Genetic analysis of field resistance to tan spot in spring wheat

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., is an important constraint to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in many countries. Since the inheritance of field resistance to tan spot is poorly understood, this study was conducted to determine the genetic control of resistance in the field. Resistance was measured as disease severity caused by P. tritici-repentis race 1 in four crosses involving five wheat parents: parent 1 (P₁) = catbird; parent 2 (P₂) = Milan/Shanghai-7; parent 3 (P₃) = Alondra/Coc//Ures; parent 4 (P₄) = Bcb//Dundee/Gul/3/Gul); parent 5 (P₅) = ND/VG9144//Kal/BB/3/Yaco/4/Chil. P₁, P₂ and P₃ were resistant and P₄ was moderately resistant, whereas P₅ was susceptible to tan spot. The F₂-derived F₃ families and the parents were field evaluated at El Batán, Mexico, in 1996. When all the plants within a F₃ family expressed low levels of disease severity similar to that of the resistant parent it was classified resistant (R), otherwise the progeny was classified as susceptible (S). The progeny of the three crosses of the susceptible parent with the resistant and moderately resistant parents P₂, P₃, and P₄ segregated as 3R:13S whereas the progeny in the cross with P₁ showed a segregation ratio of 1R:15S. This suggests that each resistant parent possessed two genes conditioning resistance to tan spot severity caused by P. tritici-repentis race 1. Information on the inheritance of resistance measured as disease severity on adult plants under field conditions is of practical importance for wheat breeding programs seeking improvement in tan spot resistance.     

Evaluation of triadimenol seed treatment for early season control of tan spot,powdery mildew,spot blotch and Septoria nodorum spot on spring wheat

Triadimenol seed treatment was evaluated for control of early infections of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cultivars Max and Sinton) by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (causal fungus of tan spot), Erysaphe graminis f. sp. tritici (causal fungus of powdery mildew), Leptosphaeria nodorum (causal fungus of Septoria nodorum spot), and Cochliobolus sativus (causal fungus of spot blotch). In controlled environment studies, triadimenol seed treatment controlled both tan spot and powdery mildew up to 20–30 days and 40–50 days after sowing, respectively. However, triadimenol seed treatment provided no control of early infection by airborne inoculum of L. nodorum and C. sativus. Powdery mildew-resistant cv. Max was completely free of symptoms or signs of E. graminis f. sp. tritici. In field experiments, triadimenol seed treatment controlled early development of tan spot and powdery mildew for 5 and 10 days longer, respectively, than in controlled environment studies. Control of both diseases in cv. Sinton and tan spot control in cv. Max resulted in yield increases of approximately 20% and 15%, respectively, at two different field locations.     

波斯小麦Cypa35-3成株期抗白粉病基因定位

源自苏联的波斯小麦Cypa35-3对陕西关中地区白粉菌优势小种表现为成株期高抗白粉病。为明确Cypa35-3抗白粉病基因所在染色体位置及其抗白粉病基因的遗传规律,利用Cypa35-3与高感白粉病的加拿大二粒小麦Flavescens进行杂交,在成株期自然发病条件下对亲本及其杂交F₁、F₂、F_2∶3群体进行白粉病抗性评价与遗传分析;选用分布于A、B染色体组14对染色体上共计601对SSR标记,利用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)对Cypa35-3的F₂群体进行多态性标记筛选。结果表明,Cypa35-3的成株期白粉病抗性受1对显性基因控制,暂命名为PmCypa35-3。通过群体筛选,获得4对位于1B染色体上的SSR标记,分别为Xbarc81、Xcfd48、Xbarc61、Xbarc302,其中Xbarc81、Xcfd48位于PmCypa35-3两侧,遗传距离分别为25.2 cM、8.6 cM。由此将成株期抗白粉病基因PmCypa35-3初步定位于1B染色体。通过与1B染色体上及波斯小麦中正式命名的抗白粉病基因...     

