珍珠高粱高产栽培数学模型及其应用

应用“4 1 6— A”最优混合设计 ,对珍珠高粱进行试验研究 ,建立以珍珠高粱产量为目标函数 ,以种植密度、施 N量、施 P2 O5量、施 K2 O量为决策变量的高产栽培数学模型 ,用电子计算机进行寻优 ,获得珍珠高粱的最高和最佳栽培方案。 1 999年下半年在广西大化县进行了珍珠高粱示范 376hm2 ,平均产量 (干粒 ,下同 )为 4 62 4 .5 kg/hm2 ;验证 8.0 0 hm2最高产量为 5 833.5 1 kg/hm2 ;平均产量为 5 2 99.5 kg/hm2。珍珠高粱习惯 (常规 )栽培产量仅有 39645 kg/hm2。因此 ,每公顷珍珠高粱模式栽培比习惯栽培增产 660～1 335 .0 kg,增幅 1 6.6%～ 33.7% ,每公顷增加纯收入 30 4 .5～ 694 .5元     

珍珠高高梁高产栽培数学模型及其应用

应用“416-A-”最优混合设计，对珍珠高梁进行试验研究，建立以珍珠高梁产量为目标函数，以种植密度、施N量、施P2O5量、施K2O量为决策变量的高产栽培数学模型，用电子计算机进行寻优，获得珍珠高梁的最高和最佳栽培方案。1999年下半年在广西大化县进行了珍珠高梁示范376hm^2，平均产量（干粒，下同）为4624.5kg/hm^2；验证8.00hm^2最高产量为5833.51kg/hm^2；平均产量为5299.5kg/hm^2。珍珠高梁习惯（常规）栽培产量仅有39645kg/hm^2。因此，每公顷珍珠高梁模式栽培比习惯栽培增产660-1335.0kg，增幅16.6%-33.7%,每公顷增加纯收入304.5-694.5元。     

播量与氮肥用量对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

试验得出,播量与施氮量不同处理组合的产量以每公顷播量105kg施纯氮225kg的小麦产量6724.95kg/hm2最高。施氮量因播量不同酌情增减,每公顷播种52.5、105及157.5kg的最大施氮量分别为270～285、210～225及195～210kg/hm2,施用氮肥对提高小麦子粒品质的作用明显,播量与小麦品质无关。     

钾肥用量对水稻钾素分配累积、钾肥利用效率及平衡的影响

为宁夏引黄灌区水稻钾肥合理施用提供参考,2013～2014年以"节3号"水稻为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组设计研究不同施K2O量(0、30、60、90、120 kg/hm2)对水稻产量、成熟期钾素分配比例、钾肥利用效率及土壤钾素平衡的影响,以明确宁夏引黄灌区水稻生产钾肥适宜用量。结果表明:施用钾肥显著提高水稻实粒产量和秸秆产量,平均增产率分别为10.0%、16.9%和19.0%、8.3%,降低空秕粒产量15.9%、34.7%。钾肥用量和水稻籽粒产量之间有极显著的二次曲线关系,两年中最高产量施钾量分别为129.6、122.5 kg/hm2,最佳经济产量施钾量分别为110.7、111.4 kg/hm2。成熟期水稻秸秆钾素分配比例占80%以上,其次为实粒13.2%～15.5%、14.0%～17.6%,空秕粒低于3%。实粒钾素累积量两年趋势相似,K120处理累积量最高,较对照提高13.9%、50%。空秕粒钾素累积量随着钾肥用量的增加而降低,较对照均有显著差异。水稻地上部钾素累积量两年均以K90处理最高,较对照提高22.5%、20.2%。水稻钾肥利用效率范围为28.6%～46.0%,16.6%～46.3%,两年均为K90处理最高。钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率随施钾量的增加而下降。施用钾肥各处理土壤钾素均表现为匮缺,其中120 kg/hm2施钾处理土壤亏缺量最低,较对照分别降低42.7%、39.5%。生产中实施秸秆还田后对土壤的钾素补充范围分别为160.2～203.1、173.4～205.7 kg/hm2,实施秸秆还田后施钾量高于60 kg/hm2以上可以维持钾素平衡。综合考虑提高水稻产量、钾肥利用效率及维持土壤钾素平衡等因素,在目前的生产条件下,宁夏引黄灌区水稻施钾量在110.7～129.6 kg/hm2范围内为宜。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统下施氮量对作物产量及氮肥利用率影响的研究

