采伐方式对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复的影响

比较3种采伐方式(重复采伐、径级择伐和采育择伐)对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复群落中物种多样性、群落结构和功能群组成的影响。结果表明:3种方式采伐后(20～25年)的山地雨林恢复群落物种丰富度呈增加趋势,主要表现为小径级(胸径<10cm)的长寿命先锋种增加;与老龄林相比,径级采伐和采育择伐没有增加伐后林中成年树的物种丰富度;3种采伐恢复林中幼树和小树的物种累积速度低于老龄林;森林采伐后恢复群落中的个体密度显著高于老龄林,但胸高截面积显著低于老龄林;伐后林群落中胸高截面积减少最多的为采育择伐,其次为径级择伐和重复采伐;森林采伐恢复群落内长寿命先锋种的物种丰富度、个体密度和胸高截面积均增加,而后期耐荫种物种丰富度变化较小;采育择伐在短期降低了森林木材蓄积量,但没有显著改变群落中功能群组成,因而能够在相对较短的时间内恢复到干扰前的水平。     

采伐对海南霸王岭热带山地雨林乔木碳储量影响初步研究

以海南岛霸王岭热带天然山地雨林原始林为对象,实施了择伐强度为0.0％(未采伐)、30.7％(低择伐强度)、45.3％(中择伐强度)、53.5％(高择伐强度)4种试验,观测和分析了择伐后13年间各种试验类型的乔木总碳储量、枯死木碳储量、进界木碳储量、保留木碳储量、树种组碳储量和径级碳储量的变化趋势.结果表明:高强度择伐林分枯死木碳储量比率最大,中强度择伐林分枯死木碳储量比率最低;低强度择伐和未择伐林分的保留木碳储量增长率、总碳储量增长率高于中高强度择伐林分;进界木碳储量比率随择伐强度的增大而增大;45.0％左右采伐强度是树种组碳储量增长较理想的强度;45 cm及以下径级保留木各径级碳储量增长率随择伐强度的增大而增大,45 cm以上径级保留木各径级碳储量增长率与择伐强度关系不明显.     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同更新林的群落特征

基于对尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林、皆伐后恢复41 a的天然更新林和皆伐后恢复25 a的人工促进天然更新林的调查数据,对其物种组成、物种相似性、物种丰富度及多样性、植株密度和稳定性等进行比较分析,并通过优势种群龄级结构分析预测群落的发展趋势.结果表明:1)物种丰富度及物种多样性均以原始林最高,乔木层物种多样性表现为天然更新林>人工促进天然更新林,幼树层和下木层表现为人工促进天然更新林>天然更新林;2)天然更新林与原始林的物种相似性比其与人工促进天然更新林的高,说明天然更新林恢复程度较人工促进天然更新林好;3)植株密度表现为人工促进天然更新林>天然更新林>原始林,与干扰程度正相关,与皆伐后恢复时间负相关;4)乔木层和下木层的群落稳定性表现为原始林>天然更新林>人工促进天然更新林;5)优势种群发展趋势分析表明,原始林群落主要优势种群大部分表现为增长或稳定趋势,天然更新林群落上层阳性树种表现为衰退或稳定趋势,下木层的优势种则表现为增长趋势,人工促进更新林的栽培种和一些偏阳性树种表现出衰退或稳定趋势,林下一些优势度稍低的种群表现出逐渐增长趋势.因此,虽然天然更新林和人工促进天然更新林所在群落具有一定的稳定性,但其种类组成结构将发生较大的变化,仍处在由前期阳性树种向后期耐荫树种转变的演替进程中.     