小麦品系天00127抗白粉病基因遗传分析与SSR标记定位

白粉病是严重危害小麦安全生产的重要病害之一。天00127是对小麦白粉病具有良好抗性的新品系。为明确其白粉病抗性及遗传规律,选用白粉菌系Linxia-3对天00127与感病品种铭贤169的杂交F1、F2代分离群体和F3代家系进行温室苗期抗白粉性遗传分析,并对其抗白粉病基因进行SSR分子标记分析。结果表明,天00127对Linxia-3的抗性由1对隐性基因控制,暂命名为PmT00127。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xgwm566、Xgwm376和Xwmc1,距离目的基因最近的两侧标记为Xgwm566和Xgwm376,其遗传距离分别为3.7和2.2cM,初步表明抗病基因位于小麦3B染色体上。分子检测及系谱分析结果表明,PmT00127可能是一个来自农家品种白大头的抗白粉病新基因。     

Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat–Leymus mollis translocation line M8926-2

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of wheat crop worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the preferred method of controlling diseases, but only a few effective genes are available. M8926-2, a translocation line developed from interspecific hybridization between Leymus mollis and a common wheat genotype 7182, is highly resistant to the prevalent Chinese Pst races. In order to identify gene(s) for stripe rust resistance, M8926-2 was crossed with susceptible genotype Mingxian 169, and seedlings of parents and F₁, F₂, and F_2:3 progenies were tested with the most prevalent Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. M8926-2 has a single dominant gene, designated as YrM8926, conferring all-stage resistance to CYR32. Genetic mapping was used to identify molecular markers linked to YrM8926. A linkage group of seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed for YrM8926 using 191 F_2-2 population plants and the gene was located on wheat chromosome 2DS. The wheat-L. mollis translocation line background of M8926-2 and disease assessments indicated that YrM8926 is originally derived from L. mollis. The stripe rust resistance gene and closely linked molecular markers should be useful for pyramiding with other genes to develop wheat cultivars with high-level and long-term resistance to stripe rust.     

小麦种质资源BJ399抗条锈病基因的分子标记定位

条锈病是影响小麦产量和品质的一种世界性病害。种质资源BJ399对小麦条锈病具有良好的苗期和成株期抗性,为明确其条锈病抗性基因,利用BJ399和高感条锈病品种铭贤169杂交,获得BJ399/铭贤169的F_1、BC_1和F_2代分离群体,并利用我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种条中34号(CYR34)进行温室苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明,BJ399对CYR34的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂命名为 YrBJ399。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xwmc296、Xgwm425和Xgwm558,且3个标记位于抗病基因的同一侧,距离目的基因最近的标记为Xwmc296,其遗传距离为9.5 cM,标记Xgwm425和Xgwm558与目的基因 YrBJ399的遗传距离分别为14.3 cM和18.0 cM,并初步将抗病基因定位于小麦染色体2AS上。根据抗病基因来源和染色体定位结果推测, YrBJ399可能是一个抗条锈病新基因。     

Identification of RAPD Markers and Development of SCAR Markers Linked to a Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene,and their Location on Chromosome in Wheat Cultivar Brock

Abstract

Wheat cultivar Jing 411 which is susceptible to powdery mildew, and wheat cultivar Brock and NILs of Jing 411, which are resistant to powdery mildew were analysized for polymophisms using 213 random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. Only one primer (S2092) stably produced a polymorphic band between the resistant and susceptible plants. Linkage analysis of this marker (S2092₉₇₂) revealed that the polymorphism existed in a 131 F₂ segregating population. S2092₉₇₂ was closely linked to a powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat cultivar Brock, at a linkage distance was 4.9 cM. S2092₉₇₂ was converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers SCAR₈₆₀ and SCAR₂₀₀. The two SCAR markers were used for detecting F₂ segregating population. SCAR₈₆₀ and SCAR₂₀₀ existed in resistant plants but were absent in the susceptible plants. We concluded that S2092₉₇₂ was located on the chromosome 3BL. These markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding in wheat resistance breeding.     

玉米矮花叶病抗病基因Rscmv1的精细定位

以感病亲本Mo17为轮回亲本、抗病亲本四一为供体亲本,构建近等基因系,对抗病基因Rscmv1进行精细定位。结果表明,在自交系四一中定位了两个抗病基因Rscmv1和Rscmv2,其中Rscmv1是抗源中普遍存在的主要抗病基因。以选育的近等基因系BC4F3、BC4F4和BC4F5为定位群体,在抗病基因区域内开发了9个有多态性的BAC-SSR标记,将Rscmv1定位在BAC-SSR标记A5-1和B2-1之间,其遗传距离分别为0.3 cM和0.6 cM,2个标记之间的物理距离为1.38 Mb。     

