基于特定时期温度因子的小麦成熟期预测

对河南北部地区近10a(2000-2009年)小麦全生育期及不同生长阶段的积温和特定温度累积天数等温度因子与成熟期进行相关分析,结果表明,11月-翌年4月日平均气温≥15℃的累积天数(AD15)和日最高气温≥20℃的累积天数(HD20)与3种熟性小麦的生育期长度均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。用基于日平均气温≥15℃累积天数的回归方程回代模拟历年成熟期,模拟结果与实际日期吻合,表明特定时期特定温度是影响该生态类型区小麦生长发育进程的一个重要气象因子,用日平均气温≥15℃的累积天数的观测值可有效预测小麦成熟期和收获期,在小麦安全收获中有重要的指导价值。     

冬季塑料大棚多重覆盖及电加热增温效果研究

对普通塑料大棚内加设中棚、小棚,再覆盖无纺布被、地膜以及用电热线加热等不同处理,沉淀了棚内冬季的温度动态变化规律。结果表明,每增加一层覆盖物,都可以提高夜间温度1～2℃,且保温效果具有累加效应,晴天白天棚内升温加快。在小棚内使用空气加热线的增温效果比单纯覆盖措施效果好。采用大棚内多层覆盖,再辅之以电热线加温,长江流域地区冬天塑料大棚内可栽培番茄等喜温作物     

作物春季播种期土壤温湿因子的分析及预测研究——以内蒙古河套灌区为例

以改进本地作物播种期土壤含水量和耕层地温的预报服务及提升农业生产安排决策能力为目的。利用内蒙古河套灌区1980~2011年年春季和作物播种期间气温、降水、风速、地温、土壤相对湿度等资料,采用相关分析、回归分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法 ,在土壤温湿因子诊断分析基础上,建立不同层次逐日土壤温度和逐旬相对湿度预报模型。结果表明:1980年以来河套灌区大部地区春播期平均土壤相对湿度在0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层均呈下降趋势,影响的主要因子依次为前一旬土壤相对湿度、当旬的平均气温和降水量;河套灌区气温及0 cm、5 cm和10 cm地温变化趋势相同,均呈现上升的趋势,影响的主要因子为平均气温和平均风速;建立了各层土壤相对湿度预测模型84个和各层地温预测模型36个,均通过信度检验(P≤0.05);土壤相对湿度模型回代和预报检验准确率分别大于85%和80%,有的甚至超过90%;地温模型回代检验平均误差为1.9~2.3℃,2011、2012年预报检验平均误差为2.1~2.5℃。模型输出结果更能反映当地作物适宜播种期间土壤温湿匹配效果,预报精度达到了一定的水平,可用于干旱地区土壤相对湿度和地温的预报。     

河西走廊东部麦红吸浆虫发生的气象预测

以河西走廊东部1998—2007年麦红吸浆虫和气象资料为基础,分析了麦红吸浆虫的发生关键期、动态和气象成因,运用SPSS统计软件建立了气象预测模型。结果表明：（1）影响河西走廊东部麦红吸浆虫发生的主要气象因子是温度和水分,特别是后冬（2月）温度越低麦红吸浆虫破茧、化蛹、成虫始见越迟;2—5月水分因子促进麦红吸浆虫的发生发展;10cm地温与麦红吸浆虫的活动相关性显著,10cm地温指标高于平原地区渡河两岸6～8℃。（2）麦红吸浆虫越冬基数受9月平均最低温度制约显著。（3）1月极端最低地温和6月中旬-7月上句平均气温是影响当年麦红吸浆虫发生面积的前期和后期的主要气象影响因子。     

浅析温度对玉米产质量的影响

玉米对气象条件要求严格．属喜温、短日照作物,播种期要求日平均气温稳定高于8℃,10-12℃发芽正常．生长期间要求15℃．幼苗期要求日平均气温低于18℃．有利于“蹲苗”．后期要求适当高温．抽穗开花时期适宜温度为25-28℃．气温低于18℃或高于38℃不开花．气温在32。35℃以上花粉粒1-2小时即丧失生活力。在籽粒灌浆、成熟期要求日平均气温保持在20。24℃．有利于有机物质合成。籽粒成熟期日平均气温高于25℃或低于16℃均影响酶活动．不利于养分积累和运转。日平均气温13℃左右．灌浆极其缓慢。     

