水稻和茭白二化螟蛹形态特征的数值分析

通过对水稻、茭白二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）蛹进行形态特征的数值分析,结果表明水稻二化螟、茭白二化螟蛹形态的几个指标存在差异,但其不能截然分开。用主成分分析并绘制二维排序图,发现水稻二化螟、茭白二化螟交迭在一体。     

二化螟对氟虫腈抗性初探

 采用点滴测定法，于2001~2004年对江、浙、皖3省12个县市的二化螟进行了氟虫腈的抗性调查。江苏及安徽等地二化螟对氟虫腈仍处于敏感状态，但江苏无锡和浙江慈溪二化螟的敏感性明显下降（抗性倍数RR分别为3.1和3.6倍），浙江苍南二化螟已出现中等水平的抗性（RR为21.2倍）。由此认为，二化螟目前仍处于对氟虫腈抗性发展的早期阶段。解毒酶抑制剂的活体增效实验发现，TPP、DEM能明显提高氟虫腈对抗性二化螟的毒力（增效比SR分别为1.8和1.6），但PBO在敏感性和抗性二化螟中的增效作用均不显著（SR为1.1~1.2）。表明酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶与二化螟对氟虫腈抗性的形成有一定关系。不同杀虫剂的比较毒力测定表明，三唑磷和敌百虫由于产生了抗性，对二化螟的毒力很低，乙酰甲胺磷本身对二化螟的毒力也不高，已很难再用来防治抗性二化螟。但哒嗪硫磷、二嗪磷、溴氰菊酯和阿维菌素对二化螟的毒力较高，而且尚没有明显的抗性产生，在二化螟抗性治理中，可以用作氟虫腈的轮换防治药剂。     

Trapping effect of synthetic pheromone blends on two stem borers, Chilo suppressalis and Scripophaga incertulas

Two internal feeders of rice plant, rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) are major hurdles in achieving higher yields in Central China. Synthetic sex pheromone was an effective method to control the two borers. A new series of sex pheromone blends were formulated and tested.     

测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

为探索适于冬小麦高产节水的耕作模式,通过裂区试验,在小麦全生育期不灌溉、拔节期和开花期测墒补灌两种水分管理方式下,设置旋耕、深松+旋耕、深松+旋耕+耙压2遍共3种耕作方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,深松能明显促进小麦拔节后对0~200cm土层土壤贮水的吸收,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。与深松+旋耕处理相比,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理显著减少小麦播种至越冬前对土壤水分的消耗,在全生育期无灌水的条件下总耗水量减少,籽粒产量和水分利用效率明显提高;在小麦拔节期和开花期测墒补灌条件下,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理小麦在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量和日耗水量明显提高,籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率无显著变化。     

水稻植株在二化螟为害后的生理变化

研究了不同类型水稻品种在二化螟为害后植株体内的一些生理变化,包括叶绿素含量、根系活力和钾元素吸收能力。不同水稻品种在主茎受二化螟为害形成枯心后,分蘖的叶绿素含量均降低,但与健康植株相比无显著差异。常规杂交稻汕优63和超级杂交稻两优培九在主茎枯心过程中根系活力显著增强,而粳稻秀水11枯心后根系活力反而显著下降。采用86Rb标记示踪原子法研究了在二化螟为害后水稻根系对土壤中钾的吸收能力的变化,发现秀水11主茎枯心24 h和48 h后分蘖中铷的含量比健康植株分别降低了5.23%和47.5%,说明对钾的吸收能力下降,而汕优63和两优培九分蘖中铷的含量分别比健康植株增加了2.91%和14.36%、21.3%和15.9%,即对钾的吸收能力提高。     

不同耕作方式对西北地区春玉米土壤物理性状及产量的影响

通过对土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤田间持水量、土壤含水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究春季深松、条带深旋耕、常规表层旋耕3种耕作方式对西北地区春玉米土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,春季深松、春季条带旋耕在各生育时期0～15 cm各指标均无显著差异,对16～25 cm、26～35 cm土壤容重降低效果显著,春季深松和春季条带旋耕均显著地降低了16～25 cm土壤紧实度,且显著提高了16～25 cm、26～35 cm土壤田间持水量,通过提高穗长、穗粒数和千粒重,春季深松较常规旋耕提高了经济产量。     

规模化稻鸭生产对早稻病虫害变化规律及经济效益的影响

通过大田试验研究了规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻病虫害的消长变化规律及其经济效益。结果表明：规模稻鸭生态种养（IF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉平均虫量较水稻单一种植（CK）分别下降54．4％,48．8％,73．6％和96．1％,纹枯病和稻瘟病病株率分别降低78．9％和48．5％;较常规稻鸭生态种养（CF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉量分别下降18．2％,9．5％,7．0％和0．82％,纹枯病病株率降低35．5％,稻瘟病病株率升高8．0％。规模稻鸭生态种养稻飞虱和二化螟对水稻危害株率比常规稻鸭生态种养分别降低52．9％和6．9％。试验还表明,规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱虫峰迟现,持续危害时间短;纹枯病蔓延危害期缩短10～14d;水稻有效穗数、穗粒数增多,千粒重增加,空壳率降低,产量最高。规模稻鸭生态种养较常规稻鸭生态种养和水稻单一种植分别增收1024．32,1370．61元／hm2,增幅44．47％和70．03％。因此,规模稻鸭生态种养可以实现对水稻病虫害的生态控制,且经济效益显著提高,对于提升我国现代农业生产实践具有重要意义。     

