温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼仔鱼生长与存活的联合影响

采用中心复合实验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology,RSM),探讨了温度(18～37℃)和盐度(0～16)对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis miloticus)仔鱼生长和存活的联合影响.结果表明,本实验条件下,温度与盐度的一次与二次效应对特定生长率和存活率均有显著影响(P＜0.05),随着温度或盐度的上升,生长与存活均呈先上升后下降的变化.温度与盐度间存在互作效应(P＜0.05),温度为18～20℃时,仔鱼的特定生长率与存活率在盐度为8～9时较高;随着温度上升,27～32℃时,盐度为5～7时较高;高温环境时(35～37℃),盐度在4左右,生长与存活率较高.所考察因子与生长和存活率间的二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.979 6和0.982 l(P＜0.01),可用于预测罗非鱼的生长与存活率;温度效应对生长的影响较盐度明显,而对存活率的影响则相反.通过对所建立的两个回归方程同时优化,得到2个因子的最佳组合为:温度29.1℃和盐度5.4,在此最佳因子组合下罗非鱼仔鱼的特定生长率与存活率达到最优,分别为10.08％.d-1和91.34％,其可靠性达0.973.建议罗非鱼仔鱼在本研究中得到的最优因子组合下进行培育,以提高生产效率.     

银鲳仔鱼对不同盐度的耐受力及其耗氧量的研究

为研究银鲳仔鱼对环境盐度的耐受性以及盐度与个体耗氧量的关系,以2日龄和4日龄的银鲳仔鱼作为实验对象,实验时将银鲳仔鱼急性转入5、10、20、30、40、50和55等7个盐度梯度环境中进行盐度耐受力测试,以死亡率、48 h半致死盐度MLS-48、半数死亡时间DT50、平均死亡时间MDT、不投饵存活系数SAI作为耐盐指标评价银鲳仔鱼对不同盐度环境的耐受情况,并用微呼吸仪对不同盐度下仔鱼的个体耗氧量进行了测定。结果显示,低盐(盐度5)和高盐(盐度50以上)均不利于银鲳仔鱼的存活;2日龄和4日龄银鲳仔鱼MLS-48分别为盐度8.15～24.90和盐度15.54～34.97;2日龄银鲳仔鱼DT50和MDT在盐度10～30环境中显著高于其他各盐度组,4日龄银鲳仔鱼则在10～40盐度环境中显著高于其他各盐度组;2日龄银鲳仔鱼在盐度10和盐度20环境中SAI显著高于其他各盐度组,4日龄银鲳仔鱼在盐度20和盐度30环境中SAI显著高于其他各盐度组,在盐度20环境均最高。从个体耗氧量的变化结果来看,2日龄银鲳仔鱼在盐度10～30范围内没有极显著差异,而4日龄仔鱼在盐度40以下均无显著性差异,而在盐度50以上环境中2日龄和4日龄银鲳仔鱼的个体耗氧量均显著高于其他各盐度组。结果表明,银鲳仔鱼的最适盐度耐受范围为15.54～24.90,盐度升高可引起银鲳仔鱼耗氧量的升高,而在耐受范围内并无显著影响。     

Morphological development of eggs, larvae and juveniles of laboratory-reared Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis

ABSTRACT:   The development of embryos, larvae and juveniles of the Ryukyu-ayu, Plecoglossus altivelisryukyuensis are described based on laboratory-reared specimens.The eggs were spherical, 0.98–1.18 mm (mean 1.06 mm)in diameter with an adherent membrane. The incubation period after fertilizationwas approximately 155 h at a water temperature of 19.7–22.0°C(mean 20.7°C). Newly hatched larvae were 5.0–5.9 mm(mean 5.5 mm) in body length (BL) with 59–62 myotomes.Within 5 days after hatching, the larvae had attained 6.4–8.2 mm(mean 7.8 mm) BL and had completely consumed their yolk.Notochord flexion began at 13.7 mm BL and was completedby 16.3 mm BL. The rudimental dorsal, anal, pelvic andadipose fins appeared at 14.7, 16.3, 21.8 and 21.8 mm BL, respectively.All fin rays reached the same fixed number of adult fish at about28 mm BL. The comb-like teeth began to form at approximately30 mm BL and were fully developed at about 40–50 mm BL.The proportions of P. a. ryukyuensis specimens,which were consistent with adult fish, occurred at approximately40 mm BL.     

