黄牛常用饲草瘤胃降解规律的研究

选择体重(551±24)kg的3头装有永久性瘘管的云南黄牛作为试验动物,用尼龙袋法测定6种牧草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF),研究其瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:苜蓿草和一年生黑麦草的DM、CP、NDF和ADF有效降解率高,非洲狗尾草最低,苜蓿草块、光叶紫花苕、大麦秸居中;苜蓿草的CP的有效降解率(63.48%)显著高于苜蓿草块(57.13%)、一年生黑麦草(56.25%)、光叶紫花苕(53.63%)、大麦秸(45.21%)、非洲狗尾草(32.48%)(P<0.05)。     

羊草和苜蓿草产品营养物质瘤胃降解特性的研究

运用尼龙袋法,对不同加工方式形成的羊草和苜蓿草产品(草粉、草颗粒)进行了瘤胃降解粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维的评定,结果表明:(1)6～12h苜蓿草粉的粗蛋白质消失率显著高于吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉、吉生羊草颗粒(p＜0.05).(2)12h、24h、72h苜蓿草粉中性洗涤纤维的消失率显著高于吉生羊草颗粒、吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉(p＜0.05).(3)吉生羊草颗粒中性洗涤纤维的消失率与动态降解率要高于吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉,吉生羊草草粉的蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的消失率和动态降解率要高于野生羊草.     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

肉牛常用粗饲料干物质和粗蛋白的瘤胃降解规律研究

选择体质量(548±21)kg的3头装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁黄牛作为试验动物,研究用尼龙袋法测定粗饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的6、12、24、48和72 h瘤胃降解特性。结果表明,5种粗饲料的DM和CP的有效降解率以苜蓿干草最高,DM和CP的快速降解部分和潜在降解部分含量较高,则DM和CP的降解率也较高;粗饲料CP和DM的有效降解率与其CP呈较强的正相关,与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈较强的负相关;5种粗饲料CP的有效降解率大小顺序为苜蓿干草苜蓿草块黑麦草青贮玉米稻草。     

柠条叶粉与苜蓿草粉瘤胃降解特性比较研究

以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊为试验动物,用尼龙袋技术研究了苜蓿草粉和柠条叶粉粗蛋白(CP)和干物质(DM)的瘤胃降解率及降解规律,分析了两种饲料原料降解率的差异性,试验结果表明:不同饲料,不同时间点其蛋白质和干物质的降解率不同,各时间点柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的瘤胃消失率都高于苜蓿草粉,4h、8h、72h干物质的瘤胃消失率差异显著(P<0.05),4h、48h、72h蛋白质的瘤胃消失率差异显著(P<0.05);柠条叶粉和苜蓿草粉干物质的有效降解率分别为61.12%和57.89%,蛋白质的有效降解率分别为80.27%和72.67%;降解规律也存在差异,柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的快速降解部分(a)都高于苜蓿草粉,慢速降解部分(b)的降解速度(c)都低于苜蓿草粉,柠条叶粉干物质的降解曲线较缓,蛋白质的降解曲线较陡。     

通辽地区科尔沁肉牛6种常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性的研究

为了研究科尔沁肉牛对不同粗饲料的降解特性,采用尼龙袋法测定苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆、羊草、稻草、玉米青贮和苜蓿草块6种粗饲料在肉牛瘤胃内干物质(dry matter,DM)、粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)、中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)的瘤胃降解率。结果显示:DM和CP的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率(ED)以苜蓿干草最高,稻草最低,苜蓿草块、玉米青贮、羊草和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF的肉牛瘤胃ED以苜蓿干草最高,羊草最低。结果表明:从科尔沁肉牛对6种粗饲料的降解特性看,苜蓿干草的营养价值最高,稻草的营养价值最低。     

西藏山南地区6种野生牧草营养价值评定

选用6只装有瘘管的西藏澎波半细毛羊,用尼龙袋法对采于西藏山南地区的6种野生禾本科牧草的营养成分含量及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解特性进行了测定,分析评价其营养利用价值。结果表明:6种牧草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解消失率和降解特征存在很大差异;随着样品在瘤胃内停留时间的延长,降解消失率也随之提高,在3-48 h时,增加的幅度较快,48h后,增加的速度放缓;到72 h,狗尾草(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.)的降解消失率最大,其DM、CP和NDF的降解消失率均超过60%;蛋白质较高、纤维含量较低的狗尾草和白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel.),其DM、CP、NDF和ADF的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分及有效降解率均比其他4种牧草高;而白茅(Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv.)和沙生针茅(Stipaplareosa P.Smirn.)营养成分表现出比其他4种牧草差的降解特征。综合考虑6种牧草所含营养成分及其在绵羊体内的降解能力,狗尾草和白草利用价值较高,白茅和沙生针茅利用价值较低。     

奶牛主要粗饲料原料蛋白质和纤维物质瘤胃降解率的研究

选用3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦产奶牛为试验动物,选取7种北方地区奶牛常用粗饲料原料为试验样品,每个样品设3个重复,用尼龙袋法分别测定各个样品的粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在瘤胃内的动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明:①所选7种粗饲料原料中苜蓿草与苜蓿草块的粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率均高于其他粗饲料,达到50%以上:玉米秸秆的粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率最低,仅为16.59%。②在饲喂基础上,苜蓿草与苜蓿草块所含的瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)的比例最高,达到8%以上;而羊草所含的比例最低,仅为1.26%。③苜蓿草所含的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率均高于其它粗饲料,达到30%以上;而青贮玉米的最低,均低于20%。     

4种常用饲草在湖羊瘤胃中的降解特性

试验旨在研究苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、燕麦草和羊草这4种常用牧草在湖羊瘤胃中的降解特性。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的湖羊,利用尼龙袋法,测定6、12、24、48和72 h的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃消失率和降解参数。结果表明:苜蓿的各营养物质瘤胃消失率和有效降解率最高,玉米青贮次之,燕麦草较低,羊草最低(P0.05)。     

不同粗饲料对科尔沁肉牛瘤胃降解率及营养物质消化率的影响

采用尼龙袋试验和消化代谢试验研究不同粗饲料对科尔沁肉牛瘤胃降解率和营养物质消化率的影响。选用3头装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁肉牛,采用尼龙袋法评定肉牛常用粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率。结果表明,DM和CP的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率依次为苜蓿草全株玉米青贮玉米青贮玉米秸秆稻草(P0.05);NDF和ADF的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率以玉米青贮最高,NDF有效降解率苜蓿草最低,ADF降解率以玉米秸秆最低,全株玉米青贮和苜蓿草居中。消化代谢试验选用5头科尔沁肉牛,按3×5非完全拉丁方设计,分3期分别饲喂5种粗饲料。结果表明,5种粗饲料的DM、CP消化率以苜蓿草最高,稻草最低,玉米青贮、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF消化率玉米青贮最高,稻草最低。因此,5种粗饲料的营养价值大小顺序依次为:苜蓿草、全株玉米青贮、玉米青贮、玉米秸秆和稻草。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.