瓜类雌性系（强雌系）高产育种原理的形成及发展

针对20世纪70年代中期以前国内瓜类作物普遍存在的雄花多、雌花少、产量低的状况，综述了广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所（前经济作物研究所）等单位为解决这一难题所研究出瓜类雌性系（强雌系）高产育种路线的形成过程。这一育种路线通过实践检验，成为70年代后期以来指导瓜类育种的主流原理之一。80年代后期开始，瓜类雌性系（强雌系）育种原理与时俱进，先后结合了抗病育种、生态育种、品质育种等研究内容，在瓜类育种上取得了较大进展。据此还展望了瓜类雌性系（强雌系）今后育种的战略方向。     

西芹种子浸提液处理后黄瓜叶片内生理指标变化的研究

为探讨西芹种子浸提液灌根处理后黄瓜产生抗枯萎病的生理机制,采用蒸馏水、乙醇、丙酮作为浸提剂,获得西芹种子的浸提液,在黄瓜第一真叶横宽5 cm时进行两次灌根处理,然后于不同时期对其叶片内丙二醛含量、电导率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量进行测定。结果表明,在各取样时期丙二醛含量、电导率较对照降低,丙二醛含量降低的范围为蒸馏水处理8.65%~23.89%、乙醇处理0.68%~13.89%、丙酮处理7.50%~21.69%;电导率降低的范围为蒸馏水处理0.62%~9.47%、乙醇处理0.40%~11.35%、丙酮处理1.86%~19.80%。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量在各取样时期均较对照升高,可溶性糖含量升高的范围为蒸馏水处理12.21%~41.50%、乙醇处理6.28%~62.25%、丙酮处理23.43%~54.38%;可溶性蛋白质含量升高的范围为蒸馏水处理0.08%~25.87%、乙醇处理0.93%~23.08%、丙酮处理2.20%~37.67%。各指标的变化幅度均是丙酮处理大于乙醇处理,乙醇处理大于蒸馏水处理。     

中国黄瓜新品种保护现状与分析

中国黄瓜的种植规模和产量均居世界首位,但黄瓜的新品种保护滞后于生产需求。通过对 2000-2023 年申请的 698件黄瓜植物新品种保护品种进行分析,揭示黄瓜当前育种现状,并从品种保护的申请量、授权量及审查状态等角度进行综合考量,发现黄瓜新品种保护授权周期长、育种家对亲本的保护意识薄弱等问题。针对这些问题提出了相应的改进策略,以期提高黄瓜育种家的知识产权保护意识,为黄瓜育种工作及相关研究人员提供参考。     

西芹根及根际区物乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用

为解决农药在西芹生产中的残留与污染问题,采用生长速率法研究了西芹根及根际区物乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用.结果表明,西芹根乙醇浸提液在所试浓度范围内对黄瓜枯萎病菌有不同程度的化感抑制作用,其抑制率最高达42.31%.最低为12.22%;除了l%浓度的处理在作用时间为120,132 h时菌落直径与对照(CK)无显著差异外,其余各浓度处理在不同作用时间对黄瓜枯萎病菌都有显著或极显著的化感抑制作用.西芹根际区物乙醇浸提液在较高浓度时(RSl00%到RS60%)对黄瓜枯萎病菌表现出强的化感抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制效果也越好,最高抑制率达94.37%,比相应的非根际土壤浸提液的高出49.02百分点;在较低浓度时(RS40%,RS20%)对供试病原菌表现为弱的化感促进作用,但明显小于与之相对应的非根际土壤浸提液的促进作用.乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感抑制效果有随着浓度的降低和作用时间的增加而逐渐减弱的趋势.     

几种设施蔬菜根系浸提液对甜瓜的化感作用

对几种设施蔬菜根系浸提液对甜瓜种子萌发以及甜瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用进行研究,结果表明:油莱、大葱、辣椒等作物对甜瓜种子生长具有促进作用,对甜瓜枯萎病病菌生长有明显的抑制作用,可做为甜瓜种植的前茬作物;黄瓜、番茄作物根系除对甜瓜种子萌发具有较强的抑制作用外,还可明显促进甜瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发,因而不宜作为甜瓜种植的前茬作物.     

芍药种子浸提液对2种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以芍药种子种皮和胚乳为材料,研究不同质量浓度(0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08和0.10 g/m L)的种皮和胚乳水浸提液对2种受体植物(白菜和小麦)种子发芽率、幼苗苗高和根长、幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨芍药种子内源抑制物质的特性,为进一步研究芍药种子休眠机理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,芍药种子种皮和胚乳中均含有抑制受体植物种子萌发与幼苗生长的物质,且同一质量浓度下,抑制作用大小表现为胚乳大于种皮;种皮和胚乳浸提液对白菜幼苗生长(苗高和根长)的抑制作用高于小麦;种皮和胚乳浸提液中的抑制物质均能使白菜和小麦幼苗产生生理响应,影响SOD、CAT和POD活性,从而启动抗氧化酶体系。研究认为,芍药种子种皮及胚乳浸提液均能够抑制受体植物种子萌发及幼苗生长,影响幼苗抗氧化酶活性,但芍药种子种皮与胚乳中所含抑制物在活性上存在差异。     

蓖麻标志雌性系的发现与应用

简要地综述了我国蓖麻育种的新进展,我国发现育成的蓖麻标志雌性系,并采用该雌性系利用“两系法”进行杂种优势利用研究,拓宽了我国蓖麻标志雌性系及其两系杂交蓖麻育种技术平台.     