海南霸王岭山地原始林与伐后林中木质藤本与支持木的多样性及其相互关系

研究海南霸王岭热带山地雨林原始林与伐后林的物种多样性及木质藤本与支持木的关系。结果表明:原始林中树木的物种丰富度和多度低于伐后林(P<0.05),而木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度在原始林与伐后林间无显著差异;原始林中树木的平均附藤率和平均每木附藤数均高于伐后林(P<0.05),而平均每藤攀附支持木个体数表现为伐后林高于原始林(P<0.05);在原始林中树木胸径与平均每木藤本数间呈显著的三次函数关系,伐后林中树木胸径与平均每木藤本数间呈显著的幂函数关系;树木高度与平均每木藤本数在2林型中均呈显著的三次函数关系。     

不同采伐方式对阔叶林物种多样性的影响研究

对阔叶林皆伐人促更新和择伐人促更新对物种多样性影响的研究,结果表明不同采伐方式对群落物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和物种多样性均匀度指数均有一定的影响.皆伐人促更新林分物种比择伐人促更新少10种,乔木树种少了14种;不同采伐方式对群落的物种多样性指数和物种多样性均匀度指数影响不大,但对各层片有较大的影响,皆伐人促更新的乔木层物种多样性指数和物种多样性均匀度指数均比择伐人促更新林分低,但草本和藤本层物种多样性指数和物种多样性均匀度指数均比择伐人促更新林分高.     

海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards)探讨

根据典型林分结构的分析,结合海南霸王岭原始热带山地雨林林隙特征,以“近自然林业”理论为指导,提出海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards),包括林层结构、乔木层物种多样性、林分基本蓄积量、材积按径阶分布、林分密度、株数按径阶分布、特类～三类商品材树种结构等7个指标和各指标的具体标准(standards),旨在为海南霸王岭山地雨林可持续经营提供基础依据,为异龄林理想结构的研究提供实例。     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林采伐经营初期土壤碳氮储量

测定了海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林不同择伐强度经营试验初期土壤 C、N含量及其储量 ,结果表明 :原始热带山地雨林土壤 C、N背景值分别为 10 8.91t· hm-2 、9.58t· hm-2 ,表层 50 cm土壤 C储量占深 10 0 cm土层 C储量的 77.6 % ,相应的 N储量占 73.8% ;30 %、50 %择伐强度经营 5个月后林地土壤 C储量分别比原始林降低 4 .5%和 5.3% ,但 30 %强度经营林地土壤 C/N接近未采伐的原始林。结果可作为对热带山地雨林选取持续经营模式的动态参考指标     

海南尖峰岭热带林乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局

沿海南尖峰岭林区海拔梯度设立164块25 m×25 m样地,分析乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律,同时分析森林采伐对这种分布格局的影响.结果表明:尖峰岭物种丰富,164块625 m2样地共记录植株65 144个,分属84科253属596种;原始林的物种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈现双峰型的分布格局,主要受尖峰岭地区水热、光照、群落特性等因素控制;径级择伐后森林物种丰富度沿海拔梯度波动上升;皆伐后森林物种丰富度随着海拔梯度剧烈波动;原始林的Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高而缓慢上升;径级择伐森林Simpson物种多样性指数首先随海拔增高而平缓上升,海拔800 m处最高,之后缓慢下降;皆伐林中Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高先上升,海拔680m处达到一个峰值,然后下降,海拔850 m处又开始继续上升;和原始林相比较,径级择伐森林总体而言沿海拔梯度的Simpson物种多样性指数有所上升,而皆伐森林的Simpson物种多样性指数有所下降.     

海南霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙幼苗库动态规律研究

分析了海南岛霸王岭自然保护区热带山地雨林林隙内树种的种类组成、数量动态以及林隙年龄和林隙面积对树种组成及数量的影响。结果表明 :热带山地雨林林隙树种组成十分复杂 ,数量分布极不均匀 ,种间差异较大 ,2 7个林隙中共有乔木 116种 ,其中数量较多的 10个种的个体数量占到总个体数量的 4 7 0 3% ,而个体数量较少的 5 8个种的个体数仅占总个体数的 6 0 2 %。林隙面积大小对树种幼苗的种类组成和数量有较大影响 ,幼苗种密度和个体密度随林隙面积的增大而减小 ;幼树和成树在不同大小林隙中的种密度和个体密度变化不大。成熟林隙明显比早期林隙和中等年龄林隙有较大的幼苗个体密度和种密度 ,不同年龄林隙内幼树和成树的个体密度变化也不大。幼苗向幼树的转化率在大林隙和成熟林隙内明显高于小林隙和幼龄林隙。依据林隙树木幼苗数量变化的差异 ,可将林隙填充者分为 4种不同类型。     

不同采伐强度对闽西常绿阔叶林林分结构稳定性的影响

应用多样性分析方法和改进后的 M.Godron 稳定性测定方法研究常绿阔叶林5种不同强度采伐(弱度9.8%、中度24.5%,强度46.8%和极强度72.3%和皆伐)作业10 a后林分结构稳定性.结果表明,择伐林地林分处于稳定状态,随着择伐强度的增强,林分的稳定性开始逐渐降低.皆伐林地林分处于不稳定状态.对于常绿阔叶林的科学经营,从稳定性出发,应尽量采取择伐方式,尤其是中低强度的择伐方式.     