普通小麦/山羊草属间杂交F_1的形态学及细胞遗传学研究

为了解普通小麦与山羊草属的杂交F1代的育性、细胞遗传学表现及育种利用潜力,以普通小麦7182和丰优1718为母本,分别以卵穗山羊草SY163和离果山羊草SY119为父本进行杂交,对杂交F1代的生育特性、染色体构型、田间条锈病抗性、F1自交和回交结实性等进行了分析。结果表明,F1代植株生长势较强,株型倾向母本,成熟期穗子易断,壳硬;杂交F1代高度不育,花粉可育率1.26%~3.54%,回交结实率2.08%~5.26%,仅普通小麦/卵穗山羊草自交结实,但结实率最高仅为0.25%。7182/SY163、7182/SY119、丰优1718/SY163、丰优1718/SY119杂交F1代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I的染色体构型平均分别为31.11I+1.90II+0.03III、20.04I+7.45II+0.02III、30.08I+2.40II+0.04III、22.37I+6.30II+0.01III,说明普通小麦与2种山羊草杂交亲和性差,且可交配性主要由山羊草基因决定。田间条锈病抗性鉴定结果显示,F1代均对条锈菌混合小种高抗或免疫,这对于丰富小麦抗病基因资源有重要意义。     

分子标记结合表型鉴定选育兼抗赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全。为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC₁群体,利用分子标记在BC₁F₂代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因 Pm21、抗条锈病基因 Yr26和软质麦相关基因 Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC₁F₆代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

6个小麦生产品种苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析

为了更好地利用我国小麦种质资源和丰富小麦抗白粉病基因库,利用4个不同来源和毒力的小麦白粉菌株对六个小麦生产品种(武都白茧、天选45、周98165、偃展4110、中梁9589和中麦629)进行苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析。结果表明,武都白茧对菌株MX20的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;天选45对菌株HY5的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;周98165对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;偃展4110对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;中梁9589对菌株HY5的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制;中麦629对菌株CCQ15的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制。     

Combined use of Streptomyces sp. A6 and chemical fungicides against fusarium wilt of Cajanus cajan may reduce the dosage of fungicides required in the field

Biological control agents offer one of the best alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides. This investigation studied the tolerance to fungicides and integrated use of the potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces sp. A6 for control of Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. Streptomyces sp. A6 exhibited strong tolerance towards most of the fungicides used in the study at concentrations higher than those recommended for field applications. The isolate showed enhanced growth and mycolytic enzyme production in the presence of sulphur, mancozeb, carbendazim, fosetyl aluminium and triadimefon. The fungicides mancozeb, sulphur and carbendazim were selected for further studies. Effective concentrations (EC₅₀ values) of the test fungicides that reduced Fusarium spore germination and fungal biomass by 50% were determined. Similarly, the EC₅₀ for inhibiting fungal spore germination and reducing fungal biomass to 50% by Streptomyces sp. A6 and culture filtrate (CF) were also determined. Combining the EC₅₀ dose of the culture and CF with test fungicides was found to be more effective for controlling Fusarium infection in C. cajan compared to the sum of the effects of the individual treatments. Such combined use of biocontrol agent with fungicides can reduce the dosage of toxic fungicides in agricultural fields, thereby reducing environmental risks. Tolerance and synergistic interaction of Streptomyces sp. A6 with frequently used fungicides suggested its potential in integrated pest management. To the best our knowledge, this is the first extensive study on integrated use of Streptomyces species with fungicides.     

Molecular Markers and Candidate Genes for Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile in Rice