黄瓜重要性状相关分子标记研究进展

综述了不同分子标记技术在黄瓜重要病害（白粉病、霜霉病、枯萎病、黑星病、炭疽病、病毒病）、果实品质（苦味、果瘤、果色、果实光泽及果实形状）、生殖发育（性别分化和单性结实）及营养生长（叶色、植株高度及侧枝）等重要性状中的研究进展,旨在为今后黄瓜育种提供理论依据和基础。最后,讨论了目前黄瓜分子标记技术在黄瓜育种研究中相对薄弱的原因,并对今后黄瓜育种前景进行了展望。     

华南地区瓜类雌型一代杂种制种技术

瓜类作物(黄瓜、苦瓜、节瓜、有棱丝瓜)是雌雄同株作物,其雌型一代杂种具有早熟、优质、高产、抗病抗逆性强的特点,杂种优势明显,目前在华南地区被广泛应用.广东省农科院蔬菜研究所自上世纪70年代率先在国内进行瓜类雌性系育种以来,已育成18个通过省级品种审定的雌型一代杂种.实践证明,瓜类雌性系育种途径不仅能实现杂种优势,还能简化制种技术,保证制种质量,降低成本.现将华南地区瓜类雌型一代杂种制种技术介绍如下.     

辣椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒病研究进展

黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）病是影响辣椒生产的主要病害,是辣椒抗病育种的主攻目标。分子标记辅助选择育种可有效地克服传统育种的缺陷,加速育种进程。分子标记的开发依赖于基础研究,辣椒基因组数据的公布为辣椒抗CMV研究提供了一个新的契机。所以本研究就黄瓜花叶病毒的危害、辣椒抗源材料的筛选和抗性鉴定、抗性遗传规律分析及抗性基因定位等方面进行了总结归纳,为进一步辣椒抗CMV研究和分子标记辅助育种提供一定的理论参考。     

黄瓜序列特征性扩增区域标记(SCAR)的开发

黄瓜的分子标记连锁图谱研究已经到了比较和整合的阶段,然而可用于黄瓜作图的锚定标记却并不多.本研究利用华北类型和欧洲温室型黄瓜自交系S94和S06作为PCR模板,通过将二者差异的RAPD和SRAP条带克隆、测序并根据测序结果设计特异引物,成功获得了118个SCAR标记.经4个典型黄瓜种质材料PCR验证,引物多态性比例高达10%以上.本研究获得的SCAR可望用于黄瓜遗传图谱的构建和整合.     

Effect of inbreeding on horticultural performance of lines developed from an open-pollinated pickling cucumber population

Summary The effect of self-pollination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for 6 generations in lines developed from the North Carolina Medium Base Pickle population was determined by regression of trait expression for each generation on Wright's coefficient of inbreeding. Two yield traits (total and marketable), earliness and 3 fruit quality traits (shape, color and seedcell size) were evaluated in 2 environments (spring and summer, 1983). The regression did not result in significant negative slopes, indicating that inbreeding depression was not important in the population for the traits studied. Midparent heterosis was found for most traits in many hybrids obtained from crossing S₆ lines with the gynoecious inbred line, Gy 14A.     

Gibberellin A4/A7, for induction of staminate flowers on the gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary Gibberellin A₄/A₇ was compared with GA₃ for staminate flower induction on an inbred gynoecious cucumber line grown under field conditions in Michigan. Gibberellin A₄/A₇ spray applications at 50 ppm were found to induce significantly greater numbers of staminate flowers than GA₃ applied at 1000 ppm without causing excessive stem elongation or brittleness often associated with high dosage of GA₃.Journal Paper No. 4317 of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.     

黄瓜霜霉病研究进展

为给黄瓜霜霉病抗病育种及病害防治提供系统、完善的理论依据,笔者对黄瓜霜霉病发生危害、病原菌生理特性、寄主范围、生理分化以及寄主抗性遗传、综合防治等多个方面国内外研究进展进行归纳总结。分析发现,尽管国内外研究者对病原菌生理分化、抗药性和寄主抗性基因鉴定等方面进行了大量富有成效的研究,但由于鉴定方法不统一及病原菌的高度变异,病原菌生理分化及寄主遗传规律等研究尚存争议,抗性基因功能验证的研究相对匮乏,因而在这些方面还有待进一步深入系统的研究。本研究同时也探讨了今后黄瓜霜霉病的研究方向。     