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut larvae

The effects of different combinations of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), larvae were studied in two experiments. In the period from 57 to 120 d° post hatching, approximately 38% of the larvae died: in both experiments, mortality was significantly related to temperature, but there was no relationship to salinity.Cumulative, chronic mortality during the yolk-sac stage (until 210 d°) was related to salinity. High mortality was observed in both experiments when high salinity (>34%) was combined with incubation at either high (9 °C) or low (3 °C) temperature. The development of head lesions was significantly related to temperature, and for larvae kept at high salinity, increased mortality may have been a result of salinity stress in the injured larvae.Abnormal development of the caudal notochord, sometimes resulting in a 90-degree bend of the tail, occurred during incubation of early yolk-sac larvae in high-salinity water. The occurrence of larvae with locked jaws, and larvae with oedema in the yolk-sac sinus and pericardium, was significantly related to temperature. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Influence of storage conditions on viability of quiescent copepod eggs (Acartia tonsa Dana): effects of temperature, salinity and anoxia

Copepods have proven to be an ideal source of live food for the production of marine fish larvae in aquaculture. Therefore, there is a need to develop new methods for production and storage of copepod eggs that can be hatched and used at fish farms. In the present study quiescent eggs of Acartia tonsa were stored for periods up to 35 weeks at different temperatures, salinities and oxygen conditions in a full factorial experiment. None of these storage conditions seemed to induce diapause in eggs even though this has been reported by other authors. The most promising storage conditions were those involving low temperature (<5°C), medium salinity (10–20 ppt) and anoxia. The practical aspects of these results for aquaculture are discussed.     

Observations on salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in laboratory-reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae (Crustacea: Caridea)

The tolerance of postlarval Macrobrachium rosenbergii to gradual and rapid increases in salinity was determined. Mortalities occurred at salinities around 25‰ and increased rapidly at levels ≥30‰ in both cases. However, acclimation substantially increased survival time at 35‰.Freezing point depressions of blood were measured from laboratory-reared M. rosenbergii postlarvae and juveniles exposed to various salinities from fresh water to approximately 35‰. The blood concentration was hyperosmotic to the medium at salinities from fresh water to about 17–18‰ and hypoosmotic at higher salinities. Postlarvae maintained a nearly constant blood concentration (freezing point depression = ?0.89 ± 0.13°C) over a wide range of external salinities (fresh water to about 27–30‰). The animals' osmoregulatory mechanisms failed at salinities ≥30‰, and thereafter the blood concentration paralleled that of the medium. The blood concentrations of juvenile shrimp grown for 5 months at salinities from fresh water to about 15‰ (freezing point depression = ?0.88 ± 0.07°C) closely resembled those of postlarvae.The osmoregulatory performance of young M. rosenbergii is generally similar to that of other brackishwater animals, but in their ability to hyperosmoregulate effectively in fresh water they more closely resemble fresh water species. It is suggested that M. rosenbergii may be able to conserve salt in dilute media by producing blood-hypoosmotic urine.An interesting stress symptom often preceded death of postlarvae in high salinities. The animals changed gradually from nearly transparent to opaque white and then died, usually within a day or so.     

鲻梭鱼营养与环境因子方面的研究现状及展望

研究了南海近海野生鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)在饥饿状态下的呼吸和排泄与其体质量及水温变化的关系。实验鲻鱼捕自大亚湾近海海域,实验方法采用成熟的二因素五水平中心复合实验设计和响应曲面法,实验设计5组梯度水温,分别为16 ℃、20 ℃、24 ℃、28 ℃和32 ℃,同时,鲻鱼按体质量的均值设计5组,分别为(5.66±0.38) g、(9.74±0.58) g、(13.58±0.37) g、(18.37±0.44) g和(27.68±0.38) g,研究野生鲻鱼在实验条件下的耗氧率、排氮率和氧氮比值 [n(O):n(N)] 的变化规律。结果表明,体质量越小的鲻鱼,在水温越高的环境中对耗氧率及排氨率影响越显著,且体质量对耗氧率及排氨率的影响作用明显大于水温的作用。不同体质量鲻鱼的n(O):n(N)比值为10.15～19.52,在水温24 ℃条件下,体质量(27.68±0.38) g实验组氧氮比值最大,说明其体内蛋白质与脂肪混合代谢机能旺盛,生长速率快。因此,可以确定24 ℃左右为鲻鱼生长的最适水温。     

Mortality of yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea (Storer), eggs: effects of temperature and hormone-induced ovulation

Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839), is a highly marketable fish species that used to be a significant groundfish in the northwest Atlantic region. The potential of yellowtail flounder for mass rearing has recently been investigated, but studies into aspects of mortality during early ontogeny are lacking. We investigated the impact of spawning inducement on mortality of eggs from fertilisation until hatch, and the effects of rearing temperature on mortality and hatching time in this multiple batch spawning flounder. An ash-free dry mass (AFDM) technique for determining mortality was employed. This technique reduced rearing tank disturbances and provided quantitative mortality estimates. We found (1) that spontaneously ovulated (SO) mean egg mass (AFDM 24.84±0.73 μg) was significantly higher than mean egg mass from induced ovulation (IO) (AFDM 20.09±0.54 μg); (2) that mortality of SO eggs was lower than IO eggs (p=0.028), (3) that SO eggs reached a relatively constant (maximum) mortality by about day 3 and IO eggs by about day 5; (4) that there was no significant difference in mortality between eggs incubated at 10 °C and those incubated at 4 °C (p=0.320); and (5) that time to 100% hatch took significantly longer for eggs incubated at 4 °C (256.0±73.5 h) than those incubated at 10 °C (77.9±11.6 h) (p=0.003). There was considerable variation in egg mortality among batches and females; nevertheless, general trends indicate that GnRHa-induction of ovulation tends to decrease egg quality. In addition, the AFDM technique was an easily employed and accurate method of determining mortality. We recommend that unless coordination of spawning is important to a particular rearing protocol, induced ovulation should not be employed.     

Effect of temperature on hatching success and size of striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) larvae

Egg samples were collected from captive striped trumpeter maintained under phase-shifted and simulated ambient photothermal regimes and incubated at 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 °C. No eggs hatched at 9 °C. Time to hatch decreased from 9.6 to 4.2 days as temperature increased from 10 to 16 °C. Survival to hatch was low at 10 and 11 °C, but similar within the range 12–16 °C. Larval length at hatching was greatest at 14 °C, with no significant difference in yolk volume or muscle depth at vent across the range of temperatures. The results of our study suggest that the optimal temperature for the incubation of striped trumpeter eggs is 14 °C, which is higher than found previously.     

纳米硒对齐口裂腹鱼生长、肌肉成分、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

为探究饲喂富硒酵母强化卤虫无节幼体对大口黑鲈仔鱼的生长、存活率、脂肪酸组成、肝肠组织结构以及抗逆性的影响,设置了0 (Y-se0)、5 (Y-se5)、10 (Y-se10)、15 (Y-se15)、20 mg/L (Y-se20)酵母硒添加浓度对卤虫无节幼体进行硒营养强化,并使用强化后的卤虫饲喂养殖在玻璃缸中的3 000尾大口黑鲈仔鱼(2.1 mg/尾,200尾/缸) 20 d。饲养实验结束后,将每缸10尾仔鱼放入35 °C恒温水浴缸中进行急性温度胁迫试验。结果显示：① Y-se15组的存活率、终末体重、体长以及特定生长率均显著高于对照组,肥满度(CF)在各组间无显著差异。② Y-se5组EPA含量显著低于对照组,Y-se5及Y-se15组DHA/EPA值显著高于对照组。③ Y-se10、Y-se15和Y-se20组肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组,所有处理组肝脏中,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组,处理组和对照组间总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著差异。④ Y-se15组肝脏组织空泡化现象较轻,酵母硒添加组的肠道绒毛长度显著高于对照组。⑤ Y-se15组在35 °C应激条件下,存活时间显著高于对照组。研究表明,卤虫无节幼体强化液酵母硒添加浓度为15 mg/L时可显著提高大口黑鲈仔鱼生长、存活率及DHA/EPA水平,增强机体抗氧化以及抗应激能力,改善鱼体健康状况。本研究初步探究了饲喂酵母硒强化卤虫无节幼体对大口黑鲈仔鱼的影响,旨在为进一步完善水生动物苗种开口饵料营养强化技术提供参考,促进水产养殖业高质量发展。

     

盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及其休眠卵孵化的影响

本文报道了不同盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及其休眠卵孵化的影响。采自低盐度和较高盐度水体中的褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵，在纯水和５０‰的高盐度孵化液中都不能孵化，但在淡水和５－４０‰工的孵化液中均有不同比例的孵化，其中以５‰盐度中的孵化率最高。采自２０‰盐度的休眠卵在１５‰盐度中孵化的幼轮虫在５－３０‰盐工中，３小时内，其存活率均达９０％以上，不必通过驯化，可直接投喂到不同盐度的育苗池。而采自４‰盐度的休眠卵５     

几种重要水产品活体运输技术研究

为研究虾苗运输中干露胁迫对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的影响,实验在(20±1) ℃和相对湿度 (relative humidity, RH) (50±5)% 的条件下,对不同干露时间(6 h、12 h、18 h和24 h)和再入水时长(1 h、6 h和12 h)幼虾的抗氧化应激能力和成活率进行了研究。结果显示,幼虾的干露时间不宜超过18 h,第24小时死亡率达到53.3%,入水阶段无幼虾死亡。干露阶段,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)无显著变化(P>0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著降低;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力随时间逐渐升高;丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度在干露第24 小时后达到峰值(P<0.05);血糖和肌肉乳酸浓度随干露时间显著升高(P<0.05)。再入水时,SOD和CAT呈波动性变化,无明显规律;入水12 h后MDA均恢复到对照组水平;T-AOC一直维持较高水平。6 h和12 h组入水1 h后乳酸即恢复到对照组水平,各处理组的血糖始终高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,CAT和SOD对干露胁迫的反应更为敏感,可作为克氏原螯虾干露阶段的免疫指标。MDA、血糖和肌肉乳酸浓度可以反映幼虾再入水时的健康状况。

     

Effect of salinity on growth and survival of sleeper goby, Batanga lebretonis (Steindachner) (Pisces: Eleotridae)

Abstract. The effect of salinity on the survival and growth of Batanga lebretonis (Steindachner) from the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria was monitored in the laboratory for 24 weeks. Survival was excellent (90–100%) at all salinity levels tested except sea water. Growth rate differed significantly for the specimens held at 0·1, 5, 10, 15 and 20%o. The best growth in weight and food utilization was obtained at a salinity of 5%.     

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on embryos and larvae of the black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.)

This paper reports on a 4 × 4 factorial design experiment conducted to examine the combined effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development and growth and survival of black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.) larvae. The temperatures used were 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C, and the salinities were 25°/_oo, 30°/_oo, 35°/_oo and 40°/_oo. Response surface contour diagrams were generated from the survival and growth data to estimate optimal conditions. Normal development of embryos occurred only from 25 °C to 30 °C. The optimal conditions for maximum survival and growth were 26–29 °C and 28–32°/_oo. Temperatures of 35 °C or greater were lethal for larvae and, at all temperatures tested, larval growth and survival were lowest at a salinity of 40°/_oo.     

Brachionus vs Artemia duel: Optimizing first feeding of Upogebia pusilla (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) larvae

Larval rearing of many marine organisms is dependent on the availability of live food. The aim of this study was to optimize larval first feeding for the mud shrimp Upogebia pusilla, by comparing the effectiveness of the two most commonly used live feeds: Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia sp. nauplii. Survival, larval duration, molt synchronism and megalop size were compared using five feeding treatments: Artemia from zoea I to IV (B0), Brachionus during zoea I and Artemia from zoea II to IV (B1), Brachionus during zoea I and II and Artemia during zoea III and IV (B2), Brachionus from zoea I to III and Artemia during zoea IV (B3) and Brachionus from zoea I to IV (B4). The proportion of larvae that reached the megalop stage was 0.00% in treatment B0, 3.33% in treatment B1, 33.33% in treatment B2, 66.67% in treatment B3 and 76.67% in treatment B4. Larvae fed on rotifers until zoea III or zoea IV stages had a higher survival but no differences were found either in time to reach megalop or in megalop size. This study demonstrates that rotifers are essential for the survival and development of U. pusilla early larval stages but that rotifers can be successfully replaced by Artemia nauplii in the zoea IV stage.     

Feed preferences of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characidae) larvae in fish ponds

Feed preferences of dorado, Salminus brasiliensis, in the early stages of life was studied in larvae, stocked 5 days after hatching in three earthen commercial ponds (810 m², 900 m² and 1480 m²) at a density of 30 m^− 2. Larvae were fed on natural food from ponds supplemented with a commercial ration (40% crude protein), and for 12 days fish samples were taken daily in the morning and in the afternoon from each pond to analyze the food items present in the diet. Zooplankton available in the environment was also analyzed. Feeding was intensive since 94% of the larvae guts examined contained food. Since the commercial diet was not found in the dorado guts, the natural diet dominated the artificial food, but the cannibalistic behavior typically found in laboratory conditions was not observed. Insect larvae and cladocerans were the main prey items found in the gut of the larvae. In fish ponds dorado larvae can be considered a generalist feeder, since small amounts of different food items were consumed, but they tend to specialize in some items, according to their developmental stage.     