空气循环式塑料大棚蓄热除湿装置及运行效果

根据湿热空气遇到固体低温表面产生冷凝效应,其水汽凝结为水,同时放出潜热的原理,利用冬季晴天时塑料大棚内气温高,湿度大,而地温低的环境条件,在塑料大棚内设计、建造和安装了一套空气循环式蓄热除湿装置,晴天将塑料大棚内的湿热空气用轴流式风机强制性地抽送入安装在土壤中的多个冷凝管道,并使其从塑料大棚内另一端的出口排出,再回到塑料大棚内,形成循环,达到既除湿又不降温的目的。观测分析结果表明,与对照塑料大棚相比,试验塑料大棚内1.7 m高度的相对湿度明显降低,大部分时间段达到差异显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）水平;晴天各个正点时刻,冷凝塑料大棚内1.7 m高度平均气温和20 cm地温均高于对照,分别高出0.1～3.0℃、1.4～1.7℃。     

1961～2012年银川浅层地温变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用银川市1961～2012年逐月平均气温和逐月0～20 cm浅层地温资料,采用统计学和功率谱分析等方法分析了过去52年银川市浅层地温的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)1961～2012年银川市各层年平均地温均呈显著升高趋势,其中0 cm地温升温速率最大,为(0.477±0.126)℃(10 a)^-1(95%置信区间,下同),10 cm地温升温速率最小,变化速率为(0.395±0.117)℃(10 a)^-1;(2)1961年以来银川各层年与季平均地温多以2～4 a周期为主,其周期可能受海气相互作用及平流层准2 a震荡的影响;(3)银川浅层地温对气温变化极为敏感,年平均气温每升高1℃,相当于0 cm、5 cm、10 cm和20 cm年平均地温分别升高(1.095±0.154)℃、(0.970±0.169)℃、(0.911±0.159)℃和(0.945±0.173)℃。     

太阳能加热防治根结线虫时覆膜、土壤类型与有机物对土壤温度的影响

试验研究了覆膜方式(双层膜、单层膜和不覆膜)、土壤类型(中壤土、砂壤土)与有机物(添加牛粪和不添加牛粪)对太阳能加热时土壤温度的影响。覆盖透明膜可显著提高土壤日平均温度和日最高温度,10 cm2、0 cm和30 cm深度土壤日平均温度分别达40℃、38℃和36℃以上,日最高温度分别达43.3℃、39.0℃和36.5℃以上。覆盖透明膜可明显延长土壤高温(≥35℃)持续时间并提高土壤日温差,土壤温度超过35℃的累计时间达22.5h以上,10 cm、20 cm和30 cm深度土壤日温差分别在7.1℃、2.6℃和0.8℃以上。覆盖双层膜土壤日平均温度、日最高温度、高温持续时间及日温差比单层膜高,且在10 cm深度尤为突出。除20 cm深度外,土壤类型对日平均温度和日最高温度没有影响。添加牛粪能使0~20 cm土层土壤日平均温度提高2℃以上,显著高于不添加对照。故覆盖透明膜和添加牛粪可显著提升30 cm深度内的土壤温度,利用太阳能加热可望降低土壤中根结线虫种群数量。     

共和盆地界限温度初终日和积温对气候变化的响应

利用青海省共和盆地海南州气象台1953—2010年逐日平均气温,以5 d滑动平均法确定稳定通过≥0℃、≥3℃、≥5℃、≥10℃初、终日,求算初终日间持续日数、活动积温和有效积温,分析界限温度初终日、持续日数和积温的变化,应用Pearson函数求算界限温度初终日、初终日期间持续日数、活动积温和有效积温与年平均气温的相关性并建立回归模型。结果表明:共和盆地各级界限温度初日均呈提前趋势,终日均呈推后趋势,初终日间持续日数呈增加趋势,活动积温和有效积温均表现为增大趋势;各界限温度初日与年平均气温呈负相关,终日与年平均气温呈正相关,初终日间持续日数呈正相关,活动积温和有效积温与年平均气温极显著相关;若年平均气温升高1℃,则各界限温度初日提前3～6 d,终日推迟3～4 d,各界限温度期间的持续日数延长6～10 d,活动积温增加165～190℃,有效积温增加164～183℃。     

玉米秸秆覆盖对麦田土壤温度和土壤蒸发的影响

研究了秸秆覆盖下的麦田土壤温度和土壤蒸发的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦田后,日最高地温比对照低,日最低地温比对照高,日振幅减小,温度变化较对照平缓;冬季具有提高土壤温度的作用,春季则有降低地温的作用。少覆盖处理冬季0～10 cm地温3年平均提高0.3℃/d,春季降低0.42℃/d;多覆盖处理冬季0～10 cm地温3年平均提高0.58℃/d,春季降低0.65℃/d;秸秆覆盖后有效地抑制了土壤蒸发,冬小麦生育期内,少覆盖处理比对照平均减少了21%,多覆盖减少了40.4%。覆盖处理春季的低温效应,推迟生育期3～7 d,加上后期的干热风,造成覆盖处理的冬小麦非正常成熟,影响了冬小麦的产量,少覆盖平均减产4.1%,多覆盖平均减产10.4%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.