Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in cretaceous floristic diversity

The latitudinally diachronous appearance of angiosperm pollen during the Cretaceous is well documented, but the subsequent diversification and accompanying significant changes in floristic dominance have not been assessed quantitatively for a wide range of paleolatitudes. Trend surfaces fitted to within-palynoflora diversity data from 1125 pollen and spore assemblages show that angiosperms first become floristically prominent in low paleolatitude areas( approximately 20 degrees N to 20 degrees S). Non-magnoliid dicotyledons show a similar but slightly delayed pattern of increase and are the principal component of angiosperm diversity from all areas sampled. Monocotyledons and magnoliid dicotyledons are significant primarily in low to middle paleolatitude palynofloras( approximately 50 degrees N to 20 degrees S) during the latest Cretaceous. As angiosperms become increasingly prevalent the importance of most non-angiosperm taxa either decreases or remains unchanged. The only apparent exception is a striking increase in gnetalean diversity concurrent with the initial angiosperm diversification at low paleolatitudes.     

Evidence for extreme climatic warmth from late cretaceous arctic vertebrates

A Late Cretaceous (92 to 86 million years ago) vertebrate assemblage from the high Canadian Arctic (Axel Heiberg Island) implies that polar climates were warm (mean annual temperature exceeding 14 degreesC) rather than near freezing. The assemblage includes large (2.4 meters long) champsosaurs, which are extinct crocodilelike reptiles. Magmatism at six large igneous provinces at this time suggests that volcanic carbon dioxide emissions helped cause the global warmth.     

Evidence from the lamarck granodiorite for rapid late cretaceous crust formation in california

Strontium and neodymium isotopic data for rocks from the voluminous 90-million-year-old Lamarck intrusive suite in the Sierra Nevada batholith, California, show little variation across a compositional range from gabbro to granite. Data for three different gabbro intrusions within the suite are identical within analytical error and are consistent with derivation from an enriched mantle source. Recognition of local involvement of enriched mantle during generation of the Sierran batholith modifies estimates of crustal growth rates in the United States. These data indicate that parts of the Sierra Nevada batholith may consist almost entirely of juvenile crust added during Cretaceous magmatism.     

Arctic terrestrial biota: paleomagnetic evidence of age disparity with mid-northern latitudes during the late cretaceous and early tertiary

Magnetostratigraphic correlation of the Eureka Sound Formation in the Canadian high Arctic reveals profound difference between the time of appearance of fossil land plants and vertebrates in the Arctic and in mid-northern latitudes. Latest Cretaceous plant fossils in the Arctic predate mid-latitude occurrences by as much as 18 million years, while typical Eocene vertebrate fossils appear some 2 to 4 million years early.     

2009年自然低温下优质稻种质资源耐冷性初步鉴定评价

[目的]从供试水稻种质材料中筛选耐冷性强的优良种质,为水稻耐冷性研究和利用积累材料,为优质稻耐冷品种选育提供优良亲本.[方法]利用早春低温和晚稻寒露风自然低温条件,采用早播早植法及晚播晚植法,对458份优质稻种质资源材料分别进行发芽期、幼苗期和抽穗扬花期的耐冷性初步鉴定与评价.[结果]在458份优质稻种质资源材料中,发芽期、幼苗期、抽穗扬花期表现耐冷性极强和强的种质分别有21份、15和76份、5和80份,分别占鉴定份数的4.59%、3.28%和16.59%、1.48%和23.74%.不同种质在不同生育期耐冷性表现不完全一致,但发芽期耐冷性强的种质在幼苗期也表现较强的耐冷性.筛选出在自然低温条件下各生育期均表现强或极强耐冷性的优质稻种质6份,如TKM10、三粒寸、湘晚籼13号、恢968选、649/五大稻种//649///649、253/P117//253///253.[结论]利用自然低温条件,可初步区分不同生育期耐冷性强与弱的优质稻种质资源,其适合对大量稻种资源进行耐冷性筛选鉴定;筛选出的耐冷性极强或强的种质具有较好的应用价值.在不同生育期均表现强耐冷性的6份优质稻种质,可作为耐冷亲本材料在水稻的耐冷性研究及优质稻耐冷育种中加以利用.     

