湖南省衡阳市鸡球虫病病原种类与流行情况调查

本文通过地衡阳市辖区县市区鸡球虫感染的调查研究，结果表明，衡阳市鸡球虫感染严重，鸡群感染率为56．2％，尤以雏鸡感染严重，农户放养鸡感染率高达72．8％，专业户饲养鸡高达63．5％，青、成年鸡农户放养、专业户饲养的感染率分别为37．5％，30．85，经实验室鉴定，共查出柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、早熟艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫6个种，其中柔嫩艾美耳球虫为优势种，检出率达94．6％。，调查还表明衡阳市鸡球虫发病主要有4－6月份的梅雨季节，鸡日龄、饲养管理水平，不同的饲养环境条件等与鸡球虫感染关系密切。     

一起肉鸡球虫病与组织滴虫病并发的诊治

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳等7种艾美耳球虫引起的传染性消化道寄生虫性机能紊乱性疾病。柔嫩艾美耳球虫寄生在盲肠粘膜内，称盲肠球虫。毒害艾美耳球虫寄生在小肠中段粘膜内，称小肠球虫。这两种球虫对雏鸡和育成鸡的危害十分严重，15～50日龄的雏鸡发生率高，死亡率可达60％以上，耐过的雏     

鸡球虫病的防治

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳属的球虫寄生于鸡肠道黏膜内引起出血性肠炎、血便，雏鸡具有高度发病率和死亡率为特征。寄生于肠道内的球虫有多种，但以致病力最强的柔嫩艾美耳球虫引起的盲肠球虫病和毒害艾美耳球虫引起的小肠球虫病，对养鸡业危害最严重。     

肉用仔鸡球虫病的诊断与防治

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业危害极大的寄生原虫病，病原包括9种艾美耳属球虫，其中以柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E．tenella)及毒害艾美耳球虫(E．necatrix)致病性最强。集约化的商品肉鸡养殖场是球虫病暴发的最适宜场所。雏鸡感染球虫后，大量肠上皮细胞受损，出血。主要特征是患鸡消瘦、贫血和血痢。病愈的小鸡在长时间内不易复原，严重者死亡，其病死率有时高达40％。     

鸡球虫病的诊断及防控措施

1流行特点 柔嫩艾美耳球虫引起的急性盲肠球虫病见于3～6周龄的雏鸡,很少见于2周龄以内的鸡群。堆型艾美耳球虫和巨型艾美耳球虫引起的慢性小肠球虫病常发生在40～60日龄雏鸡;而毒害艾美耳球虫引起的急性小肠球虫病常见于8～18周龄的育成鸡。     

鸡球虫病诊断与治疗体会

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳科、艾美耳属的各类球虫寄生于鸡肠道上皮细胞感染引起的肠炎、贫血、腹泻、消瘦、产蛋量下降等症为主的寄生虫病。球虫种类较多,分布广泛,鸡感染率和死亡率极高。主要以感染15~50日龄的雏鸡为主,病死率高达80%。常见的球虫有柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、布氏艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫等,不同类型的球虫感染引发的症状不同,危害也不同,临床诊断难度也大。     

鸡球虫病防治体会

鸡球虫病是幼鸡常见的一种急性流行性原虫病，以２０日龄以前的雏鸡最易感染，春、夏季多发，发病率和死亡率均较高。由于球虫耐药性强，不少抗球虫药开始应用时有效，不久就出现了耐药虫株，效果逐渐下降，有的甚至被淘汰，给球虫病的防治带来了不少的困难。笔者根据多年防治球虫病的经验，总结如下，以供广大养殖户参考。１分清病原病原为艾美耳球虫，我国已报道的有７种，即柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、哈氏艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫和早熟艾美耳球虫。柔嫩艾美耳球虫寄生在盲肠粘膜内，称盲肠球…     

8301多糖配合柔嫩艾美耳球虫诱导雏鸡保护性免疫的研究

本文观察了８３０１多糖对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫活卵囊免疫效力的影响。结果表明，８３０１多糖配合鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫活印囊免疫雏鸡后７天，应用强毒攻击，雏鸡存活率为１００％，增重率为７１．０７％，抗球虫指数为１７０．５５。单用柔嫩艾美耳球虫活卵囊免疫的雏鸡存活卒、增重率及抗球虫指数分别为６６．７％、４６．２７％及１１４．９３。在明８３０１多糖能增强鸡球虫免疫的效力。     

动物医院门诊病鸡球虫感染情况及其种类调查

对送检扬州大学动物医院50只鸡的球虫感染情况调查显示，15日龄以内鸡的球虫感染率为20％，15—50日龄鸡为96．5％，50日龄以上鸡为100％，总感染率为90％。共检出7种球虫，即柔嫩艾美耳76％、堆型艾美耳56％、巨型艾美耳22％、早熟艾美耳16％、和缓艾美耳10％、毒害艾美耳4％和布氏艾美耳2％。柔嫩和堆型为优势种。球虫多为混合感染的占71．1％，2种球虫混合感染最多占44.4％。传染性法氏囊病例鸡中，严重感染球虫的最多为43．1％。     