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on yolk utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization of sac fry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated using central composite experimental design and response surface approach. Based on the preliminary trials, temperature was determined to range from 22 to 34°C, and salinity ranging from 2 ppt to 10 ppt. The utilization was mensurated in terms of yolk sac volume. Results showed that the linear effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization was significant (P < 0.01); the quadratic effects of and the interaction between the two factors were significant (P < 0.05); temperature was more important than salinity in influencing the yolk utilization. The model equation of yolk sac volume towards temperature and salinity was established. From those high R² values, the model had excellent goodness of fit to experimental data and could be applied for predictive purpose. What with the production cost, it is suggested that the temperature/salinity combination, i.e. 28–30°C/4–6 ppt, be employed during the period of sac fry rearing, in which the yolk utilization was on average 98.6%.     

The effects of salinity on the fertilization rate and rearing of the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

Persian sturgeon eggs were fertilized with different levels of salinities (0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12?ppt), and then each group was incubated in the same salinity until hatch. The fertility (%), hatching rate as well as larvae cumulative mortality rate and abnormality (%) were measured. Our Results revealed that Persian surgeon eggs could be fertilized in the different salinity concentrations but not more than 4?ppt. Moreover, hatching rate decreased with increase in salinities more than 2 and 4?ppt, respectively, and no larvae hatched in 6?ppt salinity. According to these results, the salinity tolerance threshold for Persian sturgeon larvae hatching in brackish water is less than 4?ppt.     

Metabolic scope, swimming performance and the effects of hypoxia in the mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)

The culture of the mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus), like many other Sciaenidae fishes, is rapidly growing. However there is no information on their metabolic physiology. In this study, the effects of various hypoxia levels on the swimming performance and metabolic scope of juvenile mulloway (0.34 ± 0.01 kg, mean ± SE, n = 30) was investigated (water temperature = 22 °C). In normoxic conditions (dissolved oxygen = 6.85 mg l^− 1), mulloway oxygen consumption rate (M·o₂) increased exponentially with swimming speed to a maximum velocity (U_crit) of 1.7 ± < 0.1 body lengths s^− 1 (BL s^− 1) (n = 6). Mulloway standard metabolic rate (SMR) was typical for non-tuna fishes (73 ± 8 mg kg^− 1 h^− 1) and they had a moderate scope for aerobic metabolism (5 times the SMR). Mulloway minimum gross cost of transport (GCOT_min, 0.14 ± 0.01 mg kg^− 1 m^− 1) and optimum swimming velocity (U_opt, 1.3 ± 0.2 BL s^− 1) were comparable to many other body and caudal fin swimming fish species. Energy expenditure was minimum when swimming between 0.3 and 0.5 BL s^− 1. The critical dissolved oxygen level was 1.80 mg l^− 1 for mulloway swimming at 0.9 BL s^− 1. This reveals that mulloway are well adapted to hypoxia, which is probably adaptive from their natural early life history within estuaries. In all levels of hypoxia (75% saturation = 5.23, 50% = 3.64, and 25% = 1 .86 mg l^− 1), M·o₂ increased linearly with swimming speed and active metabolic rate (AMR) was reduced (218 ± 17, 202 ± 14 and 175 ± 10 mg kg^− 1 h^− 1 for 75%, 50% and 25% saturation respectively). However, U_crit was only reduced at 50% and 25% saturation (1.4 ± < 0.1 and 1.4 ± < 0.1 BL s^− 1 respectively). This demonstrates that although the metabolic capacity of mulloway is reduced in mild hypoxia (75% saturation) they are able to compensate to maintain swimming performance. GCOT_min (0.09 ± 0.01 mg kg^− 1 m^− 1) and U_opt (0.8 ± 0.1 BL s^− 1) were significantly reduced at 25% dissolved oxygen saturation. As mulloway metabolic scope was significantly reduced at all hypoxia levels, it suggests that even mild hypoxia may reduce growth productivity.     

温度和盐度对羊鲍胚胎发育及幼虫发育的影响

为探究水温和盐度对羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育的影响,以人工驯化后的野生羊鲍为实验材料,采用温度、盐度单一和双因子组合方法设计实验。结果表明,羊鲍孵化率和成活率受温度、盐度影响显著,28°C时,胚胎发育时间最短,孵化率最高,26°C时,幼虫发育时间最短,成活率最高。胚胎发育适宜温度为24~28°C,最适温度为26~28°C。盐度为24时,羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育时间最短,孵化率和成活率最低;盐度分别为30和32时,孵化率和成活率最高。胚胎发育和幼虫发育的适宜盐度为28~32,最适盐度为30~32。温度盐度交互作用对羊鲍孵化率影响差异不显著,对成活率影响差异显著。通过响应曲面模型优化,得出温度为24.61°C,盐度为32时,孵化率和成活率均达到最大值,分别为95.32%和81.20%,满意度为0.848。研究表明,羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育对温度、盐度的敏感性不同,对高温高盐的耐受性强于低温低盐。