大豆转录因子基因GmDof3的克隆及非生物胁迫诱导表达分析

植物Dof (DNA binding with one finger)转录因子在植物应对非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。为了探索大豆Dof转录因子与非生物胁迫的关系,本研究利用RT-PCR技术克隆了一个大豆中Dof转录因子基因GmDof3。GmDof3编码含有483个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,分子量为52.91 kD,等电点为8.11。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白含有一个典型Dof结合域,定位于细胞核中且含有大量磷酸化位点。进化分析表明大豆GmDof3蛋白与木豆CcDof3蛋白的同源性最高。顺式作用元件预测结果显示,GmDof3启动子序列中含多种逆境响应元件。实时荧光定量PCR表明,高盐、干旱、低温和高温均可诱导GmDof3的表达。本研究结果可以为大豆Dof转录因子在植物抗逆基因工程中的应用提供理论依据。     

大豆Gm TIP1;1基因的克隆与表达分析

利用RT-PCR方法从大豆根部组织获得Glyma03g34310.1开放阅读框(ORF)全长, 经测序验证、Blast比对与同源性分析发现该序列编码的蛋白质与其他植物的TIP1;1蛋白具有较高的相似性, 故命名为GmTIP1;1基因(GenBank登录号为AK285481), 该基因ORF长753 bp, 编码1个包含250个氨基酸的蛋白, 在ORF内部第381个核苷酸处含有1个94 bp的内含子, 符合↓GT--AG↓的剪接方式; 系统进化树分析发现Gm TIP1;1聚类到豆科植物分支, 其他不同科的植物也有规律地聚到了不同分支, 推测该蛋白氨基酸序列可以作为植物分类的依据; 半定量RT-PCR结果表明该基因在大豆的不同器官、不同器官的不同发育阶段均具较高且同等的表达水平, 暗示该基因在植物的整个发育进程中均具重要作用; 在盐胁迫的不同时间点其表达量有下降的趋势, 但仍然保持较高的表达水平; 以pYES2为酵母表达载体, 转化酿酒酵母INVSc1菌株, 获得重组酵母INVSc1 (pYES2-GmTIP1;1), 转化菌株在盐胁迫下的存活率明显高于对照INVSc1 (pYES2), 而在干旱胁迫下则没有显著差异, 表明该基因的表达能有效地提高酵母的耐盐性。     

水稻OsGPRP家族基因克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应

富含脯氨酸和甘氨酸的蛋白基因GPRPs广泛分布于高等植物中,在植物的生长发育和逆境适应中具有重要的作用。为了克隆水稻中的OsGPRP基因,利用生物信息学分析,结合RT-PCR和测序等方法,共获得了3个水稻OsGPRP的cDNA序列,分别编码197,180,170个氨基酸,其蛋白序列均含有3个典型的植物GPRP蛋白保守结构域:N端的XYPP重复、中部富含A的疏水区和C端的HGK重复。为了初步探讨这些OsGPRP基因的功能,利用在线工具Plant CARE database分析,结果发现有3个水稻OsGPRP基因的启动子中包含有许多与植物生长发育、激素和逆境胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。为了进一步探究OsGPRP基因在水稻适应非生物逆境胁迫过程中的生物学功能,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析了3个OsGPRP基因在水稻幼苗适应干旱和低温胁迫过程中的响应情况。结果显示,这些OsGPRP基因对干旱和低温胁迫均有不同程度的响应;在干旱胁迫下,这些OsGPRP基因在水稻幼苗不同组织中的表达量均表现出上升的趋势,表达模式较为相似;而在低温胁迫下,其表达模式却存在一些明显的不同,其中,OsGPRP1和OsGPRP3的表达量上升,而OsGPRP2的表达量却下降。结果表明,3个OsGPRP基因在水稻适应非生物逆境中具有重要的作用。     

一个大豆GmXIP基因的克隆与表达分析

XIP(X Intrinsic Protein)亚家族蛋白作为水通道蛋白AQP(Aquaporin)的一个成员,最近在不同植物的基因组或表达序列标签(EST)文库中被鉴定出来。从前期通过Perl程序下载的大豆全基因组水通道蛋白序列中鉴定了一个大豆GmXIP基因,该基因含有一个长385 bp的内含子,且剪接方式是AG/AG,不同于植物普通的GT/AG剪接模式;与其他植物的XIP蛋白的氨基酸序列比对发现该蛋白也具有6个跨膜区,但MIP(Major Instrinsic Protein)家族蛋白保守的"NPA"基序突变为"NPI"和"SPA",暗示该蛋白负责的物质运输与其他植物XIP功能不同;半定量RT-PCR结果表明,该基因在叶和荚表达较弱外,在茎和叶部位的表达较强,而且随着植株的发育,在茎中的表达渐强,叶中则一直保持较高的表达,这表明该基因在营养物质的运输和供给过程中起着关键作用;同时根部组织在盐胁迫8 h时该基因表达达到了顶点,36 h时恢复到处理前的表达水平;利用发根农杆菌注射获得过表达GmXIP组合植株于干旱和盐胁迫处理后发现,该基因过表达后植株抵抗外界非生物胁迫的耐性大大降低,这暗示该基因的过表达可能增进了植物细胞的失水速度,导致植株死亡。这些研究为明确大豆XIP基因的结构和功能提供了理论支持和技术指导。     

谷子丙酮酸磷酸双激酶基因(SiPPDK1)对非生物逆境的响应

通过序列比对在谷子基因组中鉴定出一个PPDK基因,命名为Si PPDK1。为揭示该基因对逆境胁迫的响应,本研究通过对Si PPDK1的基因结构、蛋白特征、功能、启动子区域顺势元件、亚细胞定位、进化特征等进行了系统的分析和预测。荧光实时定量PCR检测了该基因在苗期不同逆境、关键生育期干旱以及不同光照条件下的表达。结果表明该基因位于谷子9号染色体,含有17个内含子,有2个可变剪切。功能域分析和多序列比对发现Si PPDK1蛋白具有非常保守的序列结构,并且与其它植物PPDK蛋白非常相似。q RT-PCR表达谱分析表明Si PPDK1基因在苗期被PEG、ABA、Na Cl和低温胁迫强烈诱导。进一步研究表明Si PPDK1基因在拔节、抽穗和灌浆期干旱和不同光照强度条件下均参与了对干旱和光照的胁迫响应,推测该基因参与了谷子对非生物逆境的应答,尤其在抽穗期干旱和光照胁迫应答中起重要作用。     

蓖麻RcTIP1;2与RcTIP1;3基因的克隆及低温胁迫下的表达分析

植物水孔蛋白作为水分快速跨膜运输的通道蛋白,在保持细胞内外渗透平衡、调节气孔运动以及参与渗透胁迫应答等方面发挥着重要的作用。本研究以'通蓖5号'叶片为材料,利用RT-PCR的方法成功克隆了两个液泡膜内源水孔蛋白基因的ORFs,将其命名为RcTIP1;2和RcTIP1;3。基因结构分析显示RcTIP1;2和RcTIP1;3均含有3个外显子和2个内含子。生物信息学分析表明2个基因编码的蛋白均含有6个跨膜螺旋以及MIP超家族典型的2个“NPA”保守结构域。多重序列比对发现RcTIP1;2与PtTIP1;2同源性高达84.92%,RcTIP1;3与AtTIP1;3同源性高达79.76%。进化树分析表明2个基因均属于TIP1类亚家族蛋白成员o qRT-PCR分析表明RcTIP1;2与RcTIP1;3基因受冷胁迫均下调表达,该基因的下调表达可能有助于抵抗和延缓冷冻诱导的细胞脱水。进一步对RcTIP1;2与RcTIP1;3调控冷响应的分子机理进行研究,从而为蓖麻分子辅助育种提供重要的理论依据。     

大豆细胞色素P450基因GmCYP78A69的克隆和生物信息学分析

干旱胁迫会影响大豆籽粒发育进而影响产量,但其中的机制尚不明确。本研究通过分析基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus, GEO)中受到干旱胁迫的大豆芯片数据,筛选了3个响应干旱的细胞色素P450 (CYP450)基因,且三者均为CYP78A亚家族成员。该亚家族成员在多种植物中被证明参与种子大小的调控。在大豆品种‘齐黄34’中克隆了一个对干旱胁迫响应程度最大的CYP450基因GmCYP78A69。生物信息分析发现该基因含有CYP450家族蛋白的保守结构域,亚细胞定位预测及跨膜结构域分析表明该蛋白定位于内质网,且通过一段跨膜结构域嵌入到内质网膜上。其高级结构以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,含有少量的延伸链和β转角。在大豆不同组织中的表达分析表明该基因在各个器官中均有表达,其中在茎尖、花和幼荚中的表达量最高,推测该基因可能与花荚发育有关。本研究为探索GmCYP78A69在抗旱和种子形成等过程中的作用提供了基础,为研究干旱影响大豆种子大小的机制提供了切入点。     

棉花GhCYSTM9基因的克隆及在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

CYSTM是真核生物中广泛存在的一类小分子蛋白,其在细胞信号转导、逆境防御反应中发挥着非常重要的作用。为了研究CYSTM基因在棉花非生物胁迫响应中的功能,本研究利用RT-PCR方法从陆地棉中克隆了GhCYSTM9基因。该基因c DNA全长237 bp,编码78个氨基酸,所编码蛋白具有一个C端保守的富含半胱氨酸的TM螺旋和特异的N端胞质元件。多重比对发现,GhCYSTM9与拟南芥CYSTMs具有较高的相似度,其中与AtCYSTM9 (NP566703.4, AT3G22240.1)序列一致性最高,达68.33%。荧光定量PCR分析其组织表达特性发现,GhCYSTM9基因在雄蕊、花瓣、根和花萼中显著高表达,在叶片、茎和雌蕊中表达量较低。进一步研究发现,GhCYSTM9基因的表达受到低温、干旱和盐胁迫的诱导,在胁迫处理下,其表达水平均呈现显著的上调表达。非生物胁迫下的基因表达分析结果显示,该基因在棉花非生物胁迫响应中有重要作用。本研究为进一步开展GhCYSTM9基因功能研究奠定了理论基础。     

棉花亲环素基因(GhCYP1)克隆及在干旱胁迫下的表达分析

本研究从已构建的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)干旱胁迫抑制性差减杂交(suppressive subtractive hybridization,SSH)cDNA文库分离得到一个含有植物亲环素保守结构域的EST片段,测序并结合cDNA末端快速扩增(5'-RACE)技术获得了1个779bp的cDNA序列。序列分析表明,该cDNA5'非翻译区为70bp,3'非翻译区为187bp,并含有一个编码174个氨基酸蛋白的开放阅读框。Blast分析表明,该基因的编码产物为一个亲环素蛋白,将该基因命名为为GhCYP1,序列提交到GenBank,登录号为GQ292530。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,干旱胁迫处理后,该基因在叶片中的表达量迅速提高,并在胁迫2h达到最高,这一研究暗示该基因的表达与棉花抗旱胁迫相关。     

木薯AGPase大亚基MeAGPL3基因启动子调控区域鉴定

木薯是重要的热带作物,具有高淀粉积累等特点,但其高效积累机制尚不明确.为研究腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)大亚基对木薯淀粉积累的调控作用,本研究通过RT-PCR技术对木薯AGPase 5个大亚基基因(MeAGPL1～MeAGPL5)进行筛选,发现MeAGPL3基因在木薯块根中高表达且受100 μmol/L外源ABA正向调控;克隆了该基因2455 bp 5'侧翼序列,利用该序列及4个不同长度的5'端截短片段分别与β-葡萄糖醛酸酶(GUS)基因融合构建表达载体,转化本氏烟草,通过检测各转基因烟草GUS蛋白活性,发现-1至-1711 bp序列具有最佳的启动活性.利用100 μmol/L外源ABA处理各转基因烟草株系,分析处理前后GUS蛋白活性变化,发现ABA信号响应元件分布于-1711至-2150区域.本研究为从转录调控角度阐释木薯淀粉高效积累机制提供理论支撑.     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