Analysis of generation means and components of variance for parthenocarpy in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Parthenocarpy (seedless fruit) has potential for increasing yield in cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L.). To determine the inheritance of parthenocarpy in gynoecious cucumber, P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁, and BC₁P₂ generations derived from crossing two non‐parthenocarpic gynoecious inbred lines [Gy8 (P₂; processing type) and ‘Marketmore 80’ (P₂; MM, fresh market type)] with a highly parthenocarpic inbred line [2A (P₁; processing type)] were evaluated for fruit number in a greenhouse at Arlington, Wisc. in 1999 (designated 2A × Gy8 1999) and in the open‐field at Hancock, Wisc. in 2000 (designated 2A × Gy8 2000 and 2A × MM 2000). There were significant location and location × generation interaction effects, and therefore generation means analyses were conducted separately for each location. The minimum numbers of effective factors controlling parthenocarpy were estimated to be at least one (2A × Gy8 1999), two (2A × Gy8 2000) and four (2A × MM 2000). Results suggest that selection for parthenocarpy for multiple hand harvest operations will likely be more effective than that for once‐over machine harvest operations. However, the selection efficiency will likely vary across different populations and environments.     

Different sex phenotypes of Cucumis sativus L. and C. melo L. and their endogenous gibberellin activity

Summary Gibberellins were extracted from seeds and green plants of different sex types of the closely related species Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and C. melo L. (muskmelon). Both seeds and green plants of monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. sativus contained significantly higher gibberellin levels at all growth stages tested than did a gynoecious line. Gibberellin activity in the monoecious and andromonoecious C. sativus line reached a maximum at the growth stage corresponding to flower differentiation at cotyledonary and first leaf axils. Vernalization of seeds of gynoecious plants resulted in increased male tendency correlated with increased gibberellin activity. In contrast, monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. melo were gibberellin deficient relative to hermaphroditic and gynoecious lines.Journal Article No 5534 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. This work was supported by a grant from the Herman Frasch Foundation.     

不同来源黄瓜遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术对黄瓜基因组DNA进行多态性研究，分析了39份黄瓜材料的遗传差异。结果表明，所采用的172条随机引物中，有49条引物扩增谱带清晰且重复性较好，扩增总片段数达378个，单个引物的扩增片段数在4～12之间，片段大小在0．2～3．5kb之间。不同材料间的遗传距离(D)在0．064～0．592之间，并根据遗传距离，按UWPGA法进行了聚类分析。     

玉米自交系一年三代种植与选育技术研究

为确立玉米自交系一年三代种植的新模式,采用了温室与大田试验等研究方法,对玉米自交系加代种植与选育技术进行了研究。研究结果表明：玉米自交系山东大棚春播、山东夏播、海南冬繁一年三代种植与选育模式可靠,可操作性强,在不同环境条件下选育自交系扩大了选育范围。利用该加代模式,山东春季大棚2月25日左右播种,5月1日左右授粉,6月12日左右收获,灌浆期42天以上,籽粒基本饱满;夏季6 月15 日左右播种,10 月5 日左右收获,及时暴晒考种;海南冬季11 月8 日左右播种,2 月20日左右收获暴晒3 天及时运回山东大棚春播,完成一年三代。利用该模式选育出的自交系性状表现可靠,生产上可以利用。     

QTL mapping of seedling traits in cucumber using recombinant inbred lines

Seedling traits are important for development, flower bud differentiation, fruit production and fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this study, 160 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from crossing wild cucumber inbred line PI 183967 (C. sativus var. hardwickii) with ‘931’ northern China cultivated cucumber inbred line 931, were employed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of cotyledon length (Cl), cotyledon width (Cw), hypocotyl length (Hl), first true leaf length (Fll), first true leaf width (Flw), aboveground fresh biomass (Afb) and aboveground dry biomass (Adb) at seedling stage. A genetic map including 307 SSR markers was developed which spanned 993.3 cM, with an average genetic distance of 3.23 cM between adjacent markers. 36 QTLs associated with the seven traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 in four environments (spring and autumn of 2012 and 2013), explaining 6.1 to 23.6% of the observed phenotypic variations. Among the 36 QTLs, 21 were responsible for more than 10% of observed phenotypic variations. We obtained 2, 2, 1 and 3 QTL loci for the traits of Fll, Flw, Afw and Adw, respectively. In addition, genes in the genetic region spanned by SSR15321‐SSR07711 on chr. 5 may contribute to Flw, Afw and Adw.     

灰色局势决策法在苦瓜强雌系育种中的应用

为了开展苦瓜强雌系育种多因素综合评估,有效选择苦瓜优异种质资源及筛选优良组合,应用灰色局势决策法,对配制的9个苦瓜强雌系杂交组合F1代的各主要性状进行综合评判。结果表明,9个组合的13个性状的权重系数大小顺序为：总产量＞单瓜重＞结果数＞横径＞单瓜长＞前期产量＞肉厚＞雌花率＞茎粗＞叶面积＞节间距＞第1朵雌花开放的天数＞主蔓第1朵雌花开放时节位。综合测度结果表明,43×K1综合效果测度值最高,为0.9343,定为优良组合重点配制。