Availability of standing trees for large cavity-nesting birds in the eastern boreal forest of Québec,Canada

Large cavity-nesting birds depend on large-diameter trees for suitable nest sites. The increased spatial extent of commercial timber harvesting is modifying forest structure across the land base and may thus compromise the availability of large trees at the landscape scale. In this study, our objectives were to (1) characterize the availability of large living and dead trees in old-growth stands dominated by different tree species and surficial deposits that encompass the range of natural cover types of eastern Québec's boreal forest; (2) analyze the distribution of trees among decay-classes; and (3) compare the availability of large trees in unharvested, remnant, and harvested stands for the entire range of decay-classes. A total of 116 line transects were distributed across unharvested forests, remnant linear forests, and cutblocks in cutover areas. Unharvested forest stands (black spruce [Picea mariana], balsam fir [Abies balsamea]–black spruce, balsam fir–white spruce [Picea glauca] and balsam fir) reflected a gradient of balsam fir dominance. The remnant forests selected were isolated for 5–15 years. Analyses were performed at two diameter cut-off values. Trees with DBH ≥20 cm were considered for availability of total trees whereas trees with DBH ≥30 cm were considered for availability of large trees. Forest stands comprised high proportions of standing dead trees (33% of all stems, 8% were large dead stems). Availability of total and large standing trees increased with the dominance of balsam fir in stands. Forest stands located on thick surficial deposits showed higher densities of large dead trees for every stand type suggesting a higher productivity on those sites. Availability of stems according to decay-classes showed a dome-shaped distribution with higher densities of snags in intermediate decay stages. However, for large stems, black spruce stands showed a significantly lower availability that was consistent across all decay-classes. In linear remnant forests, pure balsam fir stands were absent. Remnant stands thus showed a much lower availability in large trees when compared with unharvested balsam fir stands. Clearcuts had the lowest densities of dead trees across sampled stands. Current even-aged management practices clearly affect availability and recruitment of large trees, therefore forest-dwelling wildlife relying on these structures for breeding is likely to be affected by large-scale harvesting in coniferous boreal forests.     

Diversity and succession of adventive and indigenous vascular understorey plants in Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand

The vegetation of Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand was studied to examine how the indigenous flora has responded to this novel habitat. A chronosequence of stands about 5, 16 and 27 years was assessed in each of four different biogeographic regions to test the effects of several stand and site factors on the succession of vascular understorey plant communities. A total of 202 indigenous and 70 adventive vascular plant species were found across all study areas, with considerable geographic variation among forests in species composition, species richness (range 48–135 species), and the percentage of indigenous species (50–86%). Both richness and cover of adventive species decreased significantly over time, whereas richness and cover of indigenous species was highest in the oldest stands, and overall species richness was lowest at mid-rotation. The guild composition changed from dominance of grasses and forbs in young stands to dominance of ferns and understorey trees in mature stands. These temporal changes were accompanied by a decrease in light-demanding pioneer species and an increase in shade tolerant, later seral species adapted to a forest environment. Measurements of the degree of canopy closure in stands with low or high stocking and modelling of temporal changes of canopy closure indicated that these understorey plant dynamics are influenced by changes in light availability as stands age. Despite the successional changes within forests, geographic variation more strongly influenced understorey communities because stands within a forest area were grouped together in DCA and TWINSPAN analyses, along rainfall and temperature gradients. Although the canopy species of such intensively managed plantation forests is an alien element in the New Zealand flora, the sheltered forest environment of older stands allows the establishment of a mostly indigenous forest understorey community with considerable similarities to indigenous forests located nearby.     

