大理州一年生特高黑麦草、青贮玉米饲喂奶牛效果观察试验

以一年生特高黑麦草、青贮玉米组成日粮饲喂奶牛,观察其饲养效果,试验结果表明,在饲养管理和基础日粮相同的前提下,饲喂青贮玉米 特高黑麦草能明显提高奶牛产奶量,其头均日产奶量比单独饲喂特高黑麦草提高0.94%,比单独饲喂青贮玉米提高3.31%。建议在大理州奶牛综合配套技术中,大力推广特高黑麦草的种植和饲料的青贮,以全面提高奶牛的饲养水平。     

燕麦草青贮和全株玉米青贮对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

根据胎次、产奶量、泌乳时间相近的原则选择泌乳奶牛32头,随机分为2组,每组16头,分为对照组和试验组,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮和燕麦草青贮,探讨其对荷斯坦泌乳奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响.结果显示:试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组提高了0.31 kg/d,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);试验组的乳脂率、乳糖率、非脂固形物及总固形物含量均较对照组有所提高,但无显著差异(P＞0.05).燕麦草青贮替代全株玉米青贮,每头奶牛每天能够多盈利1.22元.结果表明:燕麦草青贮替代全株玉米青贮能够提高奶牛产奶量和经济效益.     

普通青贮玉米与微生物青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的对比试验

研究普通青贮玉米和微生物青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的影响.选取20头生理情况基本一致黑白花奶牛,分为试验组和对照组进行交叉对比试验.结果显示：饲喂微生物青贮玉米的奶牛,产奶量比饲喂普通青贮玉米的高2.27 kg,每天纯收入多7.93元.     

不同青贮方式对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

[目的]以石玉13号玉米为材料,比较全株玉米裹包青贮和窖贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]对裹包青贮和窖贮全株玉米在干物质营养成分,奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳品质等方面进行对比分析。[结果]玉米裹包青贮干物质含量高于窖贮,裹包青贮奶牛14 d和28 d的干物质采食量显著高于窖贮玉米（P<0.05）;饲喂裹包青贮和窖贮对奶牛的产奶量影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;窖贮奶牛28 d乳脂率极显著低于裹包青贮（P<0.01）,乳蛋白率显著低于裹包青贮组（P<0.05）;裹包青贮与窖贮全株玉米对奶牛的产奶量影响差异不显著,但与窖贮相比,裹包青贮每头奶牛增加产奶量0.06 kg/d,每头奶牛增加效益0.23元/d。     

加酶高粱青贮对奶牛产奶量的影响

本试验选择36头黑白花奶牛，按胎次、泌乳月、日产奶量基本一致进行逐头配对，分为试验组和对照组。试验组的牛每天饲喂20千克酶制剂处理的全株高粱青贮，对照组每天饲喂20千克全株玉米青贮藏，干草及混合精料成分和饲养量完全一致。试验期为34天。结果显示：试验组奶年日平均产奶量比对照组高2.72千克，平均日产奶量增加10.19%，极显著高于对照组奶牛日平均产奶量（p=0.0074）。说明用酶制剂处理可以显著改善青贮饲料的营养价值。     

一年生黑麦草青贮料和玉米青贮料中添加蒸汽压片玉米和破碎玉米对奶牛生产性能的影响

选用24头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛进行为期6周的奶牛饲养试验,采用2×2因素随机区组试验设计,研究以一年生黑麦草青贮料(RS)或以50∶50混合的一年生黑麦草青贮料和玉米青贮料组成的混合料(BLEND)为基础日粮,添加饲喂破碎玉米(GC)或蒸汽压片玉米(SFC)对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验日粮包含49.6%的粗饲料,以全混合日粮的形式饲喂,1次/d,试验期4周,预饲期2周。处理之间没有发现交互作用。饲喂BLEND组比饲喂RS组的奶牛的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的采食量高。但饲喂RS组的OM、NDF和ADF的总消化率高于饲喂BLEND组。测定第4周营养物质消化率,未发现各组间营养物质采食量有差异,但SFC组的DM和OM的消化率要高于GC组。饲喂BLEND的奶牛比饲喂RS的奶牛生产更多的能量校正乳,表现为提高了生产效率。当日粮中添加SFC时,奶牛干物质采食量减少,产奶量增多,但乳中乳脂率较低。与饲喂GC相比,饲喂SFC乳蛋白生成量和生成效率较高。各组间血糖和乳尿素氮生成量相似,但饲喂GC的奶牛比饲喂SFC的奶牛血尿素氮水平要高。本试验的结果表明,与只饲喂黑麦草青贮料相比,饲喂一年生黑麦草青贮料和玉米青贮料效果更好。日粮中添加SFC与GC相比,奶牛生产性能和效率均有一定的提高。     

不同处理稻草混合青贮料对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验采用稻草分别与玉米秸杆、象草混合青贮,同时添加纤维素复合酶制剂和乳酸菌制剂,研究稻草的最佳青贮模式以及5种不同处理的稻草混合青贮料对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,稻草与玉米秸杆混合青贮(同时添加纤维素复合酶制剂)料可使奶牛产奶量显著高于其他青贮组合(P<0.05),但对乳成分无显著影响(P>0.05),其他组之间的产奶量和乳成分差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同处理稻草混合青贮料对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验采用稻草分别与玉米秸杆、象草混合青贮,同时添加纤维素复合酶制剂和乳酸菌制剂,研究稻草的最佳青贮模式和五种不同处理稻草混合青贮料对奶牛生产性能的影响,结果表明稻草与玉米秸杆混合青贮（同时添加纤维素复合酶制剂）料对奶牛产奶量显著高于其它青贮组合（P〈0．05）,但对乳成分无显著影响（P〉0．05）,其它组之间的产奶量和乳成分差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

不同切碎长度玉米秸秆青贮对奶牛产奶量及健康影响的比较研究

将玉米秸秆以10mm、26mm两种不同长度切碎后青贮，分别以直接饲喂和全混合日粮（TMR）揉碎饲喂两种方法饲喂奶牛，结果表明：两种切碎长度对玉米秸秆青贮质量无明显影响；但无论采用何种喂给方法．切碎长度为26mm的青贮玉米秸秆．对奶牛都有好处．表现为奶牛产奶量提高、胎衣不下减少、母牛空怀率降低、各种疾病发生减少。同时增加切碎长度还可以提高青贮劳动效率．     

奶牛场中青贮玉米的调制与利用

青贮玉米具有气味酸香，柔软多汁，适口性好，原饲料中营养成分保存多，蛋白质、胡萝卜素损失少等特点，是奶牛一年四季特别是冬春季节的优良饲料。因此，现在许多奶牛场采用全年用青贮玉米饲养奶牛的方法。这样主要是能保持日粮结构中粗饲料品质稳定。奶牛每头每天喂量可达１０～２５kg，每头奶牛年需５０００kg以上。奶牛饲喂青贮玉米的好处在于：一是饲喂青绿鲜嫩多汁酸香可口的青贮玉米秸秆是提高奶牛产奶量的重要措施之一；二是青贮能有效地保存蛋白质和维生素等营养成分，饲喂奶牛营养丰富，消化率高。在青贮过程中，原料的营养成分一…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …