玉米干酒糟及其可溶物对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清脂质以及经济效益的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)水平对苏禽青壳蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清脂质以及经济效益的影响。选用28周龄产蛋率接近的健康苏禽青壳蛋鸡240只,随机分为6个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只,试验饲粮分别含有0(对照组)、1%、3%、5%、7%和9%的玉米DDGS(粗蛋白质,26.91%;表观代谢能,9.20 M J/kg;粗脂肪,13.66%;中性洗涤纤维,32.27%;酸性洗涤纤维,9.58%;钙,0.12%;磷,0.66%),各处理饲粮中能量、蛋白质水平相同,试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加玉米DDGS可显著增加蛋黄颜色(P<0.05),饲粮玉米DDGS水平达到3%及以上时可显著提高哈氏单位(P<0.05),饲粮不同玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸡产蛋性能和其他蛋品质指标无显著影响(P>0.05);7%和9%玉米DDGS组血清胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)试验期内,与对照组相比较,1%、3%、5%、7%和9%玉米DDGS组的饲料成本分别降低了0.151、0.211、0.383、0.478和0.495元/只,7%和9%玉米DDGS组的利润分别增加了0.170和0.933元/只。由此可见,饲粮不同玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和蛋黄胆固醇含量无不良影响,添加7%和9%玉米DDGS能够显著提高蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位,降低血清胆固醇含量,并能有效增加养殖利润。     

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物对母猪繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究母猪饲粮添加玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)对母猪繁殖性能的影响。选用"长×大"二元杂交初产母猪128头,配种后根据体况随机分到对照组(无DDGS添加,n=65)和处理组(添加DDGS组,n=63)。通过连续测定母猪4个繁殖周期的生产成绩,观察长期饲喂添加玉米DDGS饲粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。结果表明:饲粮添加玉米DDGS组母猪哺乳期损失体重低于对照组母猪(P0.05)。与对照组母猪相比,添加玉米DDGS组母猪的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、断奶窝重和哺乳期窝增重显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,长期饲喂添加玉米DDGS的玉米豆粕型饲粮导致母猪繁殖性能降低。     

籽粒苋对鹅营养价值的评定

为了探索籽粒苋对鹅的营养价值以及不同方法不同鹅品种对其真代谢能、常规养分利用效果与差异,分别选取健康成年五龙鹅(小型)和青农灰鹅(大型)公鹅各24只,各设4个处理组,每个处理组6只,试验鹅单笼饲养,每天强饲80 g,试验采用全收粪法。试验结果表明,籽粒苋对鹅是一种较为理想的粗纤维饲料;对籽粒苋进行营养价值评定时,采用强饲并添加维生素和微量元素的方法最好;两品种之间对籽粒苋的真代谢能及常规养分的利用率具有一定的差异。     

Effects of Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Geese

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平玉米干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)对仔鹅生长性能和肉品质的影响.选取160只3周龄扬州鹅(母),随机分为4个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复10只鹅.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组玉米DDGS占饲粮的比例分别为10％、20％、30％.在试验期每周末称量禁食12 h后的仔鹅体重,以重复为单位记录周采食量,在仔鹅10周龄末屠宰采样,分离胸肌和腿肌,测定仔鹅肉品质.预试期1周,正试期6周(4～10周龄).结果表明:饲粮中添加玉米DDGS对试验组的平均日采食量、料重比无显著影响(P＞0.05);5周龄时,试验Ⅰ组的体重显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),8、9周龄时,试验Ⅱ组的体重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),但在整个试验期间各组的平均日增重无显著差异(P＞0.05).试验组胸肌的pH、肉色、剪切力、失水率与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).在脂质过氧化水平测试期第1天,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),在第4、5天,3个试验组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),从整个测试期的每天测试结果看,各组间的硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量均有随着玉米DDGS添加水平的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势.综上所述,在仔鹅的饲粮中添加至30％的玉米DDGS对仔鹅的生长和常规的肉品质指标无不利影响,但会提高仔鹅肌肉的脂质氧化水平,容易引起酸败.     

鹅饲用鸡肉骨粉的代谢能及常规营养成分代谢率研究

本文以鹅为试验动物,采用直接法和差量法研究鹅饲用鸡肉骨粉的营养价值.试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取260日龄健康五龙鹅和青农灰鹅各42只(公),各设1个对照组和6个试验组,每组6个重复,试验鹅单笼饲养.对照组采用直接法,饲粮中不添加玉米淀粉;6个试验组采用差量法,分别在饲粮中添加15％、25％、45％、65％、75％、85％的玉米淀粉替代鸡肉骨粉.正试期3d,饲喂试验饲粮,然后排空24 h后,连续3d强饲无氮饲粮,每天强饲100 g,采用全收粪法.结果表明:1)五龙鹅和青农灰鹅品种内6个试验组的真代谢能(TME)及粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、部分氨基酸(AA)代谢率显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)高于对照组;粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)代谢率与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).2)差量法组间比较结果表明,75％玉米淀粉添加组五龙鹅和青农灰鹅的TME及CP、EE、部分AA代谢率均显著高于其他试验组(P＜0.05),85％玉米淀粉添加组的各项营养成分代谢率显著低于75％玉米淀粉添加组(P＜0.05).CF、NDF、ADF、Ca、P代谢率各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).3)鸡肉骨粉对青农灰鹅TME及CP、部分AA代谢率显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)高于五龙鹅;五龙鹅各组CF代谢率显著高于青农灰鹅(P＜0.05).试验表明,采用差量法测定鸡肉骨粉的鹅营养成分代谢率数据准确性较高,优于直接法,并且以75％玉米淀粉添加比例效果最好;鸡肉骨粉的鹅营养成分代谢率品种间存在一定的差异性.     

日粮中添加DDGS对仔鹅生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平DDGS(含可溶物的干酒糟)对仔鹅生长性能和屠宰性能的影响。试验选取160只21日龄的扬州鹅母鹅,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只。试验采用玉米-豆粕型日粮,在日粮基础上A、B、C和D组分别添加0、10%、20%和30%DDGS。结果表明:不同DDGS添加水平对测定的各项指标均无不利影响。B、C组的体增重和料重比均优于A、D组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。B组的半净膛率显著高于A、D组(P<0.05),全净膛率显著高于D组(P<0.05),腿肌率显著高于A组(P<0.05),各处理组屠宰率、胸肌率、腹脂率均无显著差异,但B、C组有提高屠宰性能的趋势。在扬州鹅日粮中添加0~30%的DDGS对鹅的生长性能和屠宰性能不会产生不利影响,在本试验中添加30%以内的DDGS是可行的。     

玉米胚芽粕对鹅营养价值的评定

为了探索玉米胚芽粕对鹅的营养价值和不同方法、不同鹅品种对其真代谢能、常规养分利用率的差异,分别选取150日龄健康五龙鹅和青农灰鹅公鹅各24只,各设4个处理组,每个处理组6只,试验鹅单笼饲养,每天强饲120 g,采用全收粪法进行测定.结果表明,五龙鹅、青农灰鹅种内4个处理组之间真代谢能(THE)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE),A基酸(AA),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗纤维(CF),it,(Ca),磷 (P)利用率差异均不显著(P>0.05).两品种之间,第2,4处理组青农灰鹅THE、CP真利用率显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)高于五龙鹅;第3,4处理组青农灰鹅EE利用率显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)高于五龙鹅.第1,3或4处理组五龙鹅NDF,CF利用率显著(P<0.05)高于青农灰鹅相应各处理组.由此可知,鹅对玉米胚芽粕的养分有较高的利用率;同品种不同处理下鹅对玉米胚芽粕的THE,常规养分利用率差异均不显著;不同品种鹅对玉米胚芽粕的养分利用率存在一定差异.     

套算法评定鹅的鸭油真代谢能值

本文以鸭油为研究对象,探索采用套算法对不同品种鹅真代谢能(TME)值的影响,从而确定鹅的鸭油TME值评定方法。分别选取260日龄健康五龙鹅和青农灰鹅各32只(公),采用2×2×2三因素正交试验设计,2个品种鹅分别采用2种饲喂方式(定量饲喂和直接强饲),饲喂2种饲粮(基础饲粮;基础饲粮+微量元素和维生素),共分为8个处理,每个处理8只鹅。试鹅单笼饲养,每天饲喂100 g,采用全收粪法收集排泄物。试验分2阶段,先饲喂基础饲粮,再饲喂鸭油饲粮,鸭油饲粮用10%的鸭油替代基础饲粮。结果表明:1)五龙鹅和青农灰鹅的鸭油TME值分别为37.79和38.15 MJ/kg;2)品种内4个试验组的TME值,采用定量饲喂并添加微量元素和维生素组最高。3)品种间比较,青农灰鹅对鸭油的TME值显著高于五龙鹅(P<0.05)。综上所述,对鹅的鸭油代谢能值评定时,定量饲喂并添加微量元素和维生素测定的数据稳定性较高;鹅的鸭油TME值为37.79～38.15 MJ/kg;鹅的鸭油饲粮代谢能值品种之间存在差异。     

玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物和复合酶制剂对生长育肥猪生产性能和氮、磷消化率的影响

本试验旨在探讨生长育肥猪饲粮中添加玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物(DDGS)和复合酶制剂对生长育肥猪生产性能和氮、磷代谢的影响.试验选用200头70日龄杜×长×大三元杂交商品猪,根据体重和性别随机分成4个处理.每个处理5个重复,每个重复10头猪.分2阶段饲养(生长期和育肥期).对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组在生长期和育肥期饲料中分别用10%和15%的玉米DDGS替代部分玉米和豆粕,其中试验2组和试验3组添加200 g/t的复合酶制剂,试验3组的饲粮能量水平较前3组降低0.209 MJ/kg.结果显示,饲料中添加玉米DDGS,对生长育肥猪生产性能没有显著影响(P>0.05),粪氮含量显著提高(P<0.05),氮消化率显著降低(P<0.05),而粪磷含量显著降低(P<0.05).添加复合酶制剂在一定程度上提高了生长育肥猪生产性能和磷消化率(P>0.05),能量降低则显著提高了氮消化率(P<0.05).由此可知,适量添加玉米DDGS对生产性能没有负面影响,降低了饲料氮利用率,但提高了磷利用率.而辅以复合酶制剂则可在一定程度上提高动物对玉米DDGS的利用效率,提高生长育肥猪的生产性能和饲料磷消化率.     

对几种饲料原料在鹅消化道排空时间的测定

选用体重一致、健康的成年清远乌棕鹅公鹅6只，分为2组，每组3只，在代谢笼中单笼饲养，自由饮水和采食。分别在鹅泄殖腔口外围处缝合塑料瓶盖，并带塑料瓶训练，适应性饲养一周。试验饲料为玉米(能量饲料)、豆粕(蛋白质饲料)、矮象草粉(粗饲料)，分三批次进行。6只公鹅先绝食排空48h，3只试验鹅强饲待测料，每只鹅强饲玉米和豆粕均为50g,草粉为30g。另3只不强饲作为对照组。比较试验组与对照组在不同时间内的排泄物量，以确定饲喂玉米、豆粕、象草粉在鹅的消化道排空时间。　　测定结果表明：鹅在强饲玉米、矮象草粉12h后不同时间内的排泄…     

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物对仔鹅生长性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平玉米干酒糟及其可溶物（ＤＤＧＳ）对仔鹅生长性能和肉品质的影响。选取 １６０只 ３周龄扬州鹅（母）,随机分为 ４个组,每个组 ４个重复,每个重复１０只鹅。对照组饲喂玉米 －豆粕型基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组玉米 ＤＤＧＳ占饲粮的比例分别为 １０％、２０％、３０％。在试验期每周末称量禁食 １２ｈ后的仔鹅体重,以重复为单位记录周采食量,在仔鹅 １０周龄末屠宰采样,分离胸肌和腿肌,测定仔鹅肉品质。预试期 １周,正试期 ６周（４～１０周龄）。结果表明：饲粮中添加玉米 ＤＤＧＳ对试验组的平均日采食量、料重比无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）;５周龄时,试验Ⅰ组的体重显著高于试验Ⅲ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,８、９周龄时,试验Ⅱ组的体重显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但在整个试验期间各组的平均日增重无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验组胸肌的 ｐＨ、肉色、剪切力、失水率与对照组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在脂质过氧化水平测试期第 １天,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在第４、５天,３个试验组均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,从整个测试期的每天测试结果看,各组间的硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量均有随着玉米 ＤＤＧＳ添加水平的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。综上所述,在仔鹅的饲粮中添加至 ３０％的玉米 ＤＤＧＳ对仔鹅的生长和常规的肉品质指标无不利影响,但会提高仔鹅肌肉的脂质氧化水平,容易引起酸败。     

Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles and phytase in sow lactation diets to meet the phosphorus requirement of the sow and reduce fecal phosphorus concentration

Two experiments were completed to determine the potential for using distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets with or without phytase to provide available P, energy, and protein to highly productive lactating sows without increasing their fecal P. In Exp. 1, the dietary treatments were as follows: (1) corn and soybean meal with 5% beet pulp (BP) or (2) corn and soybean meal with 15% DDGS (DDGS). Besides containing similar amounts of fiber, diets were isonitrogenous (21% CP, 1.2% Lys) and isophosphorus (0.8% P). Sixty-one sows were allotted to dietary treatments at approximately 110 d of gestation (when they were placed in farrowing crates) based on genetics, parity, and date of farrowing. Sows were gradually transitioned to their lactation diet. On d 2 of lactation, litters were cross-fostered to achieve 11 pigs/litter. Sows and litters were weighed on d 2 and 18. Fecal grab samples were collected on d 7, 14, and 18 of lactation. Dietary treatment did not affect the number of pigs weaned (10.9 vs. 10.8) or litter weaning weight. On d 14, DDGS sows had less fecal P concentration than BP sows (28.3 vs. 32.8 mg/g; P = 0.04). Fecal Ca of sows fed DDGS decreased for d 7, 14, and 18 (55.6, 51.4, and 47.1 mg/g of DM, respectively; P = 0.05) but not for BP sows. In Exp. 2, the dietary treatments were as follows: (1) corn and soybean meal (CON), (2) CON + 500 phytase units of Natuphos/kg diet, as fed (CON + PHY), (3) corn and soybean meal with 15% DDGS and no phytase (DDGS), or (4) DDGS + 500 FTU of Natuphos/kg of diet, as fed (DDGS + PHY). Sows (n = 87) were managed as described for Exp 1. Litter BW gain (46.0, 46.3, 42.1, and 42.2 kg; P = 0.25) and sow BW loss (8.1, 7.2, 7.4, and 6.3 kg for CON, CON + PHY, DDGS, and DDGS + PHY, respectively; P = 0.97) were not affected by dietary treatment. Fecal P concentration did not differ among dietary treatments but was reduced at d 14 and 18 compared with d 7 (P = 0.001). However, fecal phytate P concentration was decreased by the addition of DDGS when DDGS and DDGS + PHY were compared with the CON sows except on d 7 (P < 0.05). Sows fed CON diet had greater fecal phytate P than sows fed DDGS, and sows fed DDGS + PHY had less fecal phytate P than sows fed DDGS with no phytase (P = 0.001). Although these experiments were only carried out for 1 lactation, these results indicate that highly productive sows can sustain lactation performance with reduced fecal phytate P when fed DDGS and phytase in lactation diets.     

Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork

An experiment was conducted to investigate pig performance, carcass quality, and palatability of pork from pigs fed distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), and corn germ. Eighty-four pigs (initial BW, 22 +/- 1.7 kg) were allotted to 7 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. Diets were fed for 114 d in a 3-phase program. The control treatment was based on corn and soybean meal. Two treatments were formulated using 10 or 20% DDGS in each phase. Two additional treatments contained HP-DDG in amounts sufficient to substitute for either 50 or 100% of the soybean meal used in the control treatment. An additional 2 treatments contained 5 or 10% corn germ, which was calculated to provide the same amount of fat as 10 or 20% DDGS. Results showed that for the entire experiment, pig performance was not affected by DDGS or HP-DDG, but final BW increased (linear, P < 0.05) as corn germ was included in the diets. Carcass composition and muscle quality were not affected by DDGS, but LM area and LM depth decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as HP-DDG was added to the diets. Lean meat percentage increased and drip loss decreased as corn germ was included in the diets (quadratic, P < 0.05). There was no effect of DDGS on fat quality except that belly firmness decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as dietary DDGS concentration increased. Including HP-DDG or corn germ in the diets did not affect fat quality, except that the iodine value increased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed HP-DDG diets and decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn germ diets. Cooking loss, shear force, and bacon distortion score were not affected by the inclusion of DDGS, HP-DDG, or corn germ in the diets, and the overall palatability of the bacon and pork chops was not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, feeding 20% DDGS or high levels of HP-DDG to growing-finishing pigs did not negatively affect overall pig performance, carcass composition, muscle quality, or palatability but may decrease fat quality. Feeding up to 10% corn germ did not negatively affect pig performance, carcass composition, carcass quality, or pork palatability but increased final BW of the pigs and reduced the iodine value of belly fat.     

Organ weight, intestinal morphology, and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption in growing pigs fed diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles alone or in combination with a multienzyme supplement

The effects of adding a multienzyme complex to a diet containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from a 1:1 mixture of corn and wheat on visceral organ weight, intestinal morphology, and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption (FWBOC) were investigated in growing pigs in a 28-d trial. Twenty-four pigs (BW = 19.9 ± 0.5 kg) were individually housed in floor pens and randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets (8 pigs per diet). The diets contained corn and soybean meal with 0% (control) or 30% DDGS (DDGS diet); the third diet was supplemented with a multienzyme complex in addition to the 30% DDGS (DDGS + enzyme diet). All diets had similar nutrient concentrations and met the 1998 NRC nutrient requirements for growing pigs. Pigs were fed at 4% of their BW once daily. On d 15, 4 pigs from each dietary treatment were randomly selected for measurement of FWBOC during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. At the end of the study, pigs were killed to determine visceral organ weights, ileal and cecal digesta viscosity, and intestinal morphology. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of dietary treatment on final BW, WBFOC, or digesta viscosity. Empty BW of pigs fed the control diet was heavier (P = 0.02) than that of pigs fed the DDGS diet, but the empty BW of pigs fed the DDGS + enzyme diet was not different (P > 0.05) from that of pigs fed the control or DDGS diet. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in empty BW of liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, stomach, small intestine, and cecum among dietary treatments on a per kilogram basis. However, pigs fed the DDGS diet had heavier (P < 0.05) colon plus rectum and portal-drained viscera (PDV) than pigs fed the control diet, but weights of colon plus rectum and PDV in pigs fed the DDGS + enzyme diet were not different (P > 0.05) from those of pigs fed the control diet. Although morphological data showed no differences (P > 0.05) in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon segments among dietary treatments, the DDGS diet tended to decrease (P < 0.10) villous height and villous height to crypt depth in the ileum. The results of this experiment indicated that pigs fed a diet containing 30% DDGS have reduced dressing percentage and increased visceral organ mass compared with pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet. However, the addition of a multienzyme complex to the DDGS diet resulted in pigs having a dressing percentage and visceral organ mass that are not different from those of pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet.     

Sulfur concentration in diets containing corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles does not affect feed preference or growth performance of weanling or growing-finishing pigs

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and dietary S on feed preference and performance of pigs. In a 10-d feed preference experiment (Exp. 1), 48 barrows (20.1 ± 2.2 kg of BW) were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups, with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal, a DDGS diet containing 20% DDGS, and a DDGS-sulfur (DDGS-S) diet were prepared. The DDGS-S diet was similar to the DDGS diet with the exception that 0.74% CaSO(4) was added to the diet. Two diets were provided in separate feeders in each pen: 1) the control diet and the DDGS diet, 2) the control diet and the DDGS-S diet, or 3) the DDGS diet and the DDGS-S diet. Preference for the DDGS diet and the DDGS-S diet vs. the control diet was 35.2 and 32.6%, respectively (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the DDGS diet and the DDGS-S diet. In Exp. 2, a total of 90 barrows (10.3 ± 1.4 kg of BW) were allotted to 3 treatments, with 10 replicate pens and 3 pigs per pen, and were fed the diets used in Exp. 1 for 28 d, but only 1 diet was provided per pen. Pigs fed the control diet gained more BW (497 vs. 423 and 416 g/d; P < 0.05) and had greater G:F (0.540 vs. 0.471 and 0.455; P < 0.05) than pigs fed the DDGS or the DDGS-S diet, but no differences between the DDGS and the DDGS-S diets were observed. In a 10-d feed preference experiment (Exp. 3), 30 barrows (49.6 ± 2.3 kg of BW) were allotted to 3 treatment groups, with 10 replicates per group. The experimental procedures were the same as in Exp. 1, except that 30% DDGS was included in the DDGS and DDGS-S diets and 1.10% CaSO(4) was added to the DDGS-S diet. Feed preference for the DDGS and the DDGS-S diets, compared with the control diet, was 29.8 and 32.9%, respectively (P < 0.01), but there was no difference between the DDGS and the DDGS-S diets. In Exp. 4, a total of 120 barrows (34.2 ± 2.3 kg of BW) were fed grower diets for 42 d and finisher diets for 42 d. Diets were formulated as in Exp. 3. Pigs on the control diets gained more BW (1,021 vs. 912 and 907 g/d; P < 0.05) and had greater G:F (0.335 vs. 0.316 and 0.307; P < 0.05) than pigs fed the DDGS or DDGS-S diet, respectively, but no differences between pigs fed the DDGS and the DDGS-S diets were observed. In conclusion, dietary S concentration does not negatively affect feed preference, feed intake, or growth performance of weanling or growing-finishing pigs fed diets based on corn, soybean meal, and DDGS.     

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs fed high-quality corn distillers dried grain with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant

A growth performance and carcass evaluation study was conducted to determine the maximal inclusion rate of corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in grower-finisher pig diets when formulated on a total AA basis. A total of 240 (28.4 +/- 0.8 kg of BW) crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] were allotted randomly within sex and weight outcome groups to 1 of 24 pens. Pens were assigned randomly within the initial BW groups to 1 of 4 dietary treatment sequences in a 5-phase grower-finisher feeding program in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The inclusion level of DDGS (0, 10, 20, or 30%) in the diet and the initial BW class [low (23.2 kg), medium (28.1 kg), or high (33.8 kg)] served as the main factors for the grower-finisher performance study. All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of total Lys, ME, calcium, and phosphorus within each phase. Pigs were slaughtered and carcass data were collected when the average BW of pigs in a pen reached 114 +/- 2.25 kg. Dietary treatment and initial weight groups did not interact for any response variables, and only the main effects of dietary treatment are presented. Pigs fed the 20 or 30% DDGS diets had reduced ADG (P < 0.05) compared with that of the 0 or 10% DDGS groups, but ADFI was unaffected by dietary treatment. Gain:feed decreased when pigs were fed 30% DDGS (P < 0.05) compared with the 0, 10, and 20% DDGS dietary inclusion levels. Loin depth was lower in pigs fed the 30% DDGS diets (P < 0.05), but backfat depth and percentage of carcass lean did not differ among treatments. Iodine number of carcass fat increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary DDGS concentration, and belly firmness adjusted for belly thickness was reduced (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the 30% DDGS diets compared with pigs fed the 0 or 20% DDGS diets. Color measurements, ultimate pH, and visual evaluations (color, firmness, and marbling scores) of the LM did not differ among treatments. Cooking loss, 24-h drip loss, and total moisture loss were not affected by DDGS in the diets. However, differences were detected between 0 and 20% DDGS treatments for 11-d purge loss (P < 0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect Warner-Bratzler shear force of cooked loin chops. Results from this study indicate that when diets for grower-finisher pigs are formulated on a total AA basis, less than 20% DDGS should be included in the diet for optimal performance and carcass composition. Feeding DDGS in swine finishing diets did not have any detrimental effects on pork muscle quality.     

Effect of long-term corn by-product feeding on beef quality, strip loin fatty acid profiles, and shelf life