Partial cutting as a conservation alternative for oak (Quercus spp.) forest—Response of bryophytes and lichens on dead wood

Semi-open oak-rich forests may support many species adapted to large trees and coarse woody debris. Currently many oak-rich forests in northern Europe have more or less closed canopies due to lack of natural and cultural disturbances. In these forests, conservation oriented partial harvesting of biofuel may restore a desired forest structure and light regime that potentially may favour many species that have declined during the last century. We quantified effects of such cutting on lichens and bryophytes living on dead wood in southern Sweden, using a design with paired cutting and control plots (each 1 ha) in 15 forests. In each plot we surveyed the same five logs and three stumps before and after harvest (25% of the tree basal area removed). The epixylic species composition shifted towards a flora typical for dryer dead wood. The mean species number of lichens per stump increased (clear effect) and the mean number of bryophytes per stump decreased (nearly significantly) due to harvesting. The species composition, but not species richness, on logs was affected. No increases or decreases in species of conservation concern could be detected. Since the overall negative effects were weak, we suggest that partial harvesting of dense oak forests is compatible with maintenance of the diversity of lichens and bryophytes on dead wood. However, the amount of such forest harvested needs to be carefully assessed in relation to demands of other taxa.     

The bottomland hardwood forest of the southern United States

Bottomland hardwood forests are valued for timber production, water storage, enhanced water quality, nutrient cycling, erosion control and wildlife habitat. However, the majority of southern bottomland stands, 90% of which are in private ownership, are occupied by a degraded mixture of tree species, caused largely by repeated, incomplete harvests. They can be naturally regenerated to a stand of favorable species composition by removing the residual stand of merchantable and non-merchantable trees. For timber production, these systems respond best to even-aged management such as clearcutting, shelterwood cutting and patch clearcutting. Plant succession under such systems allows shade intolerant species to occupy the site, followed by species of increasing shade tolerance. Uneven-aged systems, such as individual-tree selection and group selection, are also viable regeneration methods, but they require great attention to detail and frequent stand entry. In areas of high sensitivity to timber harvesting, a two-aged system such as a leave-tree is recommended. Stand disturbance, either planned or unplanned, is needed to keep southern hardwood forest stands viable.     

海南霸王岭天然次生林边缘效应下木质藤本的变化

选择海南岛霸王岭天然恢复60年的次生林样地中形成年限为17和13年的边缘,分别设置4条10m×100m的样带,研究边缘效应对木质藤本多度、丰富度、胸高断面积、径级结构和攀援方式的影响。结果表明:8条样带中,记录木质藤本植物89种3252株;2种边缘中,木质藤本多度都随距边缘距离的增加显著降低,木质藤本胸高断面积未产生显著变化,木质藤本丰富度只在17年边缘中随距离增加而降低;在13年边缘中,随距边缘距离的增加,胸径大于1cm的木质藤本个体比例有所增加,而17年边缘中藤本的径级结构相对稳定;距边缘不同距离间,不同攀援方式木质藤本的个体比例存在显著差异,2种边缘中主茎缠绕类藤本均占优势。边缘效应对木质藤本群落结构的影响随距边缘距离的增加而减弱,影响深度随边缘形成年限的增加而增加,在17年边缘中影响深度为40～50m,在13年边缘中约为10m。     

云勇杉木林采伐迹地阔叶树改造后的植物多样性

2002年来广东省佛山市云勇林场陆续对杉木人工林采伐迹地进行了阔叶树混交造林改造。选取3个林龄为10 a的杉木人工林采伐迹地作为样地,包括1个未改造的对照林分和2个已改造的林分,比较其植物多样性差异。无论是物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson物种多样性和均匀性指数,还是秩多度曲线都表明,已改造林分植物多样性远高于未改造林分;人工引入的本地树种藜蒴、阴香能自我更新。采用乡土阔叶树种及其合理混交模式,对针叶人工纯林进行改造,有利于形成稳定的近自然林。     

An alternative management regime of selection cutting for sustaining stand structure of mixed forests of northern Japan: a simulation study

In uneven-aged conifer–broadleaved mixed forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan, single-tree selection cutting has been a common management practice since the early twentieth century. This practice is expected to produce timber without major changes in stand structure or tree species composition. The demographic response of forests to this practice has often been unexpected, and degradation of stand properties has been widely observed. We propose here a sustainable management regime of selection cutting, based on an individual-based forest dynamics simulation model, SORTIE-ND. Our simulations, based on demographic data from 15 long-term monitoring stands, suggest that selection cutting using a lower cutting intensity together with a longer rotation period and reduced removal of small trees and conifer species is more appropriate than traditional systems in terms of maintaining stand structure and tree species composition, as well as being profitable financially. Supplemental regeneration practices, which can counter accidental mortality incurred during harvesting operations, would also be necessary to ensure tree recruitment.     