太湖地区过量施肥现象相当普遍, 导致 N 肥利用率低和 N 肥损失严重.为此,2004-2006年在中国科学院常熟农业生态实验站进行了连续稻麦轮作试验,研究不同施 N 量对该地区水稻和小麦产量及 N肥利用率的影响,以寻找较为适当的 N 肥施用量,该施 N 量即能使作物不减产,又要保持较高的 N 肥利用率.试验结果表明施 N 量超过150 kg/hm2 后,作物产量增加较少.当施N量从100 kg/hm2 增加到350 kg/hm2,连续3 年的水稻平均N肥吸收利用率(REN)为46.1% ～ 32.4%,两年小麦试验结果显示小麦的平均REN为 36.0% ～ 27.8%.相应的水稻和小麦的农学利用率(AEN)是15.0 ～ 5.56 kg/kg 和 17.1 ～ 6.91 kg/kg.研究还表明太湖地区水稻经济适宜施N量为209 kg/hm2,小麦是219 kg/hm2,在当地作物品种、气候条件和管理方式下,作物产量可分别达到8.2 t/hm2和4.7 t/hm2的高产,水稻的REN、N肥生理利用率(PEN)、AEN、N肥偏生产力(PFPN) 可保持为37.6%、29.5 kg/kg、11.0 kg/kg 和44.5 kg/kg;小麦则是31.4%、38.4 kg/kg、12.0 kg/kg和23.7 kg/kg.显然,适宜的施N量不仅没使作物减产,而且保证了作物最大的经济效益,并保持了较高的N肥利用率.     

安徽江淮丘陵区杂交水稻钾肥效应初报

试验结果表明:杂交水稻每公顷施用K2O135kg时产量最高,达7735kg/hm2,比对照(NPK0)增产12 1%。钾肥经济效益也以每公顷施K2O135kg最高,比对照增收1008元/hm2,产投比为3 3∶1。钾肥施用量在K2O180kg/hm2以下时,土壤中的钾素亏损,不能保持土壤中钾素平衡。     

施氮水平对杂交晚粳“浙优12”产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为探讨杂交粳稻"浙优12"最佳施氮量,采用田间试验研究了不同施氮水平对浙北平原黄松田水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,水稻产量、氮肥生理效率(PEN)、氮肥回收率(REN)均以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,分别比无氮肥区提高了54.4%、34.1 kg/kg和58.6%;与无氮肥区相比,在施N 150 kg/hm2基础上,配施适量有机肥有助于提高氮素利用率和产量,其PEN和REN分别提高33.1 g/g和50.6%,水稻增产61.2%。本试验条件下,综合稻谷产量、生态效应和经济效益三项因素,合理的水稻施氮量为N 234.8～241.0 kg/hm2,相应的经济生态产量为9796.4～9801.9 kg/hm2。     

旱地辣椒栽培中密度、氮、磷及钾肥因子的优化

采用四因素二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究了旱地辣椒双垄沟全膜覆盖育苗移栽条件下密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对辣椒产量的影响.试验结果单因子效应分析表明,随着栽培密度、施氮量和施磷量的提高,辣椒产量呈先升后降的趋势;随着施钾量的提高,辣椒产量呈上升趋势.双因素交互效应分析表明,栽培密度与施钾量之间存在互作效应.获得旱地辣椒产量45 000.00 kg/hm2以上的栽培密度和氮磷钾优化方案为:密度49 071 ～ 52 179穴/hm2,每穴移栽2株,施N量216.75 ～ 257.25 kg/hm2,施P2O5量234.45 ～ 257.55 kg/hm2,施K2O量141.45 ～ 158.10 kg/hm2,适宜的N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.6∶1.6∶1.0.验证试验结果表明,优化栽培较常规栽培增产26.6％ ～ 41.3％.     

水稻精量节肥防治面源污染高产栽培模式研究

采用二次回归组合设计试验研究水稻栽培精量节肥技术 ,建立了水稻栽培密度、施N量和施P量数字模型 ,该模型寻优结果表明水稻种植密度为 2 0 96 2 8万丛/hm2 、施N素折尿素 379 0 5kg/hm2 、施P素折过磷酸钙4 76 85kg/hm2 时 ,其稻谷理论最高产量可达 92 11 5kg/hm2 。     

控释、常规尿素配施对雨养区春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

为明确宁夏南部雨养种植区玉米合理施氮方式及用量,完善高产高效栽培技术,为干旱半干旱地区玉米高产栽培提供理论与技术支持,以先玉698为试验材料,设置2个氮肥种类(控释尿素和常规尿素,纯氮量都为225kg/hm2)和4个氮肥追施量及时期(T1常规尿素基施N150kg/hm2+小口期追施N75kg/hm2;T2控释尿素基施N75kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2+小口期追施常规尿素N75kg/hm2;T3控释尿素基施N150kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2;T4控释尿素基施N225kg/hm2),以不施氮肥为对照,比较研究不同处理对春玉米群体物质生产、氮素运移特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在施氮量相等条件下,控释尿素与普通尿素配合(T3)一次基施比习惯施肥(T1)显著增加了玉米的产量,产量增幅为12.63%,穗粒数和粒重的增加是玉米增产的主要原因。合理增加基肥中控释尿素比例能够显著增加玉米花后和全生育期干物质积累量,同时促进玉米营养器官和籽粒对氮的吸收累积。控释尿素基施有利于氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥贡献率的提高,其中以T3处理最好,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥对产量的贡献率分别比T2和T4高52.12%,22.96%和35.39%,20.53%。因此,建议在宁南山区玉米高产施肥管理中以控释尿素(全部氮肥量的2/3)与常规尿素(全部氮肥量的1/3)全部基施为宜。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.