The discovery of thermo-sensitive genic male sterility(TGMS) has led to development of a simple and highly efficient two-line breeding system. In this study, genetic analysis was conducted using three F_2 populations derived from crosses between IR68301 S, an indica TGMS rice line, and IR14632(tropical japonica), Supanburi 91062(indica) and IR67966-188-2-2-1(tropical japonica), respectively.Approximately 1:3 ratio between sterile and normal pollen of F_2 plants from the three populations revealed that TGMS is controlled by a single recessive gene. Bulked segregant analysis using simple sequence repeat(SSR) and insertion-deletion(InDel) markers were used to identify markers linked to the tms gene. The linkage analysis based on the three populations indicated that the tms locus was located on chromosome 2 covering the same area. Using IR68301S × IR14632 F_2 population, the results showed that the tms locus was located between SSR marker RM12676 and InDel marker 2gAP0050058. The genetic distance from the tms gene to these two flanking markers were 1.10 and 0.82 cM, respectively.InDel marker 2gAP004045 located between these two markers showed complete co-segregation with the TGMS phenotype. In addition, InDel marker vf0206114052 showed 2.94 cM linked to the tms gene using F_2 populations of IR68301S × Supanburi 91062. These markers are useful tool for developing new TGMS lines by marker-assisted selection. There were ten genes located between the two flanking markers RM12676 and 2gAP0050058. Using quantitative real-time PCR for expression analysis, 7 of the 10 genes showed expression in panicles, and response to temperatures. These genes could be the candidate gene controlling TGMS in IR68301S.     

小麦抗病基因Lr68和Sr2/Yr30的遗传特性分析

为深入了解小麦抗病基因的遗传规律,以亲缘关系较远的小麦品种西农979和RL6077为亲本,构建其BC1F1和F2群体,用特异性标记csGS和WMS533分别对抗叶锈病基因Lr68、抗秆锈病和条锈病基因Sr2/Yr30进行检测,同时进行农艺性状分析。结果表明,后代群体抗病基因分布广泛,F2群体抗病基因传递率(65.41%、74.53%、48.91%)较BC1F1(44.27%、55.11%、23.66%)高,Lr68基因在两群体中的传递频率均比理论值低,不符合一对显性基因的遗传规律,Sr2/Yr30基因在BC1F1中的传递率比理论值高,在F2群体中正常,且后代群体中Sr2/Yr30基因的分布较广。后代群体在有效分蘖数、株高、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状上与西农979无显著差异,有效小穗数与RL6077一致,茎部指标处于两亲本之间。总体来看,后代群体保留了西农979分蘖力较强、成穗率较高、穗型中等偏大、产量稳定等优良性状,且在分蘖数、成穗率、穗粒数上还有进一步提升的空间。     

Genetic adaptability of the inheritance of the resistance to different levels of aggressiveness of Septoria tritici isolates in durum wheat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation in the mode of inheritance for resistance in durum wheat to Septoria tritici with the aggressiveness level of the pathogen. Material for the study involved two wheat cross-combinations and offspring populations. In each cross, the parental genotypes, F₁, F₂, BC₁P_r and BC₁P_s were inoculated with 15 isolates of S. tritici with different levels of aggressiveness. Generation mean analysis revealed that the mode of inheritance varied with the aggressiveness level of isolates. For less aggressive isolates, in both crosses, only additive and dominance effects were determined. When tested with isolates with moderate levels of aggressiveness, the additive-dominance model was not sufficient to explain the variation in generation means; and a di-genic epistasis model was found appropriate. For a high level of aggressiveness, both additive-dominance and di-genic epistatic models failed to explain the phenotypic variation in generation means, and probably higher order interaction or genes linkage were present. The quantification of gene effects revealed that the absolute total of epistatic effects increased with aggressiveness level of the isolate. Selection based on less aggressive isolates would be simpler, because only additive and dominance effects are implicated, but the genetic mechanism will not be stable with isolates of high aggressiveness level. Thus, selection with highly aggressive isolats is suggested for the stability of resistance to S. tritici in durum wheat.     

Fine Mapping of C（Chromogen for Anthocyanin） Gene in Rice

Seven residual heterozygous lines (RHLs) displaying different genotypic compositions in the genomic region covering probable locations of C (Chromogen for anthocyanin) gene on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 were selected from the progenies of the indica cross Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46. Seeds were harvested from each of the seven plants, and the resultant F_2:3 populations were used for fine mapping of C gene. It was shown in the populations that the apiculus coloration matched to basal leaf sheath coloration in each plant. By relating the coloration performances of the populations with the genotypic compositions of the RHLs, the C locus was located between rice SSR markers RM314 and RM253. By using a total of 1279 F_2:3 individuals from two populations showing coloration segregation, the C locus was then located between RM111 and RM253, with genetic distances of 0.7 cM to RM111 and 0.4 cM to RM253. Twenty-two recombinants found in the two populations were assayed with seven more markers located between RM111 and RM253, including six SSR markers and one marker for the C gene candidate, OsC1. The C locus was delimited to a 59.3-kb region in which OsC1 was located.     