Comparison of stem borer damage and resistance in semidwarf Indica rice varieties and prototype lines of a new plant type

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) “new plant type” (NPT), currently under development at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, differs in genetic background and plant architecture from the semidwarf Indica varieties that now predominate in tropical lowland areas. The NPT is derived from tropical Japonica germplasm and has fewer and larger stems and panicles than do semidwarf Indica varieties. We compared stem borer damage and resistance in NPT lines and semidwarf Indica varieties under field and greenhouse conditions. Stem borer damage in field plots of the NPT lines IR65564 and IR68011 was higher than in plots of the Indica varieties IR64 and IR72 during the 1999 dry season but not the wet season. In both seasons, IR68011 had higher densities of egg masses of the striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis) than did the other three entries. There were no consistent differences among entries in density of egg masses of the yellow stem borer (YSB, Scirpophaga incertulas). In the 2000 wet season, stem borer populations were low, but SSB egg masses were found only on IR68552-100, the only NPT line in the experiment. In all three seasons, NPT lines had higher proportions of SSB larvae and pupae in stems after harvest, and lower proportions of YSB, than did Indica varieties. In artificially infested field cages, SSB larval survival was highest on reproductive stage plants of IR68011 in the 1999 dry season and there was a trend of higher YSB adult weight on IR68011 in the 1999 dry and wet seasons. Three NPT lines and three Indica varieties evaluated under greenhouse conditions showed no consistent differences in resistance to either stem borer species, as measured by percent survival from egg to adult and female development time and weight. The lack of consistent differences in stem borer survival and development between the NPT lines and Indica varieties was contrary to the expectation that the morphology of the NPT would render it more susceptible to stem borers. Our results indicate that NPT lines are not consistently or strongly more susceptible to stem borers than are improved Indica varieties and suggest that ovipositional attractiveness to SSB is a factor contributing to higher stem borer damage to some NPT lines.     

水稻超高产栽培技术研究进展

水稻超高产研究是保障国家粮食安全的重要手段。介绍了水稻超高产的概念及其由来，并从经验式栽培、叶龄模式栽培、群体质量栽培和精确强化栽培等多个方面，论述了各种水稻超高产栽培技术的研究进展及其应用情况和所取得的效益，指出了现阶段水稻超高产研究存在的问题，提出了今后在超高产栽培技术上的发展方向。     

Bumper harvest of super rice in south and north China

Recently. a great progress was made in breeding and cultivation of super rice in China. The South Demonstration Acceptance Meeting of China Super Rice was held in Oct 17. 2000 in Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province. Yield monitoring group organized by the Department of Science,Technology and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, China, was consisting of famous rice research scientists, agricultural technology extension experts, and government officials. In the demonstration meeting, the group investigated the rice growth of the demonstration field of the improved integrated cultivation technology of super hybrid rice, Xieyou 9308. Four representative demonstration fields from 6.87 ha of the demonstration were harvested after the current investigation of the group.     

Alternate crop and weed host plant oviposition preferences by the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is the key pest of sugarcane, Saccharum hybrids, in south Texas, having largely displaced the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), and it is moving into rice- and sugarcane-growing areas of east Texas and Louisiana. While a number of alternative weed and crop hosts have been reported, the extent to which they might support Mexican rice borer populations is unknown. This study involved choice assays that compared oviposition preference for and larval infestations of five mature graminaceous weed species. Levels of infestation between sugarcane and corn, Zea mays L., crop hosts and between corn and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were also assessed. We determined that the average number of larval entry holes in sudangrass stems was ≥2.5-fold more than for any of the other four weed host plants, that corn had ≥5.9-fold more larval entry holes than sorghum and ≥8.2-fold more than sugarcane. Greater oviposition and infestation of one non-crop host over another was not related to numbers of stems per plant, but was associated with the greater stem diameter and abundance of dry leaf tissue found in Sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondi (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan, johnsongrass, S. halepense (L.) and barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; relative to the other weed species in this study. In terms of the crop plants, stalk diameter and quantity of dry leaf tissue were not associated with numbers of eggs or larval entry holes in the choice assays between corn and sorghum, and between sugarcane and corn. While corn has been known as a host of the Mexican rice borer for at least 84 yr, its role in area-wide population dynamics and control efforts has likely been greatly underestimated.     