Comparison of tree size structure and growth for partially harvested and even-aged hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska

The effects of partial cutting on tree size structure and stand growth were evaluated in 52 plots in 13 stands in southeast Alaska that were partially harvested 53–96 years ago and compared with 50-year-old even-aged stands that developed after clearcutting. The net basal-area growth was greater in the partially cut plots than in the uncut plots, and basal-area growth generally increased with increasing cutting intensity. However, the basal-area growth of all of the partially harvested stands was significantly less than the growth of 50-year-old even-aged stands, and net basal area growth over the 50 year period since partial harvesting was about 33–43% of the growth of the even-aged stands. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effect on tree species composition. The tree size distribution of the partially harvested stands was far more complex and well distributed in comparison with the 50-year-old even-aged stands, and included the presence of several trees with diameters of more than 100 cm. These trees included both large-diameter spruce and hemlock trees and were a distinctive structural feature that was noticeably lacking in the even-aged stands.     

Effects of Different Management Practices on Stand Composition and Species Diversity in Subtropical Forests in Nepal: Implications of Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation

In this article, we compared the structure, composition, and diversity of trees, shrubs and saplings, seedlings and herbaceous species of community- and government-managed forests in the lowlands of eastern Nepal. Results suggest that among the trees, the community forest was dominated by a single species, Shorea robusta. However, Shorea robusta and Terminalia myriocarpa were codominant in the government forest. Tree density and basal area were higher in the government forest, but shrub/sapling density and basal area were higher in the community forest, suggesting a positive effect of community management on tree regeneration. Overstory species assemblages showed an obvious compositional difference between the forests, but understory species assemblages were less obvious. Plot-level tree and shrub/sapling species richness was higher in the government forest than the community forest. However, seedling-herbaceous species richness was higher in the community forest. The dominance of Shorea robusta trees in the community forest suggests that people involved in managing forests may be more interested in a limited number of economically valuable species while removing less important trees. Such preferential management practices may increase resource heterogeneity within a forest and maintain species diversity in the understory. Thus, community participation in forest management should be encouraged, with guided management techniques and exercises, to achieve maximum forest recovery, provide sustainable ecosystem services, and maintain forest diversity.     

Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany

Current silvicultural treatments in beech forests are aimed at achieving thick logs without discoloured hardwood. Therefore intensive thinning is applied already in younger stands with the objective of large-sized trunks at an age of 100 years. However, this approach bears the risk that dead wood structures and broken trees are completely removed from the forest. The impact of three different silvicultural management intensity levels on wood-inhabiting fungi over decades was investigated in a large beech forest (>10,000 ha) in southern Germany in 69 sampling plots: A Intensive Thinning and Logging with high-value trees, B Conservation-Oriented Logging with integration of special structures such as dead wood and broken trees and C Strict Forest Reserves with no logging for 30 years. The analysis of community showed marked differences in the fungus species composition of the three treatments, independent of stand age. The relative frequencies of species between treatments were statistically different. Indicator species for naturalness were more abundant at sites with low silvicultural management intensity. Fomes fomentarius, the most common fungus in virgin forests and strict forest reserves, is almost missing in forests with high-management intensity. The species richness seemed to be lower where intensive thinning was applied (P = 0.051). Species characteristic for coarse woody debris were associated to low management intensity, whereas species with a significant preference for stumps became more frequent with increasing management intensity. A total amount of dead wood higher than 60 m³/ha was found to enable significantly higher numbers of species indicators of naturalness (P = 0.013). In conclusion, when applying intensive silvicultural treatment, the role of dead wood needs to be actively considered in order to maintain the natural biocoenosis of beech forests.