再生水灌溉对土壤盐分和重金属累积分布影响的研究

再生水是农业灌溉的重要水资源。为了合理利用城市污水处理后的再生水资源,采用天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行叶类蔬菜小区种植试验,研究了再生水灌溉对菜地土壤次生盐渍化及盐分离子和重金属离子累积分布规律的影响。结果表明:除0~15 cm土层全盐量增加外,15~45 cm土壤层盐分累积现象与自来水灌溉相比无明显差异。与自来水灌溉相比,短期内采用再生水灌溉不会显著增加土壤阳离子含量。重金属在土壤中的累积也不明显,同时,不同再生水灌溉水量条件下,土壤中重金属含量无显著差异,且土壤中的重金属含量都远低于国家标准规定的允许值,表明再生水短期灌溉对土壤环境不会造成污染影响。     

再生水灌溉过程中土壤盐分及重金属运移研究

采用污水处理厂再生水,以自来水为对照,通过土柱模拟试验,研究了2种灌溉方式下土壤盐分及重金属的积累分布规律,同时分析了土壤淋滤液中重金属的质量浓度。结果表明,除0～20cm土层全盐量增加外,20～60cm土层盐分积累与自来水灌溉无明显差异;重金属在土壤中累积不明显,与自来水灌溉相比,重金属质量分数无显著差异;土壤淋滤液...     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长的影响

在北京市北小河污水处理厂进行了再生水灌溉草坪草试验,选用3种再生水(二级处理水、一般三级处理水超滤、深度三级处理水反渗透)灌溉6种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、匍匐翦股颖、结缕草、野牛草),再加上自来水灌溉作为对比。研究表明：在草坪草生理方面,与自来水对比,二级处理水和一般三级处理水超滤灌溉能显著促进草坪草的生长,较明显地增强草坪草抗性,而深度处理的三级处理水反渗透则不显著,这表明草坪草在再生水灌溉中有非常良好的优势;在草坪草矿质元素含量上,自来水灌溉与再生水灌溉差异很小。土壤中有害的矿质元素,如重金属、氯化物、氟化物等被草坪草大量吸收,通过修剪被移走,从而有效地减轻有害矿质元素对土壤和环境的不良影响。这表明草坪草在修复污染土壤上可能有良好的应用前景。     

长期畜禽养殖污水灌溉对土壤养分和重金属积累的影响

在浙北地区选择了16个样区(包括7个水田样区和9个蔬菜地样区),每个样区同时采集了畜禽养殖污水长期灌溉农田与无污水灌溉历史的对照农田土壤样品,比较分析了土壤中养分和重金属积累状况。结果表明,长期畜禽养殖污水灌溉可明显增加表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机C、全N、全P、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、盐分、NH4+-N、NO3--N、有效P和有效K的含量,但对土壤pH、全K、Pb、Ni、Cr、Hg的影响不明显。畜禽养殖污水灌溉对蔬菜地的影响明显大于水田。典型样区土壤垂直剖面分析结果表明,长期畜禽污水灌溉也可对剖面中20~60 cm土层的NH4+-N、NO3--N和有效P含量也产生一定的影响。     

农村生活再生水灌溉调控对稻田养分的影响

选择符合农田灌溉水质要求的3种灌溉水源(农村生活污水一级处理水R1、二级处理水R2、河道清水R3),3种灌溉水位调控(低水位W1蓄污(雨)上限为50～70 mm,中水位W2蓄污(雨)上限为50～100 mm,高水位W3蓄污(雨)上限为50～150 mm),用以开展不同灌溉水源和水位调控对稻田土壤氮素和有机质养分的影响研...     

清、污水灌溉对冬小麦生长发育影响的田间试验研究

污水灌溉对作物生长和土壤环境的影响日益受到人们的关注。通过在北京东郊所进行的清、污水灌溉田间试验 ,着重探讨了污灌条件下 ,不同灌水水量和施肥量对冬小麦生长和产量的影响。试验设置了 2种灌水水质 (清水和污水 )、3种灌水水平 (高水、中水和低水 ) ,2种施肥水平 (中肥和无肥 ,限污水灌溉 ) ,共 9个处理 ,2组重复。结果表明 :污水灌溉对冬小麦茎叶的生长发育有一定的促进作用 ,并能提高产量 17.6 %～ 31.1% ;虽然灌溉污水能够提供一定的养分 ,但对冬小麦适量施用氮肥仍然很有必要。     

再生水灌溉对甘蓝品质和重金属累积特性影响研究

采用天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行甘蓝栽培大田灌溉试验,研究了再生水灌溉对甘蓝品质、微量元素和重金属累积特性的影响。结果表明:再生水灌溉对甘蓝维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量影响与自来水灌溉相比,各处理间检验差异未达到显著性水平;短期再生水与自来水混灌或轮灌对甘蓝微量元素Na、Mg、K、Ca和Zn含量与自来水灌溉间无显著性差异;甘蓝地上部中重金属镉、铅、砷、铬含量虽均低于国家卫生标准(GB 15201—1994、GB 14935—1994、GB 4810—1994和GB 14961—1994)规定,且与自来水灌溉对照间不存在显著性差异。     

