水土保持信用管理体系建设

水土保持信用管理体系建设是深化“放管服”改革和社会信用体系建设等顶层设计在水土保持领域的具体落实。基于当前水土保持信用管理工作存在的信用管理机制不健全、水土保持技术服务市场繁杂、个人信用管理体系缺失、从业人员认知不足、基层水土保持监管不满足信用管理要求等问题，提出加快信用管理平台建设、细化责任追究标准、强化信用评价信息实际应用、优化信用评价信息共享机制、构建“三位一体”信用管理体系、保障基层水土保持监管成效、加强信用管理宣传教育等对策，以期推动水土保持信用管理体系建设，加快水土保持高质量发展。     

吉林省食品安全信用体系存在的问题与对策

目前,吉林省食品安全事故频发的重要原因就是食品生产经营企业信用的严重缺乏,为此,本文分析了吉林省食品生产企业存在的问题及产生问题的原因,并提出了加快食品安全信用体系建设的对策。     

吉林省食品安全信用体系存在的问题与对策

目前,吉林省食品安全事故频发的重要原因就是食品生产经营企业信用的严重缺乏,为此,本文分析了吉林省食品生产企业存在的问题及产生问题的原因,并提出了加快食品安全信用体系建设的对策。     

加快推进农产品质量安全信用体系建设的总体思路和重点任务

本文系统分析了推进农产品质量安全信用体系建设的重要意义,全面总结了近年来农业农村部门开展农产品质量安全信用体系建设的主要进展,结合当前面临的新形势和新要求,提出加快推进我国农产品质量安全信用体系建设的总体思路和重点举措。     

水土保持技术服务体系信用评价研究初探

为促进水土保持行业信用制度建设,响应和贯彻国家信用体系建设要求,在阐述信用评价内涵的基础上,通过查阅文献资料、实地走访调研和组织专家咨询讨论的方式,分析研究了国内外相关行业信用评价模式、特点和研究进展,探讨了国内相关行业信用评价存在的问题和解决办法。在此基础上,确定了我国水土保持技术服务信用评价的指标和办法,建立了水土保持技术服务信用评价体系,并提出了今后一段时期内的工作重点。     

水土保持技术服务信用评价的指标体系构建——以水土保持方案编制技术服务为例

[目的]规范水土保持技术服务市场行为,为中国水土保持方案编制技术服务信用评价工作的开展提供技术支持。[方法]在借鉴相关行业信用评价体系和理论分析的基础上,以水土保持方案编制技术服务为例,采用查阅相关文献资料、咨询专家和实地走访调研的方法。[结果]按照指标筛选原则和流程确定了7个Ⅰ级评价指标,21个Ⅱ级指标和47个Ⅲ级指标,形成了较为完善的水土保持方案编制技术服务信用评价指标体系。采用权值因子判断表法和层次分析法,分别确定了Ⅰ级指标的权重。[结论]本文构建指标体系中各个指标和权重是根据专家意见和实地走访调研的基础上进行遴选和确定的,具有较强的现实基础,可加快和推进中国水土保持技术服务信用评价工作的开展。     

基于AHP的农产品质量安全信用评价指标体系研究

信用评价是信用体系建设的基础和前提。本文借鉴商业信用的一般概念,界定了农产品质量安全信用的概念内容,分析了农产品质量安全领域的失信影响因素,从主体基本情况、主体内控管理情况、政府监管情况、社会反馈情况和行业认可水平5个方面,抽离出15个评价指标。运用层次分析法（AHP）计算出各层级指标的相对权重,并建立了信用等级划分机制。     

农村电子商务实现之关键因素

城乡结合的农村消费市场已经成为电子商务运营商关注的目标。通过分析＂世纪之村＂农村综合信息服务平台的开展模式,以及农村电子政务与农村电子商务有机结合、协调发展的方式,探讨了在农村培养电子商务消费习惯及建设农村电子商务开展环境的措施,并提出了有效促进农村电子商务在物流、技术、信用体系等方面开展农村电子政务的有效途径。     

推进信用监管 强化守约自律 提升监管成效

近年来，国家进一步从法律、监管上加大了保护生态环境、防治水土流失的力度，但生产建设项目违规行为仍然较多，人为活动造成水土流失的问题仍十分突出，水土保持监管任务更加繁重，急需创新监管机制，提升监管效能。各级管理部门要转变监管理念，完善和落实新的监管制度，按中央要求和工作部署，积极探索和实践以信用监管为基础的新型监管机制，在生产建设项目事前、事中、事后各环节广泛运用信用监管，守信激励，失信惩戒，将行政监管力度与市场主体信用水平联动，通过实行市场主体信用评价、信息公开、水土保持信用监管“两单”等，增强企业遵规守法、自我守约的内生动力，从源头上避免和减少违法违规行为。行业学会的水土保持水平星级评价要与水土保持信用评价及“两单”联动，通过市场机制促进优胜劣汰，促使信用水平和技术服务质量不断提升。     

重庆市积极探索破解农民专业合作社融资难题

(1)加大贷款力度。重庆市农委联合市农商行出台了《关于进一步做好农民专业合作社相关金融服务工作的意见》、《农民专业合作社贷款管理办法(试行)》等政策,指导和规范农民专业合作社融资工作。同时,积极推进农民专业合作社信用评级建档工作,开发出针对合作社的"共得利"等贷款品种,采用社员联保、订单质押等方式,为合作社提供贷款。目前,三家涉农银行已向189个合作社累计发放贷款5727万元。(2)开展农业政策性保险。鼓励和支持农民专业合作社参加政策性农业保险,增强自身融资能力。目前,已有229个合作社参与了生猪、柑橘、奶牛的政策性农业保险,参保额26828万元。     

Priming effect and its regulating factors for fast and slow soil organic carbon pools: A meta-analysis

The priming effect (PE) plays a critical role in the control of soil carbon (C) cycling and influences the alteration of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition by fresh C input.However,drivers of PE for the fast and slow SOC pools remain unclear because of the varying results from individual studies.Using meta-analysis in combination with boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis,we evaluated the relative contribution of multiple drivers of PE with substrate and their patterns across each driver gradient.The results showed that the variability of PE was larger for the fast SOC pool than for the slow SOC pool.Based on the BRT analysis,67%and 34%of the variation in PE were explained for the fast and slow SOC pools,respectively.There were seven determinants of PE for the fast SOC pool,with soil total nitrogen (N) content being the most important,followed by,in a descending order,substrate C:N ratio,soil moisture,soil clay content,soil pH,substrate addition rate,and SOC content.The directions of PE were negative when soil total N content and substrate C:N ratio were below 2 g kg~(-1)and 20,respectively,but the directions changed from negative to positive with increasing levels of this two factors.Soils with optimal water content (50%–70%of the water-holding capacity) or moderately low pH (5–6) were prone to producing a greater PE.For the slow SOC pool,soil p H and soil total N content substantially explained the variation in PE.The magnitude of PE was likely to decrease with increasing soil pH for the slow SOC pool.In addition,the magnitude of PE slightly fluctuated with soil N content for the slow SOC pool.Overall,this meta-analysis provided new insights into the distinctive PEs for different SOC pools and indicated knowledge gaps between PE and its regulating factors for the slow SOC pool.     

Environmental risks for application of iron and steel slags in soils in China: A review

Iron and steel slags are smelting wastes, mainly including blast furnace slag(BFS) and steel slag(SS) produced in the iron and steel industry. Utilization of iron and steel slags as resources for solving the problem of slag disposals has attracted much attention with increasing iron and steel smelting slags in China. Because the iron and steel slags contain calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), and silicon(Si), some have tried to use them as Si-and P-fertilizers, for producing Ca-Mg-P fertilizers, or as soil amendments in agriculture. However, in the iron metallurgical process, several pollutants in iron ores can inevitably transfer into iron and steel slags, resulting in the enrichment of pollutants both in BFS(mainly nickel(Ni), copper(Cu), mercury, zinc(Zn),cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), arsenic, lead, selenium, fluorine(F), and chlorine(Cl)) and in SS(mainly Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, F, and Cl), in which some of pollutants(especially Cr, Ni, F, and Cl) exceed the limits of environmental quality standards for soils and groundwater. The elements of manganese, barium,and vanadium in iron and steel slags are higher than the background values of soil environment. In order to ensure soil health, food safety, and environmental quality, it is suggested that those industrial solid wastes, such as iron and steel slags, without any pretreatment for reducing harmful pollutants and with environmental safety risk, should not be allowed to use for soil remediation or conditioning directly in farmlands by solid waste disposal methods, to prevent pollutants from entering food chain and harming human health.     

