Semimicro Chemical and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Lunar Samples

Major and selected minor elements were determined in seven whole rock fragments, five portions of pulverized lunar rock, and the lunar soil. Three different rock types were represented: vesicular, fine-grained basaltic rocks; medium to coarse-grained, vuggy gabbroic rocks; and breccia. The ranges (in percent) for the major constituents of the lunar samples are: SiO(2), 38 to 42; Al(2)O(3), 8 to 14; total iron as FeO, 15 to 20; MgO, 6 to 8; CaO, 10 to 12; Na(2)O, 0.5 to 1; K(2)0, 0.05 to 0.4; TiO(2), 8 to 13; MnO, 0.2 to 0.3; and Cr(2)O(3), 0.2 to 0.4. The high reducing capacity of the samples strongly suggests the presence of Ti(III).     

Petrographic, mineralogic, and x-ray fluorescence analysis of lunar igneous-type rocks and spherules

Three lunar rocks show almost identical mineralogy but grain sizes that vary from basaltic to gabbroic. Clinopyroxene is zoned from augite to subcalcic ferroaugite compositions and is accompanied by decrease in Cr, Al, and Ti. Plagioclase is zoned from 93 to 78 percent anorthite. Olivine (68 percent forsterite) is present in one rock and apatite is rare. Cristobalite, ilmenite with Ti-rich lamellae, ulv?spinel (often Cr-rich), troilite, and kamacite are low in trace elements. Glassy spherules are of basaltic or feldspathic (92 percent anorthite) composition but contain abundant iron spheres of taenite composition (13 percent Ni). Four rock analyses by x-ray fluorescence show affinity with terrestrial basalts but with anomalous amounts of Ti, Na, Cr, Zr, Y, Rb, Nb, Ni, Cu, and Zn.     

Geochemistry of apollo 15 basalt 15555 and soil 15531

Major and trace element concentrations have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, colorimetry, and isotope dilution in Apollo 15 mare basalt 15555 from the Hadley Rille area; trace element concentrations have also been determined in plagioclase and pyroxene separates from basalt 15555 and in soil 15531 from the same area. Basalt 15555 most closely resembles in composition the Apollo 12 olivine-rich basalts. The concentrations of lithium, potassium, rubidium, barium, rare-earth elements, and zirconium in basalt 15555 are the lowest, and the negative europium anomaly is the smallest, reported for lunar basalts; this basalt might be the least differentiated material yet returned from the moon. Crystallization and removal of about 6 percent of plagioclase similar to that contained in the basalt would account for the observed europium anomaly; if plagioclase is not on the liquidus of this basalt, a multistage origin is indicated. Mineral data indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene approached quasi-equilibrium. Most of the chemical differences between basalt 15555 and soil 15531 would be accounted for if the soil were a mixture of 88 percent basalt, 6 percent KREEP (a component, identified in other Apollo soils, rich in potassium, rare-earth elements, and phosphorus) and 6 percent plagioclase (anorthosite?).     

Osmium Recycling in Subduction Zones

Peridotite xenoliths from the Cascade arc in the United States and in the Japan arc have neodymium and osmium isotopic compositions that are consistent with addition of 5 to 15 percent of subducted material to the present-day depleted mantle. These observations suggest that osmium can be partitioned into oxidized and chlorine-rich slab-derived fluids or melts. These results place new constraints on the behavior of osmium (and possibly other platinum group elements) during subduction of oceanic crust by showing that osmium can be transported into the mantle wedge.     

Lunar atmosphere as a source of argon-40 and other lunar surface elements

The lunar atmosphere is the likely source of excess argon-40 in lunar surface material; about 8.5 percent of the argon-40 released into the lunar atmosphere will be implanted in the surface material by photoionization and subsequent interaction with fields in the solar wind. The atmosphere is also likely to be the source of other unexpected surface elements or of solar wind elements that impact from non-solar wind directions.     

Luminescence and thermoluminescence induced by bombardment with protons of 159 million electron volts

We have observed a red luminescence, qualitatively similar to that of enstatite achondrites, in unsorted fines, their separated mineral phases, and rock chips. The energy efficiency of the plagioclase fraction is approximately 1 percent. At -196 degrees C the effect is enhanced by a factor between 1 and 2. All fractions except ilmenite exhibit blue thermoluminescence with a glow peak near -135 degrees C and an energy efficiency approximately 4 x 10(-6). Unlike the thermoluminescence of terrestrial and meteoritic material, it is nonrepeatable even after annealing at 200 degrees C. Similar thermoluminescence is seen in rock chips, but in unsorted fines it is masked by the opaque fractions.     

Excess lead in "rusty rock" 66095 and implications for an early lunar differentiation

Apollo 16 breccia 66095 contains a remarkably high amount of lead (15 parts per million), 85 percent of which is not supported by uranium and thorium in the rock. An acid leach experiment coupled with separate analyses of the whole rock and mineral fractions for uranium, thorium, and lead indicate that the excess lead has a lunar source and was apparently introduced about 4.0 x 10(9) years ago. The data also suggest that a major lunar crustal differentiation occurred about 4.47 x 10(9) years ago.     