Preliminary Study on Resistance of the Rice Stem Borer （Chilo Suppressalis） to Fipronil

By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui were still susceptible to fipronil. But in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province and Cixi, Zhejiang Province, their sensitivity became decreased （resistance ratios were 3.1 and 3.6, respectively）, and the medium level of resistance （resistance ratio was 21.2） was found in Cangnan, Zhejiang Province. So, it was still at the early stage for fipronil resistance development in this pest. Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide（PBO） had a little effect on both susceptible and resistant borers （synergism ratios were 1.1-1.2）. Though triphenyl phosphate （TPP） and diethyl meleate （DEM） had no effect on the susceptible borers, they had significant synergism on fipronil in the resistant population to fipronil （synergism ratios were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively）, indicating esterase and glutathion S-transferase may be involved in the resistance mechanism. Bioassay with currently used insecticides indicated that triazophos （because of high resistance）, trichlorphon and acephate had very low toxicity to resistant borers. But diazinon, pyridaphenthion, decamethrin and avermeatin showed high toxicity and had no cross resistance to fipronil, which could be considered as substitute insecticides in the resistance managment.     

水稻抗二化螟特性离体稻株鉴定技术

提出了一套规范的水稻抗二化螟离体稻株鉴定技术。该项技术克服了以往鉴定方法难保鲜、操作烦琐、试虫易逃逸等问题,准确可靠、操作易规范,适用于常规水稻和转基因水稻抗二化螟特性鉴定和评价。     

长期定位试验不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

以中嘉早17(早稻)和泰优390(晚稻)为材料,进行长期定位试验,研究不同耕作方式与秸秆还田耦合条件下水稻产量和品质的表现.结果 表明,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田处理能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度为9％,"早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕"处理对水稻增产效果最明显,周年产量高达15.8 t/hm2,较其他处理高5％～36％.秸秆还...     

再生稻及超级杂交稻再生利用研究进展

再生稻是一种特殊的水稻种植制度下的稻作类型。综述了再生稻及超级杂交稻再生利用研究进展。如何利用超级杂交稻 再生稻的种植方式,充分发挥超级杂交稻的高产潜力,进一步增加产量,是超级杂交稻发展中面临的新课题。     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Herbivores and Its Stimulation to Major Insect Pests in Rice

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations.The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference,food consumption,survival,growth,reproduction,and population density,except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances.In most of the rice growing areas in Asia,the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice,including planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera),leaffolder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis),and stem borers(Scirpophaga incertulas,Chilo suppressalis,S.innotata,C.polychrysus and Sesamia inferens)were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers.The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.     

行间耕作对玉米生长发育及根系分布的影响

通过设置旋耕不起垄、行间旋耕、行间隔行旋耕3种耕作模式处理,探明行间耕作对东北春玉米生长发育及根系分布的影响。结果表明,无论是丰水年还是枯水年,各处理玉米子粒产量无显著差异。行间旋耕、行间隔行旋耕处理可以显著降低土壤紧实度,增加根系总量和土壤深层根系比例,有利于根系吸收深层土壤的水分及养分。在拔节期,除行间隔行旋耕处理光合有效辐射和光合速率显著高于其他处理,其他处理间的叶面积指数、干物质积累量、光合速率及光合有效辐射均无显著差异;但在拔节期之后,行间旋耕和行间隔行旋耕处理各项指标均优于旋耕不起垄处理,行间旋耕和行间隔行旋耕处理间无显著差异。相对于行间旋耕处理,行间隔行旋耕处理更加节约成本,从提高经济效益角度考虑行间隔行旋耕是一项适宜推广的耕作模式。     

深松和灌水次数对春玉米耗水特性及产量的影响

试验设置深松条件下灌水3次和4次(SI3和SI4)两个处理,以常规浅旋耕灌水3次和4次(RI3和RI4)为对照,研究深松及灌水次数对超高产春玉米生育期耗水规律、灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规浅旋耕相比较,深松处理可显著改善40~100 cm深层土壤水分条件,为深层根系的水分吸收提供保障,促进春玉米生长发育。深松处理较浅旋耕处理生产单位玉米平均节水量为0.149 m~3/kg,节水6.66%,单位耗水量增产量为0.322 kg/m~3,增产7.17%。相同灌水次数条件下,深松处理显著提高春玉米产量构成因素,增产达12.47%。     

非灌溉条件下播前深松对冬小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为了解华北地区深松土壤的蓄水保墒节水和增产效果,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站,对播前深松+旋耕(S)和旋耕(N)两种耕作方式下非灌溉冬小麦田的土壤容重和水分及小麦根条数、干物质生产和水分利用进行了评价。结果表明,与N处理相比,S处理下0~35cm土层的容重显著降低,越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期的土壤蓄水量分别提高35.8、34.2、23、80和41.3mm,越冬期和拔节期根数显著增加,花前干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量分别增加28.1%、16.3%和23.2%,花后干物质积累量变化不明显,同时耗水量降低28.7mm,籽粒产量-水分利用效率提高39.3%。因此,冬小麦播前深松在降水量稀少的华北地区应该大力推广。     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明,不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应,但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的,其中,二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外,其余均在第4天死亡;大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟,且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化,但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明,转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种,转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％;大螟虫口减退率相对较低,早、晚稻上有所不同,其中早稻 >93％,晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中,大螟所占比例明显上升,推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。