防治鸡球虫病用药要科学

鸡球虫病是鸡常见的一种急性流行性原虫病，对养鸡业危害严重。主要危害3月龄以内的雏鸡．3～7周龄最易感。主要特征是患鸡消瘦、贫血和血痢。鸡的球虫主要是艾美耳属的9种球虫。它们寄生于鸡的肠道中，其中对鸡危害最大的有两种．即盲肠球虫（柔嫩艾美耳球虫）和小肠球虫（毒害艾美耳球虫）。     

鸡胚接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆形艾美耳球虫活卵囊的免疫保护试验

给18日龄鸡胚接种一定剂量的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella)和/或堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)孢子化卵囊,出雏后在无球虫环境中笼养,1~10日龄每天收集各组粪便样本,计数克粪便卵囊数(OPG),并于14日龄时以大剂量同源孢子化卵囊攻虫,以相对增重率(RWG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)评价免疫保护效果。结果显示,以E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊免疫18日龄鸡胚,其卵囊排出的潜隐期及达到峰值的时间与1日龄雏鸡接种组相一致,有相似的排卵囊曲线,提示其诱导免疫的建立是在出雏后开始建立的。攻虫后各免疫组的RWG由攻虫对照组的31.9%~51.7%提高到了76.5%~83.6%,RCR由攻虫对照组的4.11~4.89改善为2.72~2.96,ROP降至4.7%~23.5%。结果表明以一定剂量E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊单独或混合经羊膜腔免疫18日龄鸡胚都可以建立起针对出雏后14日龄同源攻虫的良好免疫保护力。比较混合免疫E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊组与单一接种E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊组的免疫效果发现,混合免疫组的各项指标均稍优于后者。     

Differential diagnosis of five avian Eimeria species by polymerase chain reaction using primers derived from the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequence

Chicken coccidia are protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. They cause economical losses in the poultry industry globally. The various species can be distinguished on the basis of the morphology of the oocysts and parasitic site in intestine, but these criteria sometimes are unreliable. Therefore, a species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed. Based on variable sequence regions, specific primers were constructed for the differentiation of five Eimeria species (Eimeria acervulina, E. brunette, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. tenella). PCR products were amplified from coccidian vaccine (coccivac-D and coccivac-B) and E. tenella and were subsequently sequenced. Similarities of the five species sequences between the vaccines and Genbank were 94-100%. Analysis of the E. tenella internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) partial sequence from Taiwan and from Genbank indicated that the similarity was 99.6%. The PCR sensitivity test of E. tenella in Taiwan is 50 oocysts. The five sets of primers will not amplify any non-specific bands of the chicken genome or its intestinal contents. Therefore, the five sets of specifically designed primers are guaranteed to be useful for differential diagnosis of avian coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp.     

抗鸡球虫药物的合理应用

鸡球虫种类很多,目前世界公认的有8 种,其中危害最大的有艾美耳属的柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫2种,是养鸡业中严重多发,且防制困难的疾病之一,其死亡率达40%～50%。近几年来由于各养殖户缺乏疾病防制知识,使用药物防治球虫病时并不能做到合理选用和科学应用,导致球虫的耐药性不断增加,球虫病在一定区域仍然广泛流行。作者阐述了如何合理应用抗球虫药物来减少药物产生耐药性,使其更有效地治疗鸡球虫病。     

张家口地区兔球虫感染情况初步调查

采用饱和盐水漂浮法对张家口地区的家兔球虫种类及感染情况进行了调查,结果表明：该地区家兔球虫感染率为68％;鉴定出6种艾关耳球虫,其中最主要的有三种,即大型艾关耳球虫、盲肠艾关耳球虫和穿孔艾关耳球虫。     

Molecular identification of Eimeria species infecting market-age meat chickens in commercial flocks in Ontario

A previously described multiplex PCR was evaluated for the identification and prevalence of Eimeria species in market-age commercial chicken flocks in Ontario. The multiplex PCR based on species-specific RAPD-SCAR markers was able to distinguish six available laboratory strains of Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. acervulina, and E. brunetti) and E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina in unknown field samples, including multiple infections in single reactions. No backyard (0/77) and 20/360 market-age commercial chickens were oocyst-positive using standard fecal flotation methods. PCR identified E. tenella alone (9/360, 2.5%), E. maxima alone (5/360, 1.38%), E. maxima plus E. tenella (5/360, 1.38%) and E. acervulina alone (1/360, 0.27%) in market-age commercial broilers. This is probably the first time the multiplex PCR has been evaluated in poultry establishments in Canada and illustrates the value of the tool in coccidiosis epidemiology on commercial farms.     

