Agreement of SpO2, SaO2 and ScO2 in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Objective To assess the agreement between three measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂, SaO₂ and ScO₂) in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys. Study Design Prospective study. Animals Eleven mature, male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis). Methods Monkeys were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine followed by intravenous propofol. The trachea of each was intubated and the lungs ventilated. Arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a Nonin 8500 V pulse oximeter, using a lingual clip on the cheek. Arterial blood samples were taken from an indwelling catheter. Inspired oxygen concentration was varied from 12 to 20%, and 88 paired arterial blood samples and saturation measurements were taken. Arterial oxygen saturation in the blood samples was measured using a cooximeter. The saturation was also calculated from the arterial oxygen tension using the Adair equation. The results were compared using Bland and Altman's method. Results The pulse oximeter readings were 2.7% higher than that of the cooximeter, with a limit of agreement of ?3.9 to 9.3%. The pulse oximeter readings were 1.8% higher than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?6.5% to 10.1%. The cooximeter readings were 0.9% lower than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?5.6% to 3.8%. Conclusions The agreement between SpO₂ and other measurements of arterial oxygen saturation in this study is typical for this technique. The bias and limits of agreement are consistent with reports in other species. Clinical relevance The Nonin 8500 V is a useful pulse oximeter for clinical use in primates.     

郏县红牛皮肤真菌病的流行性调查及治疗体会

本文以场内生产情况为例,记录了牛皮肤真菌病的症状、治疗及诊断和防治措施,以期给同行提供参考,共同探讨。     

发酵中药渣对犊牛生长发育和健康状况的影响

[目的]为研究发酵中药渣对犊牛生长发育、健康状况的影响。[方法]在宁夏固原市肉牛良种繁育示范园随机选取150头犊牛作为试验牛群,采用配对试验设计,试验分为对照组和发酵中药渣组。[结果]日粮中添加发酵中药渣,犊牛采食量增加0.09 kg,日增重增加0.09 kg,料重比(F/G)减少0.06 kg;体重多增加5.2 kg,提高4.4% ,体高、胸围、体斜长分别增长 4.2 cm、5.6 cm、4.4cm,分别提高了4.5%、5.1%、4.1%;试验组滨州筛第 1,2 层筛上物比例下降,说明犊牛消化能力增加,饲料消化率提高;血液总蛋白和白蛋白含量均显著高于对照组;谷丙转氨酶含量显著低于对照组;谷胱甘肽、过氧化物歧化酶、免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于对照组。[结论]在犊牛日粮中添加发酵中药渣可增加犊牛的采食量和日增重,提高饲料报酬,提高血清总蛋白,降低谷丙转氨酶水平,增加过氧化物歧化酶活性,提高犊牛免疫力。     

Characteristics of Gas Generation (NH3, CH4, N2O, CO2, H2O) From Horse Manure Added to Different Bedding Materials Used in Deep Litter Bedding Systems

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of horse manure added to different bedding materials on the generation of gases (ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) from deep litter bedding under standardized laboratory conditions. Two different types of straw (wheat and rye) and wood shavings were analyzed. The deep litter (substrate) was made of 25 kg of the respective bedding material, 60 kg horse feces, and 60 L ammonium chloride solution (urea), and spread out in identical chambers over 19 days (n = 3). On days 1, 8, 15, and 19, total nitrogen, total carbon, and dry matter content of the substrate, as well as the pH in 500-g samples, were measured along with. At the end of each test period, the nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen contents of the leachate were analyzed. The wheat straw substrate emitted the highest concentration of NH₃ (4.31 mg/m³; P < .0001) and the wood shavings substrate emitted the lowest (1.73 mg/m³; P < .0001); the rye straw substrate generated 3.05 mg/m³. In addition, significant differences occurred during days 1 to 3 with respect to the generation of the gases NH₃, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, and after the opening of the chamber on day 15. The nitrogen losses through the leachate occurred mainly in the form of nitrate, where the leachate from the wheat straw substrate had a significantly higher amount of nitrate nitrogen (44.56 mg) as compared with the leachates of the rye straw (14.49 mg; P ≤ .0001) and the wood shaving substrates (22.62 mg; P = .0010).     