基于GBS技术构建四倍体杂交冰草超高密度遗传连锁图谱

冰草是优良的牧草,也是小麦等麦类作物抗逆遗传改良的重要基因库。构建冰草超高密度遗传连锁图谱,有利于冰草的标记辅助育种和遗传分析。本研究利用基因分型测序（GBS）技术,对四倍体杂交冰草F₂分离群体的115个单株及其亲本蒙古冰草和航道冰草进行高通量SNP基因分型,经测序获得了超过584 Gb的数据,SNP鉴定以及完整度和偏分离过滤后,最终得到了5 035个高质量的SNP标记;采用Join Map 4.0作图软件构建四倍体冰草超高密度遗传连锁图谱,该遗传图谱包括14个连锁群,各连锁群的长度范围在68.959～280.309 cM之间,平均长度为153.473 cM,覆盖的基因组总长度为  2 148.621 cM,标记间的平均距离为0.427 cM。该图谱是目前冰草中分子标记数目最多、密度最高的遗传连锁图谱,为进一步开展冰草品质、抗性等重要性状的QTL定位、图位克隆及分子标记辅助育种研究等奠定了基础。     

人工合成小麦CI-LD抗穗发芽遗传特性分析

CI-LD是一份源自硬粒小麦-节节麦的人工合成小麦,其穗发芽抗性好且表现稳定.为了给CI-LD的进一步利用提供参考依据,本研究利用主基因+多基因遗传模型对易穗发芽品种川麦44与CI-LD构建的F1、F2群体和亲本进行联合世代分析和单世代分析,初步明确CI-LD穗发芽抗性主要受2对主基因调控,显性效应明显,同时存在多基因参与调控其抗性表达.     

Horizontal resistance insolanum tuberosum to colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata say)

Horizontal resistance (HR) was assessed as a strategy to reduce potato defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Hybrids amongSolanum tuberosum varieties grown in Iowa were first evaluated with a detached leaflet feeding bioassay. Beginning in 1998, resistance was increased annually over three years by intermating and selecting the most resistant l%–2% of each generation of 300–400 plants using the bioassay. When C (= mg leaf tissue consumed_* neonate larva^-1 over 48 h) was measured for the 1% most-resistant genotypes of all generations grown side by side in 2000, it ranged from 6.1 mg_* larva^-1 in the parents to 2.3 for progeny of the F₃ generation compared to 2.7 in ND2858-1, a resistant check. Field trials in Wisconsin showed less defoliation in the F₁ and F₂ selected genotypes than in the parents. A second breeding program using moreS. tuberosum parents with greater genetic diversity, and much larger breeding populations, resulted in significantly faster accumulation of resistance, further suggesting that recurrent mass selection is effective. Foliar glycoalkaloid analyses revealed low levels of solanine and chaconine in the F₃ selections; no leptines or leptinines were detected. Because the parents wereS. tuberosum varieties in which vertical resistance to CPB is unknown, and because the resistance to feeding from parents to the F₃ resistant plants was linear and gradual while ranging from initially very low to considerably higher in the third year, horizontal resistance is strongly implicated. The development of a significant degree of resistance after three rounds of breeding using relatively small breeding populations suggests that HR can be developed from varieties ofSolanum tuberosum lacking initial high levels of resistance to CPB.     

小麦品种潍麦8号2AS染色体上的抗叶锈病QTL定位

为了解小麦品种潍麦8号抗叶锈基因在染色体上的位置,利用EST标记对潍麦8号2AS染色体上的抗叶锈病QTL进行检测和分子作图。2011-2013年,对抗病品种潍麦8号×感病品种郑州5389杂交得到的179个F2:3家系及其亲本进行成株期抗叶锈病鉴定,得到表型数据。前期研究已利用SSR标记在潍麦8号2AS染色体上检测到一个主效QTL,为了寻找与该QTL距离更近的标记,本试验通过35个位于2AS染色体上的EST标记检测亲本及其F2:3家系,结果表明,4个EST标记与抗叶锈病QTL连锁,该QTL位点被定位在BE444541和CD452782之间,区间距离为11.3cM,3年解释的遗传变异分别为63.59%、62.48%和62.43%。