higher than those in control dogs. The expression level of IFN-gamma mRNA in the sensitized group was significantly lower than that in the control group. When the PBMCs were cultured in the presence of CJ pollen extract, the level of IL-4 mRNA expression was markedly increased in the PBMC from the experimentally sensitized dogs. In the PBMC stimulated with the CJ pollen extract, the expression level of IL-2 mRNA in the sensitized group was also significantly higher than that in the control group. Our data indicated that a Th2 response and proliferation of PBMC occur in response to the sensitizing antigen in dogs experimentally sensitized with CJ pollen, and revealed the presence of antigen-specific Th2 cells in this canine model. In addition, the expression levels of the mRNAs encoding proinflammatory cytokines were shown to be elevated after CJ pollen sensitization, indicating the activation of monocytes and macrophages.     

Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression

OBJECTIVE: To document morphologic changes that occur in equine intestinal serosa after experimentally induced ischemia and subsequent reperfusion (jejunum, ascending colon) or after intraluminal distention and decompression (jejunum). STUDY DESIGN: Morphologic effects of ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention-decompression determined on the serosal layer of the equine jejunum. The large colon serosa was evaluated after ischemia-reperfusion injury. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Seven adult horses. METHODS: After induction of general anesthesia and ventral median celiotomy, ischemia was created by arteriovenous (AVO) and lumen occlusion of a 20-cm segment of jejunum and ascending colon for 70 minutes, followed by a 60-minute reperfusion period. Intraluminal distention (25 cm H2O) was created in a second 20-cm jejunal segment and maintained within the abdomen for 120 minutes, followed by a 120-minute decompression period. Seromuscular biopsies were obtained upon entering the abdomen and after the ischemic and reperfusion periods, and after the distention and decompression periods along with corresponding control seromuscular biopsies. Samples were processed and examined by light microscopy, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Ischemia and reperfusion, and intraluminal distention and decompression, resulted in severe morphologic changes in the seromuscular layer of equine jejunum. A similar period of ischemia-reperfusion caused minimal changes in the ascending colon serosa. CONCLUSION: Adult equine jejunum sustains more serosal damage than the ascending colon after similar periods of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression causes serosal damage in the equine jejunum. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The small intestine is more susceptible to seromuscular layer damage than the ascending colon.     

Effects of ischemia and dimethyl sulfoxide on equine jejunal vascular resistance, oxygen consumption, intraluminal pressure, and potassium loss

Physiologic effects of 1 hour of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion on equine jejunum and protective effects of systemic administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 1 g/kg of body weight) were investigated in 18 ponies, using neurally intact segments of jejunum perfused at constant flow with heparinized blood. Ponies were allotted to 4 groups: group 1, saline solution administered (control, n = 3); group 2, DMSO administered (DMSO, n = 3); group 3, ischemia induced and saline solution administered (ischemia, n = 6); and group 4, ischemia induced and DMSO administered (ischemia-DMSO, n = 6). Intestinal vascular resistance (R, mm of Hg/ml/min/100 g), oxygen consumption (VO2, ml/min/100 g), frequency and amplitude of rhythmic changes in intraluminal pressure, intestinal compliance (C, ml/mm of Hg), and arteriovenous potassium concentration difference (delta AV [K+], mEq/L) were determined and compared with stable preischemic values within groups. There were no significant changes in any variable in ponies of groups 1 or 2. In ponies of group 3, significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) changes included: an initial increase in R during reperfusion, followed by a decrease to values below preischemic values by 15 minutes of reperfusion; decreased VO2 during the entire reperfusion period; increased amplitude of rhythmic contractions during initial reperfusion; decreased frequency of rhythmic contractions during ischemia; and increased delta AV [K+] during initial reperfusion. Changes in ponies of group 4 were identical to changes in ponies of group 3, with the exception that DMSO administration prevented the decrease in R during reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI改善脂多糖损伤蛋雏鸡肠道作用的研究

本试验旨在探究凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI调节脂多糖(LPS)损伤蛋雏鸡肠道作用。选取1日龄京红蛋雏鸡180只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只,重复之间体重接近。空白对照组(CON组)和模型组(LPS组)饲喂基础饲粮,连续灌服生理盐水;3个益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮,同时分别连续灌服低、中、高剂量的凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI (浓度分别为106、107、108CFU/mL),连续灌服28 d,28 d后灌服LPS,灌服浓度为2 mg/kg,灌服剂量为200μL/只,试验周期为6 h,分别记为LOW+LPS、MID+LPS、HIGH+LPS组。6 h后采血,剖检、收集蛋雏鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠道组织及空肠黏膜。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,LPS灌服后,蛋雏鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒隐比以及空肠黏膜黏液蛋白2(MUC2)、闭合蛋白(Occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性及D-乳酸(D-Lac)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,空肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的含...     