山东省减抗背景下的中兽药产业调研分析

基于对山东省兽药生产企业和养殖企业中兽药生产和使用情况的调研,本文深入分析了我省中兽药发展现状和存在的问题,针对性地提出了中兽药产业发展的对策建议。需着力构建全产业链发展格局;不断释放市场创新创业活力;快速实现我省中兽药产业现代化;充分发挥好政策对产业引领作用;着力打造专业化人才队伍。并不断推进兽用抗菌药减量化示范行动等综合措施,从根本上遏制兽用抗菌药滥用,提倡使用中兽药等绿色高效产品的减抗行动,以期降低细菌耐药性的发生和发展,保障畜禽产品质量安全。     

基于现代农业(牛)产业技术体系的《牛生产学》教学模式探讨

针对当下社会对畜牧学专业毕业生的需求特点,高校开展相关课程的"产学研"合作已成为未来发展新趋势。现代农业产业技术体系旨在围绕产业发展需求,加强"产学研"密切结合,构建适应现代农业发展的科技支撑体系。《牛生产学》作为畜牧学专业的重要课程之一,具有理论性及实践性相结合的特点,其专业性强,内容繁多且涉及面广。本文结合现代农业(牛)产业技术体系,针对《牛生产学》不同章节内容,从课堂教学和实践教学两方面进行了改革和探索,旨在进一步强化课程特色,建立完善的实习课程体系,从而实现对学生综合能力的培养。     

我国和欧盟兽药质量监督抽检工作机制对比研究

为更好地完善我国兽药质量监督抽检计划,通过对欧盟药品抽检管理工作机制的研究,本文分析了欧盟和我国兽药监督抽检管理方式的不同,从抽检责任部门、抽检目的、抽检计划内容、抽检计划制定流程、抽检品种的遴选和检测参数的确定等6方面进行了对比分析,探讨我国兽药质量监督抽检工作的管理中可以借鉴的方面。     

H2O2诱导BRL-3A细胞模拟大鼠肝脏氧化应激损伤的研究

动物冷暴露过程中,肝脏因发生氧化应激而受损.利用不同浓度过氧化氢(H2O2)作用BRL-3A细胞,根据细胞存活率确定500 μmol/L H2O2作用细胞3h为施加条件,然后通过检测蛋白质羰基含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,探讨在细胞水平上建立冷暴露大鼠肝脏损伤模型.结果显示,H2O2处理组细胞存活率下降,蛋白质羰基含量升高,SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性均降低.与对照组相比,其存活率、细胞内蛋白质羰基含量和CAT活性,均差异极显著(P＜0.01),细胞内SOD和GSH-Px活性,差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,500 μmol/L H2O2作用于BRL-3A细胞可导致氧化应激的发生,其相关指标与大鼠冷暴露后肝脏受损指标改变趋势类似,利用BRL-3A细胞建立冷暴露引起的肝脏氧化损伤模型,为进一步探讨冷应激对肝脏损伤的机制奠定基础.     

ABT生根粉、IBA和H2O2复合处理对台湾果桑扦插生根的影响

为了探讨ABT生根粉、IBA和H₂O₂单独或复配处理对台湾果桑扦插生根效果的影响,选取当年生长的枝条,分别用ABT、IBA、H₂O₂及ABT+ H₂O₂和IBA+ H₂O₂复合溶液浸泡不同时间后,并以浸泡清水为对照,然后插入珍珠岩+泥炭+沙(1：2：1)的基质中,在适宜环境条件下培养。结果发现,与对照相比,ABT、IBA和H₂O₂单独或复合溶液处理均能显著提高扦插枝条的愈伤率、生根率、不定根数目和不定根长度,提高扦插幼苗根系活力和TCC脱氢酶活性,提高扦插枝条叶片抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD活性及可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量,以ABT+ H₂O₂处理效果最好,IBA+ H₂O₂处理次之,第三是ABT处理,然后是IBA和H₂O₂复合处理。研究表明,ABT或IBA结合H₂O₂复合处理显著提高扦插枝条的生根效果,利于台湾果桑的快速繁殖。     