Inheritance of seed size in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary The inheritance of seed weight in cowpea was examined in a field planting of the parents, reciprocal F₁s, F₂s and backcrosses to both parents of a cross between TVu 1977-OD (small seeded) and ACC 70002 (large).Seed weight was inherited quantitatively and small seed was partially domiminant to large seed size. Gene action was predominantly additive but dominance and additive × additive epistatic effects were also significant.Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 85.1±5.3% and 75.4±18.6% respectively. The minimum number of loci involved in the inheritance of seed size was eight, and each gene pair contributed up to 1.02 g increase to seed weight. The estimate of genetic advance from F₂ to F₃ generations with 5% selection intensity was 3.58 g.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development Project/National Cowpea Improvement Program, B.P. 1783, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta.Department of Primary Industries, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick 4370, Queensland, Australia.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, P.O. 502 324, A.P., India.     

Wide hybridization between wheat (Triticum L.) and lymegrass (Leymus Hochst.)

A total of 240 F₁ hybrids was made beween wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42) and T. carthlicum Nevski (2n = 4x = 28)) and perennial lymegrass (North European Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (2n = 8x = 56) and North American L. mollis (Trin.) Pilger (2n = 4x = 28)). The wide crosses yielded embryos in 20% of caryopses and 96% of the embryos developed into normal hybrid plants. The hybrids were vegetatively vigorous, with evidence of the Leymus rhizomatous habit. Those deriving from L. arenarius survived overwintering in Iceland, but the hybrids L. mollis did not, whereas in a milder environment, both showed perenniality. Cytogenetic analysis of root tip cells before the plants were treated with colchicine showed that 21 out of 28 hybrids investigated had chromosome mosaics, with a population of both amphihaploid and amphidiploid cells. This spontaneous doubling of somatic chromosomes occurred in all cross combinations, with the highest average frequency of diploid cells (28%) in T. carthlicum × L. arenarius crosses. A few selfed seeds have been obtained from a T. aestivum × L. arenarius hybrid. All the hybrids were treated twice with colchicine, but the treatment appeared to have little or no effect on the frequency of chromosome doubling in the hybrids deriving from T. aestivum. The frequency of diploid cells, however, increased significantly (e.g. to 80%) in the hybrids deriving from the T. carthlicum parent. Genomic in situ hybridization confirmed the hybridity of the plants and showed that the hybrids were amphiploids containing genomes of both wheat and lymegrass. In situ hybridization using ribosomal DNA probe differentiated chromosomes of L. mollis, L. arenarius from those of wheat. The hybrids are being backcrossed with lymegrass pollen, aiming to domesticate the wild, perennial species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intra species variation in Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth., a wild relative of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth., a wild relative of pigeonpea, possesses several useful genes which can be utilized for pigeonpea improvement. In the present study, 33 accessions of A. scarabaeoides were evaluated at ICRISAT Center during the 1987 rainy season for variation in some useful traits to identify parents for inter-generic hybridization. A large variation was observed for leaf components, seed size, pod length, seeds/pod, days to flowering, seed protein, sulphur amino acids, resistance to cyst nematode, phytophthora blight, sterility mosaic, fusarium wilt, pod borer, pod fly, and pod wasp. Only four accessions were found to have more than 28% protein content. Methionine and cystine contents were marginally higher than in pigeonpea but the variation was not large enough to utilize them in the breeding program. In A. scarabaeoides. accessions resistant to fusarium wilt, phytophthora blight, sterility mosaic, and cyst nematode were detected. Compared to pigeonpea, the A. scarabaeoides accessions were less susceptible to lepidopteran borer and were immune to pod fly damage. Accessions ICPW 89 and ICPW 111 in short- (100–120 days), and ICPW 94 and ICPW 118 in medium-duration (140–180 days) were identified as potential parents for use in inter-generic hybridization.ICRISAT Journal Article No. 967     

Multifactor inheritance of seedcoat colour in greengram (Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek.)