小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、抗氧化能力和肠道免疫功能的影响

【目的】 本试验旨在研究小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、抗氧化能力和肠道免疫功能的影响。【方法】 选用1日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡360只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复20只。对照组（NC）饲喂基础饲粮;抗生素组（PC）饲喂基础饲粮+200 mg/kg土霉素钙+250 mg/kg那西肽;小檗碱组（BBR）饲喂基础饲粮+250 mg/kg小檗碱。在试验第21、42和63天,从每个重复中随机挑选1只接近平均体重的鸡,采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏和法氏囊分别称重,记录重量,计算其器官指数;刮取空肠黏膜,测定超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;提取空肠黏膜总RNA,合成cDNA,测定紧密连接蛋白与炎症因子相关基因的mRNA表达量。【结果】 小檗碱对黄羽肉鸡器官指数无显著影响（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,在饲粮中添加小檗碱显著提高了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）,显著降低了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的丙二醛（MDA）含量（P<0.05）。抗生素组21日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的闭合蛋白（Occludin）和闭锁小带蛋白-1（ZO-1）的mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组和小檗碱组（P<0.05）。与对照组和抗生素组相比,小檗碱显著提高了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的跨膜蛋白-1（Claudin-1）的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）,显著降低了21、42与63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白1（NOD1）的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）;小檗碱组与抗生素组42日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的白介素-1β（IL-1β）和白介素-8（IL-8）的mRNA表达量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,小檗碱显著降低了63日龄黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、IL-1β、IL-8的mRNA表达量（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲粮中添加250 mg/kg小檗碱可增强63日龄黄羽肉鸡肠道抗氧化能力,改善肠道屏障,降低肠道炎性因子的表达,从而改善肠道免疫功能。     

宫内发育迟缓仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征

为了研究宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征,选取24窝"长白×大白"杂交新生仔猪,每窝选取1头IUGR仔猪和1头正常出生体重(NBW)仔猪,分别于7、21和28日龄屠宰8头IUGR仔猪和8头NBW仔猪,采集小肠样品进行分析.结果表明:1)与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪7日龄时空肠绒毛高度、...     

In vivo investigation of the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate injury following low-flow ischemia and reperfusion injury in the jejunum of horses

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate intestinal injury following 20% low-flow ischemia and reperfusion in the jejunum of horses. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Two 30.5-cm-long segments of jejunum were exteriorized through a ventral midline incision and the mesenteric artery and vein supplying that portion of the intestine were instrumented with flow probes. Blood flow was decreased to 20% of baseline for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. In 5 horses, 60 mL of the customized solution was placed in the lumen of each segment (treatment-group horses), and 60 mL of lactated Ringer's solution was placed in the lumen of 5 additional horses (control-group horses). Biopsy specimens were obtained from 1 segment in both groups for histologic evaluation. Aliquots of luminal fluid were obtained from the other segment in both groups for determination of albumin concentrations as an index of mucosal permeability. RESULTS: Compared with control-group horses, treatment-group horses had a significant decrease in luminal albumin concentration following reperfusion. Although differences in mucosal grades were not significantly different between control- and treatment-group horses, treatment-group horses had significantly greater jejunal villous length and area, compared with that of control-group horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraluminal administration of the customized solution in the jejunum, compared with lactated Ringer's solution, results in an improvement in histologic findings and mucosal translocation of albumin in horses with mild intestinal injury.     

凉茶渣替代象草对育肥牛空肠组织形态、屏障功能以及菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究凉茶渣替代象草对育肥牛空肠组织形态、屏障功能以及菌群结构的影响。选取120头健康且体重相近的西门塔尔杂交肉牛,随机分为2个组,分别为对照组(饲喂基础饲粮)、试验组(50%凉茶渣替代部分象草),每组3个重复,每个重复20头。试验期共67 d,包括7 d的预试期,60 d的正试期。在试验期结束后,采集试验牛血液、空肠组织、空肠内容物,通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色测量空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度;通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒检测血清中炎症因子、D-乳酸(D-Lac)以及二胺氧化酶(DAO)浓度;通过荧光定量PCR测定空肠紧密连接蛋白基因闭合小环蛋白-1(ZO-1)、闭锁蛋白(Occludin)、闭合蛋白-1(Claudin-1)的mRNA表达水平;利用16S rDNA高通量测序分析空肠菌群结构。结果表明：1)与对照组相比,试验组育肥牛空肠绒毛高度显著增加(P<0.05),血清中D-Lac浓度显著降低(P<0.05),空肠紧密连接蛋白ZO-1的mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)。2)在门水平上,对照组和试验组厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度分...     