Pb2+ 和Zn2+胁迫下3种草坪草光合特征及吸附重金属能力差异性

【目的】探索 Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺污染地区最适宜的修复草坪草品种。【方法】采用盆栽的方法,以黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）和草地早熟禾（ Poa pratensis）为研究对象,以河沙为栽培基质,测定各处理的光合指标和重金属含量。设置不加重金属（CK）、Pb²⁺ 胁迫（500、1 000、1 500、2 000 mg/L）、Zn²⁺胁迫（500、800、1 100、1 400 mg/L）处理。测定不同重金属浓度胁迫下的草坪草的光合特征及其对重金属吸收能力。【结果】研究表明：随着 Pb²⁺ 、Zn²⁺浓度的增加,3 种草坪草净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间 CO₂浓度均呈先升高后降低趋势,但是出现峰值的浓度梯度各异;当 Pb²⁺ 胁迫浓度为 500 mg/L 时,对高羊茅和黑麦草叶片光合能力具有促进作用;当 Pb²⁺ 胁迫为 1 000 mg/L 时,对草地早熟禾叶片光合能力具有促进作用。当 Zn²⁺胁迫为 800 mg/L 时对黑麦草和高羊茅叶片净光合速率具有促进作用;当 Zn²⁺ 胁迫为 500 mg/L 时,对草地早熟禾叶片净光合速率具有促进作用。【结论】综合分析 3 种草坪草的光合特征和对植物体内重金属富集能力表明,高羊茅和黑麦草适用于低于 1 000 mg/L 的 Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺污染土壤的修复。     

犊牛常见病的诊治体会

犊牛的健康关系着牛场的未来生产。本文介绍了几种犊牛常见病的辨别及诊断方法,帮助牛场快速进行疾病判断。作者对几种疾病的病因、临床症状、诊断方式、治疗方法进行综述,旨在为犊牛的常见病的防控和选择治疗药物提供参考依据。     

NORMAL THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL DISTRIBUTION OF 2-DEOXY-2-[18F]FLUORO-d-GLUCOSE (18FDG) IN ADULT CATS

Positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro- d -glucose (¹⁸FDG) is an important imaging modality for diagnosis and staging of human neoplastic disease. The purpose of this study is to describe the normal ¹⁸FDG uptake in adult cats. Six adult healthy female cats were used. Cats were sedated and then injected intravenously with 74.0±13.0 (mean±SD) MBq of ¹⁸FDG. General anesthesia was induced and cats were placed in ventral recumbancy on the PET scanner's bed. Static images using multiple bed positions were acquired approximately 60–90 min after injection. A transmission scan was acquired at each bed position utilizing a ⁵⁷Co point source to perform attenuation and scatter correction. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn over the liver, right and left renal cortices, left ventricular wall, and wall of ascending and descending colonic segments. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were calculated using an established formula. Kidneys and intestinal tract had relatively intense uptake of ¹⁸FDG; liver activity was intermediate; the spleen was not identified in any of the cats. Cardiac activity was variable but intense activity was noted in the left ventricular myocardium in most cats. No appreciable lung uptake was noted. Mean±SD SUV values were calculated. This study established the normal pattern of uptake of ¹⁸FDG in adult cats and provided baseline data for comparison with future studies evaluating a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases.     

Utilization of F1 information in estimating QTL effects in F2 crosses between outbred lines

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in designed experiments is investigated using a mixed model framework through the modification of segment mapping techniques. Allele effects are modelled in the F₁ generation allowing the estimation of additive substitution effects while accounting for QTL segregation within lines and differences in mean QTL effects between lines. The resulting approach is called F₁ segment mapping. Simulation is used to illustrate the method and its properties. F₁ segment mapping has advantages over F₂ segment mapping in the derivation of exact additive genetic covariances and in the computation time for variance component estimation.     