Preliminary identification and evaluation of high quality rice germplasm resources for cold tolerance under natural low temperatures during 2009

[目的]从供试水稻种质材料中筛选耐冷性强的优良种质,为水稻耐冷性研究和利用积累材料,为优质稻耐冷品种选育提供优良亲本.[方法]利用早春低温和晚稻寒露风自然低温条件,采用早播早植法及晚播晚植法,对458份优质稻种质资源材料分别进行发芽期、幼苗期和抽穗扬花期的耐冷性初步鉴定与评价.[结果]在458份优质稻种质资源材料中,发芽期、幼苗期、抽穗扬花期表现耐冷性极强和强的种质分别有21份、15和76份、5和80份,分别占鉴定份数的4.59％、3.28％和16.59％、1.48％和23.74％.不同种质在不同生育期耐冷性表现不完全一致,但发芽期耐冷性强的种质在幼苗期也表现较强的耐冷性.筛选出在自然低温条件下各生育期均表现强或极强耐冷性的优质稻种质6份,如TKM10、三粒寸、湘晚籼13号、恢968选、649/五大稻种//649///649、253/P117//253///253.[结论]利用自然低温条件,可初步区分不同生育期耐冷性强与弱的优质稻种质资源,其适合对大量稻种资源进行耐冷性筛选鉴定;筛选出的耐冷性极强或强的种质具有较好的应用价值.在不同生育期均表现强耐冷性的6份优质稻种质,可作为耐冷亲本材料在水稻的耐冷性研究及优质稻耐冷育种中加以利用.     

Ulysses radio and plasma wave observations at high southern heliographic latitudes

Ulysses spacecraft radio and plasma wave observations indicate that some variations in the intensity and occurrence rate of electric and magnetic wave events are functions of heliographic latitude, distance from the sun, and phase of the solar cycle. At high heliographic latitudes, solartype Ill radio emissions did not descend to the local plasma frequency, in contrast to the emission frequencies of some bursts observed in the ecliptic. Short-duration bursts of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves were often found in association with depressions in magnetic field amplitude, known as magnetic holes. Extensive wave activity observed in magnetic clouds may exist because of unusually large electron-ion temperature ratios. The lower number of intense in situ wave events at high latitudes was likely due to the decreased variability of the high- latitude solar wind.     

Physiological activities and expression of insecticidal protein in Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton leaves subjected to high and low temperatures

This research was to investigate physiological activities and the expression of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves of Kemian 1, a widely grown cotton cultivar in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, treated under high (40°C and 35°C) and low (25°C and 20°C) temperatures for 48 h. The main results indicated that the contents of free amino acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased during the heat and cold stress with the biggest increments in the first 12 h; and the content of soluble protein, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) decreased during the stress with the biggest decrements also in the first 12 h; the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) decreased in the first 24 h, and during the remaining 24 h its activity followed a gradual uptrend. The content of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves followed a downtrend during the stress, and the biggest decrements occurred in the first 12 h, suggesting that the expression of insecticidal protein was immediately inhibited during the process of stress. The results also indicated that physiological activities and the expression of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves were closely related. Compared with other stress temperatures, 40°C produced more immediate effects on the physiological activities and insecticidal protein content. In contrast to the peak flowering period, the physiological activities and insecticidal protein expression at the peak boll-setting period were more susceptible to heat and cold stress.     

Flood volcanism in the northern high latitudes of Mercury revealed by MESSENGER

MESSENGER observations from Mercury orbit reveal that a large contiguous expanse of smooth plains covers much of Mercury's high northern latitudes and occupies more than 6% of the planet's surface area. These plains are smooth, embay other landforms, are distinct in color, show several flow features, and partially or completely bury impact craters, the sizes of which indicate plains thicknesses of more than 1 kilometer and multiple phases of emplacement. These characteristics, as well as associated features, interpreted to have formed by thermal erosion, indicate emplacement in a flood-basalt style, consistent with x-ray spectrometric data indicating surface compositions intermediate between those of basalts and komatiites. The plains formed after the Caloris impact basin, confirming that volcanism was a globally extensive process in Mercury's post-heavy bombardment era.     

高纬度地区日光温室一年五茬高效栽培技术

近几年,随着人们生活质量的大幅度提高,尤其是对"反季节"蔬菜品种、品质、数量等多样化的需求,北方日光温室高效利用就显得尤为重要。经过2003～2006年的探索和实践,总结出了高纬度地区日光温室     

Isostasy in australia and the evolution of the compensation mechanism

A linear transfer function analysis has been applied to gravity and topographic data from Australia to calculate the isostatic response function of Dorman and Lewis. The Australian response function is considerably different from that calculated for the United States. The differences can be explained on the basis of an apparent evolution of the isostatic compensation mechanism in which viscoelastic creep occurs in the lithosphere and relaxes the initial long-wavelength elastic stresses.     