Inter- and intra-strain variation and PCR detection of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences of Australian isolates of Eimeria species from chickens

The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of seven species of Eimeria involved in chicken coccidiosis in Australia by comparing internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences, ITS-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and to apply phylogenetic analysis to assess evolutionary relationships of Australian isolates. Twenty-two distinct ITS-1 regions of 15 Australian Eimeria isolates were sequenced, and analysed using maximum parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods. Poor bootstrap support, resulting from high ITS-1 sequence heterogeneity between all species groups, resulted in polychotomy of the Eimeria species in all three trees generated by these analyses. Percentage identity analyses revealed two distant ITS-1 lineages in both E. mitis and E. maxima at the same levels that separate the two species E. tenella and E. necatrix. One E. maxima lineage consisted of Australian isolates, the other American isolates, with one European sequence (originating from the same isolate) in each lineage. One Australian E. praecox sequence was only distantly related (33% variation) to three E. praecox sequences from Australian and European isolates. Short and long ITS-1 variants were isolated from both E. tenella (cloned line) and E. necatrix isolates with deletions (106 and 73 bp, respectively) in the short variants within the 3' region of the ITS-1 sequence. ITS-1 sequences of strains of both E. brunetti and E. acervulina species varied the least. Apart from E. maxima, all of the ITS-1 sequences of the six remaining individual species clustered to the exclusion of other species in all phylogenetic trees. Published ITS-1 tests for E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti and E. tenella, combined with three new tests for E. mitis, E. praecox and Australian E. maxima amplified all respective Australian isolates specifically in a nested format using conserved ITS-1 PCR products as template to improve the sensitivity. All PCR tests were confirmed against a collection of 24 Australian chicken Eimeria isolates and contaminating species were detected in some instances. In conclusion, once the genetic variation between species and strains is determined, the ITS-1 is a good target for the development of species-specific assays, but the ITS-1 sequences alone do not seem suitable for the confirmation of phylogenetic inferences for these species. This study reports the first attempt at the analysis of the phylogeny and sequence comparison of the Eimeria species involved in chicken coccidiosis in Australia.     

阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗鸡球虫病的试验研究

为了观察阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗艾美耳球虫的效果,试验设5个药物试验组、阳性及阴性对照组。70只13日龄的雏鸡随机分为7组,其中药物试验组鸡只开始给药。给药24 h后,除阴性对照组外,其余组鸡只均接种混合的球虫孢子化卵囊(5万/羽),试验后根据抗球虫指数(ACI)判断抗球虫药的疗效。结果显示所有给药组中65 mg/kg阿德呋啉水溶剂组ACI为185.54,抗球虫效果最好,为高效抗球虫药;其余阿德呋啉试验组ACI均低于180,浓度过高抗球虫效果差;妥曲珠利试验组ACI低于120,为低效抗球虫药。试验得到了最佳的使用浓度,为球虫病的防治提供了方法。     

复方球虫散对人工感染鸡球虫病治疗效果的临床试验

为科学、客观地评价复方球虫散对实验性鸡球虫病的防治效果,采用人工接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊的方法复制鸡球虫病,使用纯中药组方复方球虫散进行鸡球虫病的临床疗效试验,观察并计算复方球虫散对试验鸡的死亡率、相对增重率、病变值和卵囊值的影响,并求出复方球虫散的抗球虫指数(ACI).试验结果表明:复方球虫散按1.0%拌料混饲,对鸡球虫病有较好的治疗效果.     

Prevalence and risk factors for subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in Mazandaran province,Iran

Coccidiosis is a disease of almost universal importance in Poultry production. The subclinical form of coccidiosis has most significant economic impact due to impaired growth rate and feed conversion. Some factors such as: age, size of flock, season, etc., may effect on severity of this disease. In this study, the relationships between some major risk factors and prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis were investigated. This study was done in 120 broiler farms in five different cities of Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Five chicks (3–8 weeks of ages) were taken randomly from every 120 farms and post-mortem and parasitological examinations were performed. Five Eimeria spp. were recognized: Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria necatrix. The prevalence rate of subclinical coccidiosis among them is 75% (90 farms out of 120). E. acervulina was the most prevalent species (65.5%) followed by E. maxima (17.7%), E. tenella (15.5%), E. brunetti (10%), and E. necatrix (5.5%). According to what the results approve, the occurrence of subclinical coccidiosis is significantly related to the age and size of flock, whereas the other factors such as the season of year, industrial strains, chicken’s keeping system, and anticoccidial drugs do not affect this phenomenon remarkably.     

杀球灵对鸡盲肠球虫病的治疗试验及作用峰期探讨

本试验用１０日龄公雏９６只,分为８个组。氯嗪苯乙氰用量为１×１０－６,其中６个组分别在感染后０,４８,７２,９６,１２０,１５４ｈ给药治疗人工感染１×１０５个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊的雏鸡。结果表明杀球灵（Ｃｌｉｎａｃｏｘ）为高效抗球虫药物,兼有预防和治疗作用。作用于盲肠球虫的有性生殖和无性生殖阶段。