Antinociceptive actions of intravenous a2-adrenoceptor agonists in sheep

The antinociceptive activity of the intravenously administered alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine and xylazine, was measured in sheep using thermal and mechanical pressure threshold detection systems. Both drugs demonstrated clear antinociceptive activity for both forms of threshold stimuli and clonidine at 6 micrograms/kg i.v. was more potent and longer lasting than xylazine at 50 micrograms/kg i.v. The antinociceptive effects were reversed by idazoxan (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), but were not affected by naloxone at 0.2 mg/kg i.v. indicating that these effects were mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.     

Partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 sampled via an intranasal catheter as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO2 in dogs

Objective: To demonstrate correlation and clinical usefulness of the partial pressure of end‐tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) measurement by nasal catheter placement in sedated dogs with and without concurrent nasal oxygen administration as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO₂ (PaCO₂). Design: Prospective, cross‐over trial. Setting: University of Saskatchewan veterinary research laboratory. Animals: Six cross‐breed dogs with a mean (±SD) weight of 29.1±4.03 kg. Interventions: All dogs were sedated with 5 μg/kg medetomidine intravenously (IV) and an arterial catheter was placed in a dorsal pedal artery for removal of blood for gas analysis. A nasal catheter was placed in the ventral meatus and connected to a capnometer for ETCO₂ measurements in all dogs. Dogs receiving supplemental nasal oxygen had a second nasal catheter placed in the contralateral naris. Measurements and main results: In the group without nasal oxygen supplementation, the ETCO₂ measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO₂ by ?2.20 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?5.79, 1.39 mmHg. In the group receiving oxygen supplementation, ETCO₂ measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO₂ by ?2.46 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?8.42, 3.50 mmHg. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that ETCO₂ monitoring via a nasal catheter provides a clinically acceptable substitute to arterial blood gas analysis as a means of monitoring ventilation in healthy, sedated dogs. The limits of agreement were within acceptable limits with and without concurrent insufflation of oxygen.     

Effects of 8-epi-PGF2α on isolated bronchial smooth muscle of healthy and heaves-affected horses

8-Epi-PGF2alpha, a prostaglandin-like compound generated by oxidative stress, has been shown to be an in vitro bronchoconstrictor in airways from healthy laboratory animals and healthy humans, but it has never been studied in diseased airways. Here, the bronchoconstrictive capacity of 8-epi-PGF2alpha on isolated bronchial rings (BR) of healthy and heaves-affected horses was evaluated by comparing the maximal effect and the potency of 8-epi-PGF2alpha to those of (1) acetylcholine (ACh), (2) its stereoisomer PGF2alpha and (3) its synthetic receptor agonist, U46619. Furthermore, the potential capacity of 8-epi-PGF2alpha to enhance the cholinergic (ACh) responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle was investigated. 8-Epi-PGF2alpha contracted BR with a rank order of efficacy of Ach > U44619 > PGF2alpha > 8-epi-PGF2alpha in both healthy and heaves-affected horses. The contractile maximal response elicited by 8-epi-PGF2alpha was significantly smaller than that elicited by the other drugs, but was significantly higher in BR from heaves-affected horses than in those sampled in healthy horses, whilst pD2 values were similar. A subthreshold concentration of 8-epi-PGF2alpha (10-7 M) did not induce in vitro cholinergic hyper-responsiveness in BR of either healthy or heaves-affected horses. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that 8-epi-PGF2alpha is an in vitro bronchoconstrictor of minor importance in healthy horses, but whose efficacy is significantly increased in heaves-affected horses.     

重组犬瘟热病毒F-H融合基因乳酸菌的构建及表达

为了构建重组犬瘟热病毒(CDV)F-H融合基因工程乳酸菌,采用重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR)技术扩增CDV F-H融合基因。将F-H融合基因亚克隆至穿梭载体p SIP409多克隆位点上,构建p SIP-F-H表达重组子,并电转化至植物乳杆菌NC8感受态细胞中。利用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测F-H融合蛋白的表达情况。结果表明,成功地扩增了CDV F-H融合基因,构建了p SIP-F-H重组表达质粒,并电转化至乳酸杆菌感受态细胞中。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测表明,重组乳酸杆菌表达了分子量约为62.96 ku的F-H融合蛋白,且该蛋白能与CDV阳性抗体反应,具有反应原性。