The effect of experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus on adenosine triphosphate content and conductance of the canine gastric and jejunal mucosa

The objective of this study was to determine if experimental gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) would decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and increase membrane conductance of the canine gastric and jejunal mucosa. Male dogs (n = 15) weighing between 20 and 30 kg were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equal groups: Group 1 was control, group 2 was GDV, and group 3 was ischemia. All dogs were anesthetized for 210 min. Group 1 had no manipulation. Group 2 had GDV experimentally induced for 120 min followed by decompression, derotation, and reperfusion for 90 min. Group 3 had GDV experimentally induced for 210 min. Gastric (fundus and pylorus) and jejunal tissue was taken at 0, 120, and 210 min from all of the dogs. Tissue was analyzed for ATP concentration, mucosal conductance, and microscopic changes. The ATP concentration in the fundus did not change significantly from baseline in group 2, but decreased significantly below baseline at 210 min in group 3. The ATP concentration in the jejunum decreased significantly below baseline in groups 2 and 3 at 120 min, remaining significantly decreased in group 3 but returning to baseline at 210 min in group 2. Mucosal conductance of the fundus did not change significantly in any dog. Mucosal conductance of the jejunum increased at 120 min in groups 2 and 3, and became significantly increased above baseline at 210 min. The jejunal mucosa showed more profound cellular changes than the gastric mucosa. The jejunum showed substantial decreases in ATP concentration with an increase in mucosal conductance, suggesting cell membrane dysfunction. Dogs sustaining a GDV are likely to have a change in the activity of mucosal cells in the jejunum, which may be important in the pathophysiology of GDV.     

Effect of a leukocyte-depleting filter in an extracorporeal circuit used for low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of equine jejunum

OBJECTIVE: To determine effect of leukocyte depletion on hematologic, morphologic, and metabolic variables of equine jejunum after induction of arterial low-flow ischemia and reperfusion by use of an extracorporeal circuit. ANIMALS: 14 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: A segment of jejunum was surgically removed and maintained in an isolated circuit for 3 hours (control group), arterial flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 40 minutes followed by 1 hour of reperfusion (low-flow group), or leukocyte depletion was filter-induced, and low-flow ischemia and reperfusion were conducted as in the low-flow control group (filter-treated group). Various metabolic, hemodynamic, and histomorphologic variables were evaluated, including effects of electrical field stimulation and L-N-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) on contractile activity. RESULTS: The extracorporeal circuit appeared to maintain the jejunum within physiologic limits for an extended period. Low-flow ischemia with reperfusion induced significant differences in various measurements, compared with control specimens. Significant differences were not detected between the low-flow and filter-treated groups. Myeloperoxidase activity was greater in the low-flow group than the control group, whereas a difference was not detected between control and filter-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The extracorporeal circuit maintained intestine for 3 hours in a physiologic state and may be used for simulation of tissue injury. Leukocyte depletion generally did not attenuate the effects of low-flow ischemia and reperfusion on equine small intestine.     

黄芩苷通过抑制核因子-κB和激活核因子-E2相关因子2信号通路缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠空肠炎症和氧化应激

本试验旨在探讨黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠空肠炎症和氧化应激的缓解作用及其分子机制。将36只小鼠随机分为对照组、阴性对照组、模型组以及低、中、高剂量黄芩苷组,每组6只。适应性生长7 d后开始试验。对照组小鼠不作处理,阴性对照组和模型组小鼠每天灌胃0.2 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),黄芩苷组小鼠每天灌胃黄芩苷药液0.2 mL(根据小鼠体重计算黄芩苷用量,低剂量组为100 mg/kg BW,中剂量组为200 mg/kg BW,高剂量组为400 mg/kg BW),连续灌胃7 d,第7天给模型组、黄芩苷组小鼠腹腔注射0.2 mL LPS(3.5 mg/kg BW)。注射LPS 24 h后处死小鼠,取空肠进行形态学观察,检测空肠中炎性因子mRNA表达量和含量以及核因子-κB(NF-κB)和核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)信号通路关键蛋白表达量的变化。结果显示：相比于对照组,模型组小鼠空肠组织绒毛结构损伤,绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著降低(P<0.05),空肠中Toll样受体4(TLR4)的mRNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05),炎性因子[白细胞介...