Summary Seedcoat colour in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.) is a useful marker for genetic studies and varietal identification. Its mode of inheritance was examined in five crosses among nine parents which differed for seedcoat colour. Four of the parents had sap green seedcoat colour while the others had raw sienna, brownish green, densely black spotted, black and greenish yellow seedcoat colour, respectively. At the F₂ generation, no more than 20 different colour classes were observed. The segregation in F₃ and backcross generations indicated that at least five major genes were involved in seedcoat colour inheritance. Sap green seemed to be dominant over raw sienna. The segregation ratios further indicated the role of non-allelic gene interactions (epistasis) in inheritance of seedcoat colour. Gene symbols were assigned to each colour and genotypes to each parent.     

A mechanism for inhibiting cross-fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Natural out-crossing imposes considerable costs and inefficiencies in breeding, evaluation and commercialization of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). This note reports identification of a modification of floral morphology which inhibits cross-fertilization. Floral morphology and possible mechanisms of action of this character are discussed.On leave from International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Hyderabad, India.     

Adaptation and competition in mixtures of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Six pure lines and four mixtures were grown in six environments throughout lowland Papua New Guinea. There were no significant transgressive increases in the grain yield of mixtures above their pure line components, and mixture yields were adequately predicted by the mean of components. In yield stability it was found that the individual buffering of pure lines was of more importance than population buffering, and that the magnitude of population buffering varied with the particular combination of components. Competitive effects in all the mixtures were of the compensating type. Dramatic changes in mixture composition resulting from natural selection precluded their use in local agriculture. The outcome of competition in mixtures was strongly influenced by the growing environment, such that selective index was correlated to general fertility.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic traits in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.)

The consumption of products made from Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) has increased in recent years in Japan. Increased consumer demand has led to recognition of the need for early varieties of this crop with high and stable yields. In order to accomplish this, more information is needed on the genetic mechanisms affecting earliness and yield. We conducted genetic analysis of 3 agronomic traits (days to flowering, plant height and total seed weight per plant) to segregate F₂ and F₃ populations derived from a cross between Tartary buckwheat cultivars ‘Hokuriku No. 4’ and ‘Ishisoba’. Broad-sense heritability estimates for days to flowering, plant height and total seed weight were 0.70, 0.62 and 0.75, respectively, in F₃ population. Narrow-sense heritability for total seed weight (0.51) was highest, followed by heritability for days to flowering (0.37), with heritability for plant height (0.26) lowest. Later flowering was associated with increased plant height and higher yields. From the F₄ generation, we identified twelve candidate plants with earlier maturity and reduced plant height compared to ‘Hokuriku No. 4’, but almost the same total seed weight. These results suggest that hybridization breeding using the single seed descent (SSD) method is an effective approach for improving agronomic characteristics of Tartary buckwheat.     

Inheritance of stem termination in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.)

Summary Inheritance studies on the stem termination in pigeon pea using F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations of two crosses between determinate and indeterminate lines suggested that two dominant genes with epistatic (inhibitory) interaction of one of them control the interminate growth habit. The gene symbols D. idid and ddIdId have been designated to the parental plants with determinate and indeterminate growth habits, respectively. The gene IdId was epistatic (inhibitory) to the gene D giving a ratio of 13 indeterminate: 3 determinate inthe F₂'s observed. F₃ segregation supported the proposed model on the mode of inheritance.     

Assessment of genetic variability in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and pummelos (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.) using RAPD and SSR markers

The genetic variability of 38 grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and three pummelos (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr..) accessions was evaluated using RAPD, and single sequence repeat (SSR) analyses. Approximately49% of the 198 RAPD were polymorphic, and 4.6 alleles per SSR loci were identified. PIC values changed from 0.093 to 0.450. A UPGMA phenetic tree was constructed and two main grapefruit groups were identified. The grapefruit accessions `do Cabo' and `Siamesa-Filipinas'clustered very close to the pummelos in Group A. The Group B consisted of three sub-groups, which comprised all of the other grapefruit accessions. The majority of grapefruit accessions showed a narrow genetic base suggesting that the observed morphological polymorphism within the group must be associated with somatic mutations, which were not detected by these molecular markers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.