速生杉木为基材的水曲柳薄木贴面初步研究

以速生杉木为基材，水曲柳薄木为贴面材料，用脲醛树脂粘剂（UF）和聚醋酸乙烯醋乳液胶（PVAc）按一定比例混合后作为胶粘剂，热压贴面胶合，对温度和时间与巾面效果的关系进行了研究。结果表明：①用UF与PVAC比例混合的胶粘剂，在生杉木上进行水曲柳薄木贴面是可行的；②热压温度和时间对贴面效果的影响都是极显著的，并得到了一种较理想的薄木贴面热压工艺。     

杉木积成材制造工艺研究

研究以杉木制材板皮为原料，采用梳解加工法制造杉木积成材的制板工艺。结果表明，密度为0．6g／cm^3，厚为16mm的杉木积成材，其较佳制造工艺为木束条含水率6％-9％，施胶量8％-9％，热压压力2．0MPa，热压温度160℃。热压时间10min。     

杉木积成材竹片贴面工艺探讨

对杉木积成材进行了竹片贴面的初步试验，结果表明：杉木积成材进行竹片贴面切实可行；竹片贴面后的杉木积成材密腹略高于基材；竹片与基材之间的胶合强度大于基材内部的胶合强度；贴面板的MOR和MOE高于基材：24h吸水厚度膨胀率佟明显低于基材。     

薄木贴面木纤维/聚乙烯复合材料的制备工艺及性能

薄木贴面是提升木塑复合材料（WPC）实木感、改善其装饰性能的有效方法。为了解决木纤维/聚乙烯复合材料（WF/PE）表面胶接困难的问题，选择两种热塑性树脂膜为胶接材料，采用分段热压工艺进行贴面加工，以外观质量、表面胶合强度和浸渍剥离长度为性能评价指标，探究热压工艺及胶接材料种类的影响。发现采用马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAPE）膜为胶接材料，在两段式工艺：热压时间160+60 s、热压温度150 ℃、热压压力1.5 MPa条件下，薄木贴面WF/PE的综合性能最优。SEM表征证明，MAPE膜可以有效促使薄木和PE基WPC基材之间的界面结合。     

葵花秆积成材热压.工艺的研究

通过对葵花秆材性的分析,探讨了制作板材的可行性;采用正交试验方法对葵花秆积成材生产工艺进行了研究;分析了施胶量、热压温度、热压压力及热压时间等工艺参数对产品性能的影响,提出了较佳的工艺参数。试验结果表明,采用文中提供的工艺参数,制成的积成板材可用作地板基材及家具用材等。     

美式家具“排骨桃花心薄木”贴面工艺

分析了排骨桃花心薄木贴面的特点及其贴面家具出现品质问题的原因,简述了排骨桃花心薄木含水率测试和控制方法。在生产实践的基础上,从排骨桃花心薄木的储存、软化、干燥、养生、加工、热压、胶压等各方面论述了排骨桃花心薄木贴面工艺。以及测试方法,为企业制造出品质稳定的高档排骨桃花心薄木贴面家具提供借鉴和参考。     

饰面工艺对家具板件翘曲度的影响

对硬枫薄木和杨木多层板为材料的薄木饰面家具翘曲变形的影响因素:涂胶量、热压压力、热压温度、热压时间,进行4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验;用方差分析法对翘曲度变化量进行分析,得出最佳的贴面工艺.研究表明:涂胶量的影响显著,热压温度、热压时间和热压压力的影响不显著.     

薄木贴面聚氯乙烯基木塑复合材料贴面工艺参数对其性能的影响

探究热压温度、时间、压力因子对薄木贴面聚氯乙烯(PVC)基木塑复合材料表观质量的影响,并以硅烷偶联剂改善薄木与PVC木塑基材之间界面的胶接性能。结果显示,以质量分数1.4%的KH-550为偶联剂,在热压温度130℃、热压压力1.5 MPa、热压时间200 s的工艺下,薄木贴面PVC基木塑复合材料的综合性能最佳;薄木和PVC木塑基材之间形成了紧密的界面结合。     

紫檀薄木湿法贴面表面装饰效果影响因素的研究

以紫檀薄木、刨花板为研究材料,对薄木湿法贴面中装饰效果的主要影响因素,如薄木的含水率、涂胶量、热压的温度和时间等方面进行研究,以期为薄木湿法贴面的工业生产提供改进的理论依据。研究表明:在含水率为30%、热压温度为90℃、热压时间为2min、涂胶量为88.9g/m2时,对紫檀薄木进行湿法贴面能得到较好的表面装饰效果。     

杉木胶合板热压工艺研究

采用涂胶量、热压温度、热压压力、加压时间等4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验,探讨以杉木间伐材和非规格材为原料制作杉木胶合板的热压工艺。结果表明:采用涂胶量280 g.m-2、热压温度125℃、热压压力1.0 MPa、热压时间1 m in.mm-1,制作出的杉木胶合板胶合强度达到GB/T 9846-2004中Ⅱ类胶合板的指标要求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.