Viscosity of argon at high temperatures

New data for the viscosity of argon at high temperatures indicate that the accepted data are substantially too low at temperatures above 600 degrees K.     

Precambrian columnar stromatolites in australia: morphological and stratigraphic analysis

The stratigraphic distribution in Australian Precambrian rocks of columnar stromatolites, organosedimentary structures formed by blue-green algae, has been investigated. Their morphology is being studied according to methods developed in Russia. The discovery of successive different assemblages supports not only regional but also intercontinental stratigraphic correlations which are in agreement with available isotopic datings.     

Ultraviolet damage to bacteria and bacteriophage at low temperatures

The survival of Escherichia coli B/r WP2 (tryptophan-requiring) from ultraviolet irradiation when suspended in 0.067M phosphate buffer (pH 7) has been studied over the temperature range 22 degrees to -269 degrees C. In unfrozen suspensions there was no appreciable change in sensitivity between 22 degrees and -10 degrees C. The sensitivity in the presence of ice progressively increased by a factor of 7 when the temperature was lowered to -79 degrees C. Between -79 degrees and -196 degrees C the sensitivity decreased to less than four times the sensitivity at 22 degrees C and was not appreciably different at -269 degrees C. Evidence from experiments with bacteriophage T1 and E. coli WP2 HCR(-) (a strain unable to excise thymine dimers) indicates that a new, qualitatively different lesion, less amenable to repair, may replace the thymine dimer in E. coli irradiated at -79 degrees C.     

土壤中六价铬离子在低温环境中的迁移规律研究

为了探究复合土体中六价铬离子在寒区低温环境中的迁移规律,设置了4个不同土体配合比,掺入不同质量分数的水泥(C),脱硫石膏(S),对标准养护28 d后的复合土体进行上表面、下表面和环境3个方向的降温处理,而后进行电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)和低温核磁共振仪(LT-NMR)实验。结果表明,进行三温降温后的土体温度曲线呈现出先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势,土体温度通过热传递由表及里传递负温;不同配合比下的土体均呈现两侧边缘处离子浓度高于中心处,随温度降低铬离子浓度增加;T_2弛豫时间的特征峰面积和第一峰值明显减小,所对应的第一峰孔隙区间0.001～0.117μm在-5.4℃至-14.4℃时基本不变,第二峰与第三峰面积减小,结冰量增加;温度对铬离子迁移具有重要影响且结冰量与铬离子浓度相关系数高达0.91;大孔隙的结冰速率远高于中孔及小孔隙,冰透镜体的增加导致了Cr~(6+)的迁移并在低温区聚集。研究表明,低温环境对复合土体中重金属离子迁移有重要影响。     

结球甘蓝优质无公害生产技术

从基地的选择、品种的选择以及生产技术、施肥注意事项、病虫害防治等几个方面简述了结球甘蓝优质无公害生产的技术规程,并提出了一些有效的病虫害防治原则、方法和措施。     

Evidence for a high frequency of simultaneous double-nucleotide substitutions

Point mutations are generally assumed to involve changes of single nucleotides. Nevertheless, the nature and known mechanisms of mutation do not exclude the possibility that several adjacent nucleotides may change simultaneously in a single mutational event. Two independent approaches are used here to estimate the frequency of simultaneous double-nucleotide substitutions. The first examines switches between TCN and AGY (where N is any nucleotide and Y is a pyrimidine) codons encoding absolutely conserved serine residues in a number of proteins from diverse organisms. The second reveals double-nucleotide substitutions in primate noncoding sequences. These two complementary approaches provide similar high estimates for the rate of doublet substitutions, on the order of 0.1 per site per billion years.     

Hole-burning spectroscopy and relaxation dynamics of amorphous solids at low temperatures

The magnitude and temperature dependence of most of the properties of amorphous solids are anomalous at very low temperatures ( less, similar1 Kelvin). Phonon-assisted tunneling of a distribution of glassy bistable configurations, or two-level systems, can account for these anomalies. A unified understanding of the low-temperature properties is required for an understanding of the glassy state. Persistent nonphotochemical hole burning of impurity optical transitions allows a glass state to be produced that is thermally inaccessible to the preburn state, and that allows the probing of tunneling dynamics on time scales that range between picoseconds and days. These data combined with recently obtained distribution functions for the two-level systems offer new insights into the tunneling dynamics.