The use of strontium-87/strontium-86 ratios to measure atmospheric transport into forested watersheds

Strontium-87/strontium-86 ratios indicate the sources of strontium in samples of natural waters, vegetation, and soil material taken from watersheds in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico. More than 75 percent of the strontium in the vegetation is ultimately derived from atmospheric transport and less than 25 percent from the weathering of the underlying rock. Much of the airborne strontium enters the watersheds by impacting on coniferous foliage, but deciduous foliage apparently traps little, if any, strontium-bearing aerosol. The strontium and presumably other nutrients are continuously recycled in a nearly closed system consisting of upper soil horizons, forest litter, and the standing crop of vegetation.     

麦草生料蘑菇菌种的制作及大面积应用效果

麦草生料制蘑菇菌种,经反复试验和生产验证,已摸索到最佳培养基配方(生麦草48％,干牛粪48％、石膏粉2％,石灰粉2％),灭菌条件及制种工艺等规律。经江、浙、沪大面积应用,其结果省工省本,菌种抗逆性强,发菌正常,保存时间又长,有不易退化的特点,下种后发菌吃料快,封面也快,有明显的增产效果,1984～1985两年生产菌种1736万瓶,栽培面积4500万尺~2,其效益554万元。     

喀斯特山区不同母质（岩）发育的土壤主要重金属含量差异性研究

在贵州喀斯特山区采集了白云岩、石灰岩、钙质紫色砂页岩等9种母质(岩)上发育的土壤样品763个,测定了土壤主要重金属元素含量和土壤理化性质.对比分析表明,不同母质(岩)发育的土壤重金属含量具有很大的差异:钙质紫色砂页岩、石灰岩、河流冲积物等发育的土壤中镉、铬、汞的含量较高,而红色粘土、河流冲积物和石灰岩等发育的土壤中铅和砷的含量较高,砂岩发育的土壤中5种重金属元素的含量均为最低,其余母质(岩)发育的土壤中5种重金属元素的含量均介于上述之间.相关性分析结果表明,研究区域内土壤重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、砷的含量差异主要是由于成土母质(岩)的"遗传"差异性所致,土壤理化性质的变化是影响土壤重金属含量的次要因素.     

Organogenic elements and compounds in surface samples from the sea of tranquillity

Organogenic elements, mainly carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are present in the particulate material and in a breccia rock from Tranquillity Base in amounts ranging from 5 to 4200 parts per million. The major compounds of carbon released by heating are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; the former predominates. Small amounts of other compounds of carbon have also been observed. Sulfur can be released as hydrogen sulfide by treatment with acid. The carbon isotopic delta(13L)C values are definitely nonterrestrial (+ 13 to + 18.5 per mil).     

Chemical composition of sawdust from lunar rock 12013 and comparison of a java tektite with the rock

Abundances of 11 major and minor elements and 11 trace elements have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis of two Apollo 12013 rock fragments, a sample of rock 12013,17 sawdust, and a Java tektite (J2). Although the abundances of major elements in tektite J2 are similar to those of rock 12013, comparison of the minor and trace elements shows that no fragment or sawdust of rock 12013 that has been analyzed to date is chemically similar to tektite glass. Rock sawdust is representative of "whole rock" composition only if the amount of contamination from the sawing process is known. After appropriate correction for saw wire contamination, analyses of sawdust yield fairly accurate averaged elemental compositions of complex clastic lunar and other rocks.     

Evolutionary exploitation of design options by the first animals with hard skeletons

The set of viable design elements available for animals to use in building skeletons has been fully exploited. Analysis of animal skeletons in relation to the multivariate, theoretical "Skeleton Space" has shown that a large proportion of these options are used in each phylum. Here, we show that structural elements deployed in the skeletons of Burgess Shale animals (Middle Cambrian) incorporate 146 of 182 character pairs defined in this morphospace. Within 15 million years of the appearance of crown groups of phyla with substantial hard parts, at least 80 percent of skeletal design elements recognized among living and extinct marine metazoans were exploited.     