A review of cadmium sorption mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces revealed from synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Implications for soil remediation

The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

大宁党参高产栽培技术

党参因产地及加工方法不同,有不同的商品名。巫溪称"大宁党"、巫山称"巫山党"、"单支党"、"条党"、"庙党",奉节称"条党"。巫溪所产党参是川党参(C.tangshen Oliv.)中的一种,即"大宁党",其名称来源于产地命名(巫溪县在明国时期为大宁县),在植物学分类上为"条党",即产于重庆、湖北、陕西交界处的党参,其形状多条状,故名"条党"。     

Human and ecological risks of metals in soils under different land-use types in an urban environment of Bangladesh

Trace metal contamination in soil is of great concern owing to its long persistence in the environment and toxicity to humans and other organisms.Concentrations of six potentially toxic trace metals,Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Cd,and Pb,in urban soils were measured in Dhaka City,Bangladesh.Soils from different land-use types,namely,agricultural field,park,playground,petrol station,metal workshop,brick field,burning sites,disposal sites of household waste,garment waste,electronic waste,and tannery wast,and construction waste demolishing sites,were investigated.The concentration ranges of Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Pb,and Cd in soils were 2.4–1258,8.3–1044,9.7–823,8.7–277,1.8–80,and 13–842 mg kg^-1,respectively.The concentrations of metals were subsequently used to establish hazard quotients(HQs)for the adult population.The metal HQs decreased in the order of As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu.Ingestion was the most vital exposure pathway of studied metals from soils followed by dermal contact and inhalation.The range of pollution load index(PLI)was 0.96–17,indicating severe contamination of soil by trace metals.Considering the comprehensive potential ecological risk(PER),soils from all land-use types showed considerable to very high ecological risks.The findings of this study revealed that in the urban area studied,soils of some land-use types were severely contaminated with trace metals.Thus,it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the potential health risks to the local inhabitants and ecological risk to the surrounding ecosystems.     

Importance of hydrogenotrophic, aceticlastic and methylotrophic methanogenesis for methane production in terrestrial, aquatic and other anoxic environments: A mini review

Microbial methanogenesis is a major source of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).It is the final step in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter when inorganic electron acceptors such as nitrate,ferric iron,or sulfate have been depleted.Knowledge of this degradation pathway is important for the creation of mechanistic models,prediction of future CH4 emission scenarios,and development of mitigation strategies.In most anoxic environments,CH4 is produced from either acetate(aceticlastic methanogenesis)or hydrogen(H2)plus carbon dioxide(CO2)(hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis).Hydrogen can be replaced by other CO2-type methanogenesis,using formate,carbon monoxide(CO),or alcohols as substrates.The ratio of these two pathways is tightly constrained by the stoichiometry of conversion processes.If the degradation of organic matter is complete(e.g.,degradation of straw in rice paddies),then fermentation eventually results in production of acetate and H2 at a ratio of>67%aceticlastic and<33%hydrogenotrophic methanogensis.However,acetate production can be favored when heterotrophic or chemolithotrophic acetogenesis is enhanced,and H2 production can be favored when syntrophic acetate oxidation is enhanced.This typically occurs at low and elevated temperatures,respectively.Thus,temperature can strongly influence the methanogenic pathway,which may range from 100%aceticlastic methanogenesis at low temperatures to 100%hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at high temperatures.However,if the degradation of organic matter is not complete(e.g.,degradation of soil organic matter),the stoichiometry of fermentation is not tightly constrained,resulting,for example,in the preferential production of H2,followed by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.Preferential production of CH4 by either aceticlastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis can also happen if one of the methanogenic substrates is not consumed by methanogens but is,instead,accumulated,volatilized,or utilized otherwise.Methylotrophic methanogens,which can use methanol as a substrate,are widespread,but it is unlikely that methanol is produced in similar quantities as acetate,CO2,and H2.Methylotrophic methanogenesis is important in saline environments,where compatible solutes are degraded to methyl compounds(trimethyl amine and dimethyl sulfide)and then serve as non-competitive substrates,while acetate and hydrogen are degraded by non-methanogenic processes,e.g.,sulfate reduction.     

Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity

Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils.     

Optimizing the use of open chambers to measure ammonia volatilization in field plots amended with urea

Measuring ammonia(NH₃)volatilization from urea-fertilized soils is crucial for evaluation of practices that reduce gaseous nitrogen(N)losses in agriculture.The small area of chambers used for NH₃volatilization measurements compared with the size of field plots may cause significant errors if inadequate sampling strategies are adopted.Our aims were:i)to investigate the effect of using multiple open chambers on the variability in the measurement of NH₃volatilization in urea-amended field plots and ii)to define the critical period of NH₃-N losses during which the concentration of sampling effort is capable of reducing uncertainty.The use of only one chamber covering 0.015%of the plot(51.84 m²)generates a value of NH₃-N loss within an expected margin of error of 30%around the true mean.To reduce the error margin by half(15%),3–7 chambers were required with a mean of 5 chambers per plot.Concentrating the sampling efforts in the first two weeks after urea application,which is usually the most critical period of N losses and associated errors,represents an efficient strategy to lessen uncertainty in the measurements of NH₃volatilization.This strategy enhances the power of detection of NH₃-N loss abatement in field experiments using chambers.     

Distribution of 137Cs and 60Co in plough layer of farmland: Evidenced from a lysimeter experiment using undisturbed soil columns

Radionuclide fallout during nuclear accidents on the land may impair the atmosphere, contaminate farmland soils and crops, and can even reach the groundwater. Previous research focused on the field distribution of deposited radionuclides in farmland soils, but details of the amounts of radionuclides in the plough layer and the changes in their proportional distribution in the soil profile with time are still inadequate. In this study, a lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the vertical migration of 137Cs and 60Co in brown and aeolian sandy soils, collected from the farmlands adjoining Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) in eastern China, and to identify the factors influencing their migration depths in soil. At the end of the experiment(800 d), >96% of added 137Cs and 60Co were retained in the top 0–20 cm soil layer of both soils;very little 137Cs or 60Co initially migrated to 20–30 cm, but their amounts at this depth increased with time. The migration depth of 137Cs was greater in the aeolian sandy soil than in the brown soil during 0–577 d, but at the end of the experiment, 137Cs migrated to the same depth(25 cm) in both soils. Three phases on the vertical migration rate(v) of 60Co in the aeolian sandy soil can be identified: an initial rapid movement(0–355 d, v = 219 ± 17 mm year-1), followed by a steady movement(355–577 d, v = 150 ± 24 mm year-1) and a very slow movement(577–800 d, v = 107 ± 7 mm year-1). In contrast, its migration rate in the brown soil(v = 133 ± 17 mm year-1) was steady throughout the 800-d experimental period. The migration of both 137Cs and 60Co in the two soils appears to be regulated by soil clay and silt fractions that provide most of the soil surface area, soil organic carbon(SOC), and soil pH, which were manifested by the solid-liquid distribution coefficient of 137Cs and 60Co. The results of this study suggest that most 137Cs and 60Co remained within the top layer(0–20 cm depth) of farmland soils following a simulated NPP accident, and little reached the subsurface(20–30 cm depth). Fixation of radionuclides onto clay minerals may limit their migration in soil, but some could be laterally distributed by soil erosion and taken up by crops, and migrate into groundwater in a high water table level area after several decades.Remediation measures, therefore, should focus on reducing their impact on the farmland soils, crops, and water.     

青花菜品种在南亚热带地区的适宜性研究

青花菜又称绿叶菜,原产于地中海沿岸,其特点是营养价值高,含有多种矿物质等营养,位居同类蔬菜之首。由于青花菜生育期短,耐寒性强,主要产区在北方,在南方只有冷凉地区有少量栽培,而贵州属典型的南亚热气候类型,特别是在罗甸地区,秋季作物收获后,冬季只种植一些白菜类蔬菜。而营养价值高的青花菜,