The objective of this study was to evaluate the meat quality and shelf life of steaks from steers fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or dried corn gluten feed (CGF) compared with soybean meal with corn (SBM) as a protein supplement from weaning to slaughter. Angus cross steers (n = 81; BW = 306 ± 26.1 kg) were randomly assigned to pens (n = 9) and fed a stocker diet of corn silage (75% of DM) with DDGS, CGF, or SBM and ground ear corn. After 84 d of stockering, 12 steers (BW = 397 ± 15.3 kg) were randomly selected from each treatment and finished using the same protein supplement at 25% of DM for 100 d. Carcass data were collected (24 h) and the longissimus lumborum was fabricated into steaks at 48 h postmortem. Steaks were assigned to proximate analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force (7-, 14-, or 21-d aging), and retail display (1, 3, 6, or 9 d). Protein source did not affect carcass yield, quality, or longissimus lumborum composition (P > 0.05). After 7 d of aging, DDGS and CGF steaks were more tender (P < 0.01) than SBM, but were similar (P = 0.30) after 14 and 21 d of aging. Feeding corn by-products did not influence subjective overall color acceptance (P = 0.17) in this study, but acceptance declined over time (P < 0.01). Subjective redness was similar (P > 0.05) among diets except SBM steaks were more red (P < 0.01) than DDGS after 9 d. On d 3 and 6 of retail display, CGF steaks exhibited more discoloration (P < 0.04) than SBM or DDGS steaks. However, after 9 d DDGS steaks were more discolored (P < 0.01) than CGF or SBM. Objective L* was lighter for CGF (P < 0.04) over 9 d of display, and all treatments became darker (P < 0.01) as time increased. Redness (a*) declined (P < 0.01) over time with SBM steaks maintaining more color in the red spectrum than CGF and DDGS after 6 d of display. Protein source did not affect (P > 0.05) the rate of lipid oxidation. Total SFA concentrations were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, total MUFA were less (P < 0.05) and total PUFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS steaks compared with SBM or CGF steaks. These data show that DDGS or CGF can be fed as a protein supplement at 25% DM from weaning until slaughter while maintaining meat quality when compared with steers fed soybean meal as a protein supplement.     

Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to measure DE and ME and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, N, and P in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing pigs. Ten sources of DDGS were obtained from ethanol plants in South Dakota and Minnesota, and 11 diets were formulated. One diet was based on corn (96.8%), limestone, salt, vitamins, and microminerals. Ten additional diets were formulated by mixing the corn diet and each of the 10 sources of DDGS in a 1:1 ratio. Eleven growing pigs (initial BW of 29.3 +/- 0.42 kg) were allotted to an 11 x 11 Latin square design, with 11 periods and 11 pigs. Each of the 11 diets was fed to each pig during 1 period. Pigs were placed in metabolism cages that allowed for the total, but separate, collection of feces and urine. Samples were analyzed for GE, N, and P and energy and N balances, and the ATTD of GE, N, and P were calculated for each diet. By subtracting the contribution from the corn diet to the DDGS-containing diets, the energy and N balances and the ATTD for GE, N, and P for each source of DDGS were calculated. Results of the experiment showed that the DE and ME differed (P < 0.001) among the 10 sources of DDGS (3,947 to 4,593 kcal of DE/kg of DM and 3,674 to 4,336 kcal of ME/kg of DM). The average DE and ME in DDGS were 4,140 and 3,897 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. These values were not different from the DE and ME in corn (4,088 and 3,989 kcal/kg of DM, respectively). Based on the analyzed GE and nutrient composition of DDGS and the calculated values for DE and ME, prediction equations for DE and ME were developed. These equations showed that DE and ME in DDGS may be predicted from the concentration of ash, ether extract, ADF, and GE. The retention of N from DDGS was greater (P < 0.001) than from corn, but when calculated on a percentage basis, the N retention did not differ between DDGS and corn. The ATTD of P in DDGS was 59.1% on average for the 10 samples. This value was greater (P < 0.001) than the ATTD of P in corn (19.3%). It is concluded that the DE and ME in DDGS is not different from the DE and ME in corn. However, if DDGS is included in diets fed to growing swine, a greater portion of the organic P will be digested and absorbed, thus reducing the need for adding inorganic P to the diets.     

Effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance and health status indicators in weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and health status of weanling pigs. Experiment 1 evaluated effects of increasing concentrations of DDGS on growth performance and health of weanling pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) control (CTL), 2) 0% DDGS (0% DDGS in phase 2 and 30% DDGS in phase 3), 3) 5% DDGS (5% DDGS in phase 2 and 30% DDGS in phase 3), and 4) 30% DDGS (phases 2 and 3). Overall, pigs fed 30% DDGS during phases 2 and 3 had decreased (22.1 vs. 25.1 and 24.0 kg; P = 0.003) BW compared with CTL pigs and pigs that only received DDGS during phase 3. In addition, pigs fed 5 or 30% DDGS in phase 2 had decreased (422.7 or 390.0 vs. 468.2 g; P = 0.003) ADG compared with CTL pigs. However, pigs fed 0% DDGS during phase 2 had similar BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with CTL pigs. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate effects of DDGS, lactose, and their interaction on growth performance and health of weanling pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) CTL, 2) lactose (20%), 3) DDGS (15%), and 4) lactose + DDGS. Diets of interest were fed during phase 1 (d 0 to 14), and a common diet was fed during phase 2 (d 14 to 28). Pigs receiving DDGS in phase 1 had greater ADG (576.2 vs. 534.6 g; P = 0.01) and ADFI (814.9 vs. 751.6 g; P = 0.01) during phase 2 compared with non-DDGS-fed pigs. Pigs receiving lactose during phase 1 had greater ADG (214.7 vs. 177.2 g; P = 0.01) and G:F (741.0 vs. 660.3 g/kg; P = 0.01) and tended to have greater ADFI (289.3 vs. 267.6 g; P = 0.07) during phase 1 but decreased (537.7 vs. 573.1 g; P = 0.09) ADG during phase 2. Serum immunoglobulin analyses and fecal microbial profiling were conducted in both experiments as indicators of health status. No effects of dietary treatment were observed for serum immunoglobulin in either experiment. Fecal microbial profiling resulted in statistically significant effects of dietary treatment with respect to microbial similarity and diversity indices (Exp. 1) and lactic acid-producing bacteria (Exp. 2), where main effects of both lactose and DDGS were observed with respect to putative Lactobacillus reuteri (P < 0.05). Results from Exp. 1 indicate that decreased concentrations of DDGS early in the nursery phase may negatively affect growth performance; however, growth performance may be maintained when inclusion of high concentrations (30%) of DDGS is delayed until the late nursery period. Results from Exp. 2 indicate that lactose may be incorporated in nursery diets containing DDGS to help maintain growth performance, and DDGS and lactose may affect fecal microbial profiles.     

Winter-feeding systems for gestating sheep II. Effects on feedlot performance, glucose tolerance, and carcass composition of lamb progeny

Mature pregnant crossbred ewes (n = 90) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment and were assigned to 1 of 3 winter-feeding systems differing in primary feed source: haylage (HL), limit-fed corn (CN), or limit-fed dried distillers grains (DDGS). Effects of these winter-feeding strategies on postweaning progeny performance were determined. Lamb progeny (n = 96) were weaned at 61 ± 4 d of age and fed a common high-concentrate diet. Lambs were assigned to feedlot pen (n = 18) based on dam mid-gestation pen. Growth rate, DMI, and ADG were determined for the first 40 d of the finishing period. At 96 ± 4 d of age, 1 wether lamb was randomly selected from each pen (n = 18) for a glucose tolerance test. The experiment was terminated, and lambs were slaughtered individually when they were determined to have achieved 0.6-cm 12th-rib fat thickness. After a 24-h chill, carcass data were collected and a 2.54-cm chop was removed from each lamb from the LM posterior to the 12th rib for ether extract analysis. Additional carcass measurements of bone, muscle, and fat from the shoulder, rack, loin, and leg were collected on 35 carcasses. At weaning, lamb BW was not different among treatments, whereas final BW tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for lambs from ewes fed DDGS and CN during gestation than from those fed HL. Overall lamb growth rate from birth to slaughter was not different among treatments. Lambs from ewes fed DDGS vs. CN or HL tended to have a greater initial insulin response (P = 0.09). Dressing percent was less (P = 0.04) in lambs from ewes fed DDGS, but no difference (P = 0.16) was detected in HCW among treatments. As expected, 12th rib fat thickness was similar among treatments, whereas LM area was largest to smallest (P = 0.05) in lambs from ewes fed CN, HL, and DDGS, respectively. Proportion of internal fat tended to be greatest to smallest (P = 0.06) in lambs from ewes fed DDGS, CN, and HL, respectively. Calculated boneless trimmed retail cuts percentage was less (P = 0.04) in lambs from ewes fed DDGS than CN or HL. Loin muscle weight as a percentage of wholesale cut tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in lambs from ewes fed CN and HL than DDGS, whereas other muscle, bone, and fat weights and proportions were similar (P > 0.24) among treatments. Prepartum diet during mid to late gestation of ewes altered postnatal fat and muscle deposition and may be associated with alterations in insulin sensitivity of progeny.