金银花叶细胞中元素含量与其生境的生物地球化学研究

利用电子探针技术定量分析了同一生境中2种不同种质金银花叶细胞中元素的质量百分比(wt%)和原子数百分比(At%),进而探讨土壤元素背景特征与植物细胞水平上元素含量的相互关系。结果表明,在石灰土壤的不同层次,土壤元素有效态和有效率顺序基本为Ca>Mg>Cu>Mn>K>Na>P>B>SiO2>Zn>Fe;受生境生物地球化学特征的影响,生长在该区的2种金银花叶细胞中的元素含量均表现出Ca多Mg少,并且P在叶细胞内的含量仅次于Ca的现象。石灰土壤中的Ca主要在蒸腾拉力作用下进入金银花体内,通过积累效应造成Ca在叶细胞中含量较高,从而使其与土壤中该元素的含量呈显出正相关性。而金银花在吸收利用Ca元素时,还通过元素间的拮抗作用或协同作用影响其他元素在植物叶细胞内的含量,进而影响金银花的质量及有效成分的积累。     

Control of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats by transplantation of fetal pancreases

Experimental diabetes mellitus in young adult Lewis rats was successfully treated by transplantation of fetal pancreases from syngeneic fetuses. Complete or partial control lasting up to 165 days was achieved in 64 percent of recipients by using two to three pancreases of fetal age (15 to 18(1/2) days) placed under each kidney capsule. Islets of Langerhans without exocrine elements were present in the transplants.     

江西省土壤可溶态稀土元素含量和分布规律的研究

对江西１１种母质发育有代表性的水稻土、旱土、自然土壤,６１个剖面,４１２个土样的可溶态稀土元素分析测定,统计结果表明：江西土壤稀土元素的强度因素处于较高水平,平均值为１９．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,有４２．８０％的样点处于丰富级;有由南向北,由东向西逐渐降低的趋势。其含量最高的地区是赣南由花岗岩、泥质岩、第四纪红粘土、酸性紫色土、炭质岩类风化物等母质发育的土壤,较低的为赣西北由石英岩,第三纪红砂岩、石灰岩、下蜀系黄土等母质发育的土壤;在土壤剖面分布中,旱地表层低于底层,水稻土表层有生物富集作用高于底层;影响土壤中可溶态稀土元素含量的主要因子有：成土母质,气候条件（温度,降水量）,土壤ｐＨ,土壤质地。     

秸杆覆盖对梨树树体营养及果实产量与品质的影响

为探讨南方梨园秸杆覆盖对梨树树体营养及梨果产量品质的直接影响．进行了梨园秸秆覆盖田间试验以及叶、果室内理化分析．结果表明：秸秆覆盖可使梨树单叶面积提高5．1％～8．4％、叶绿素含量15．4％、叶绿素a／b值2．53％．有利于增强树体的光合作用，促进树体生长发育；秸秆覆盖可使叶片中N、P、K含量提高12．3％～26．8％．同时也可提高其它矿质营养元素的含量．改善树体的营养水平；秸秆覆盖还有利于果实生长发育．可使单果重提高2．8％～5．4％．单株产量提高4．6％～10．2％；可提高果实的糖酸比、改善砂梨的风味．从而提高果实品质．     

Argon-40/ argon-39 dating of lunar rock samples

Seven crystalline rock samples returned by Apollo 11 have been analyzed in detail by means of the (40)Ar-(-39)Ar dating technique. The extent of radiogenic argon loss in these samples ranges from 7 percent to >/= 48 percent. Potassium-argon ages, corrected for the effects of this loss, cluster relatively closely around the value of 3.7 x 10(9) years. Most of the vulcanism associated with the formation of the Mare Tranquillitatis presumably occurred around 3.7 x 10(9) years ago. A major cause of the escape of gas from lunar rock is probably the impact event which ejected the rock from its place of origin to its place of discovery. Upper limits for the times at which these impact events occurred have been estimated.     

Fractionation of potassium/rubidium by amphiboles: implications regarding mantle composition

We show that the rubidium in amphiboles is generally depleted with respect to potassium. The K:Rb ratios of 50 analyzed amphiboles range from 100 to 5000, averaging 1120. This fractionation effect holds for potassium concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 percent. The K:Rb ratios of abyssal tholeiites do not place unambiguous limits on the K:Rb ratio of the upper mantle, since partial melting of a mantle material such as amphibole peridotite would produce a liquid with a K:Rb ratio higher than that in the initial material. Large-scale mineralogic control of distributions of trace elements in the mantle could produce trends with depth that are the reverse of trends normally attributed to differentiation processes.     

Cordierite-spinel troctolite, a new magnesium-rich lithology from the lunar highlands

A clast of spinel troctolite containing 8 percent cordierite (Mg(2)Al(4)Si(5)O(18)) has been identified among the constituents of Apollo 15 regolith breccia 15295. The cordierite and associated anorthite, forsteritic olivine, and pleonaste spinel represent a new, Mg-rich lunar highlands lithology that formed by metamorphism of an igneous spinel cumulate. The cordierite-forsterite pair in the assemblage is stable at a maximum pressure of 2.5 kilobars, equivalent to a depth of 50 kilometers, or 10 kilometers above the lunar crust-mantle boundary. The occurrence of the clast indicates that spinel cumulates are a more important constituent of the lower lunar crust than has been recognized. The rarity of cordierite-spinel troctolite among lunar rock samples suggests that it is excavated only by large impact events, such as the one that formed the adjacent Imbrium Basin.