再生水灌溉对土壤盐渍化与重金属累积影响研究

再生水是农业灌溉重要的水资源,为了合理利用城市污水处理后的再生水资源,采用包头南郊污水厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行土柱试验,研究再生水灌溉下对土壤盐渍化以及重金属离子累积分布的影响。结果表明,除0~15 cm土壤中全盐量、电导率会增加外,其余土壤深度全盐量、电导率均无显著差异。重金属在土壤中累积不明显,同时,不同再生水灌溉重金属差异不大,且土壤中重金属含量均远低于国家标准规定的允许值,表明再生水灌溉短期内不会对土壤环境造成污染。     

长期咸水灌溉对小麦光合特性与土壤盐分的影响

于2013—2015年研究了不同咸水利用方式(CK,淡水;T1,咸水与淡水混配为1.8 g/L的混合水灌溉;T2,3.6 g/L咸水与淡水交替灌溉;T3,3.6 g/L咸水灌溉;T4,无灌溉)对冬小麦光合特征及土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:T3和T4处理的株高、叶面积指数、叶面积持续期、叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观光量子效率(φ)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和产量较淡水处理显著下降,且连续灌溉3.6 g/L的咸水导致土壤发生积盐,不宜连续灌溉。T1和T2处理与CK的株高、光合特性无显著差异,土壤盐分虽有一定积累,但未影响作物的生长。可见,T1(咸淡混溉)和T2(咸淡水交替灌溉)处理的咸水利用方式对冬小麦生长无负调控效应。从土壤生态环境及小麦产量的影响角度考虑,混灌和轮灌既能保证作物产量较淡水灌溉不减产,土壤未发生次生盐渍化,同时节约淡水资源。     

咸淡水交替灌溉对南疆设施番茄酶活性及产量品质的影响

为了探究不同咸淡水交替灌溉对设施番茄土壤盐分胁迫响应及产量品质的影响，以“秦岭蔬越”番茄品种为研究对象，共设置W1 （淡咸咸）、W2 （淡咸淡）和W3 （咸淡淡） 3种咸淡水交替灌溉方式，并以淡水灌溉（CK）对照。结果表明：在咸淡水交替灌溉方式下，番茄生育期土壤盐分出现逐渐累积趋势，整体表现为W1>W2>W3处理，且W1、W2处理土壤盐分表聚现象较为严重，而W3处理土壤盐分有向下淋洗趋势，土壤表层积盐较轻。不同咸淡水交替灌溉后，由于土壤盐分累积程度不同，使番茄受到盐分胁迫的差异较大，其中番茄叶片内丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（PRO）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、可溶性糖（SS）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量均有不同程度增加。由相关性分析可知，土壤盐分与番茄叶片CAT、PRO呈极显著性正相关（P<0.01），与叶片SS呈显著性正相关（P<0.05），说明番茄通过改变各种保护酶活性及渗透物质含量提高自身抗逆性，以应对盐分胁迫危害。通过对比分析，W3处理番茄可溶性固形物、硝酸盐、Vc和总酚含量及产量均高于对照，说明适宜的咸淡水交替灌溉...     

再生水灌溉对绿地土壤的影响研究进展

通过查阅再生水灌溉绿地的相关研究文献,总结了再生水灌溉对绿地土壤的影响及其研究的最新进展。长期用再生水灌溉会使绿地土壤的肥力、盐分及重金属含量增加,并且会发生盐碱化现象,使土壤板结,渗透率下降,对植物生长造成不利影响。归纳分析了避免和消除这些不利影响的方法,在此基础上,总结提出了再生水灌溉绿地需进一步研究的问题。     

再生水应用于城市绿地的微灌技术

基于目前城市绿地采用饮用水地面喷灌技术,造成绿地喷灌用水量不均匀且极大地浪费饮用水资源等问题,探讨了应用于城市绿地微灌的再生水处理工艺、处理后再生利用的水质标准及其微灌系统设计技术。通过对再生水绿地微灌系统的设计参数、首部枢纽、管网布置、灌水器的喷洒方式及控制系统等的设计介绍,归纳了城市绿地再生水微灌系统的一般规划设计方法,并对再生水微灌技术应用于城市绿地的经济与社会效益进行了初步分析。经探讨分析认为,再生水微灌技术在城市污水再生利用、降低水环境负荷和推广先进的绿地灌溉节水技术等方面找到了新的结合点,并且对污(废)水再生利用、保护水环境、节约水资源、城市生态景观绿化等技术结合方面的研究与应用起到了较大的推动作用。     

北京城市园林绿地中的雨水利用

为更好地促进城市园林绿地的可持续发展,缓解城市水资源短缺与园林绿地灌溉用水之间的矛盾,根据北京地区降雨特点及城市绿地建设现状,提出了下凹式绿地、渗水井、渗水边沟、树皮覆盖、渗透铺装几项雨水利用措施及其在绿地中的实施方法。这些措施可以将雨水最大限度应用到城市绿地,满足园林植物生长的需求,同时可以有效地回补地下水。雨水资源的有效集汇利用,在一定程度上降低了绿地灌溉量,节约水资源。     

Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece

Approximately, seventy (70) percent of world water use including all the water diverted from rivers and pumped from underground is used for agricultural irrigation, so that the reuse of treated municipal wastewater for purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation reduces the amount of water that needs to be extracted from natural water sources as well as reducing discharge of wastewater to the environment. Thus, treated municipal wastewater is a valuable water source for recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean countries and other arid and semi-arid regions which are confronting increasing water shortages. Treated wastewater reuse in agriculture is a common practice in the Mediterranean countries and there is a considerable interest in the long-term effects of treated wastewater on crops intended for human consumption. This paper reviews the fundamentals of agricultural irrigation using treated municipal wastewater and the status of municipal wastewater reuse in Greece and Spain with studies related to the effects on soils and plants.     

微咸水-淡水交替灌溉对玉米生长指标及产量的影响

以隆平206玉米品种为载体进行了温室避雨盆栽试验,试验设计"咸-淡-淡"、"淡-咸-淡"和"淡-淡-咸"3种交替灌溉模式,即分别在壮苗期、拔节期、抽雄—乳熟期3个阶段灌溉微咸水,微咸水矿化度设计为1、3和5 g/L,监测生长生理和产量指标。结果表明,任一时期灌溉矿化度1 g/L微咸水对玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD和产量影响不明显;随微咸水矿化度的增加,玉米受抑制作用增强;微咸水灌溉后壮苗期玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD受影响显著,由于玉米前期补偿生长能力强,随生长推进,壮苗期微咸水灌溉处理与CK间差异逐渐减小,玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD受抑制最显著的为拔节期微咸水灌溉处理,其次是壮苗期,抽雄—乳熟期最小;对玉米产量影响最大的是抽雄—乳熟期微咸水灌溉处理,其次是拔节期,壮苗期影响最小,故生殖生长阶段不宜采用微咸水灌溉;滨海农区可根据淡水、微咸水资源的时空分布特征设计交替灌溉制度,利用淡水灌溉的补偿效应确保玉米产量。     

Yield and quality of trickle-irrigated chile peppers

This study determined the relationship between the amount of irrigation water applied and the yield and quality of trickle-irrigated chile peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). From 1977 through 1983, field experiments were conducted near Las Cruces, NM. Field trickle lines were buried 5–8 cm below the soil surface and the amount of applied water was monitored with water meters. Meteorological data were gathered at a nearby weather station for irrigation scheduling. A linear relation, Y = ?14.11 + 0.56D_iw with a R² = 0.69 was found for green chiles where Y is the green chile yield (t/ha) and D_iw is the depth of irrigation water applied (cm), including rain. Maximum yields occurred between 80 and 95 cm of water applied and varied from year to year. Maximum red chile production demands the same irrigation regime as does the green chile, but the influence of fall weather may overshadow the irrigation effects. No water can be saved by stressing the plants during any period of the growing season. The pungency of the green chile peppers shows a clear trend with the irrigation treatments; the drier the treatment, the more pungent the pepper. However, other factors also play a role and may reduce the irrigation effects completely. The effect of harvest date on yield was significant, but this effect can be levelled off by harvesting twice. An interaction effect was found between row spacing and total amount of irrigation water applied.     

Impact of irrigation with treated low quality water on the heavy metal contents of a soil-crop system in Serbia

Water availability for irrigation is a limiting factor for agriculture in Mediterranean countries. An upcoming strategy for increasing water supply is to use treated wastewater for irrigation. A principal drawback of irrigating with wastewater is the potential heavy metal accumulation in soil and foodstuff.Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with treated low quality surface water was studied in a three years experiment. The low quality surface water used for irrigation experiments contained a significant proportion of urban sewage and was spiked with selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb) and arsenic before treatment for years 2 and 3.The experiments were carried out during the growing seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008 on a humogley soil of a commercial vegetable farm, 10 km north of Belgrade, Serbia. The growing seasons started in April/May and finished in August. Irrigation water was treated using (1) a conventional sand filter treatment, and (2) a sand filter combined with a specific filter for heavy metal removal treatment.Irrigation water composition was highly variable and cases both of enrichment and depletion of the measured inorganic trace elements were observed in the treated water, compared to the low quality feed water.In spite of this variability of the irrigation water composition, the soil contents in inorganic elements at the end of the three irrigation years are similar to the initial state. After the third harvest, no impact of the irrigation water on potato quality could be detected except for total sugar and sugar in total solids. Statistical tests (ANOVA) were performed to assess similarities between the different set of samples.The principal conclusion of this investigation is that, when appropriately treated, low quality feed waters with high heavy metal contents can be used for irrigation over several years without significant degradation of soil and produces. Even though, long-term cumulative effects in other pedologic and hydroclimatic settings, irrigation and cropping conditions cannot be excluded.     

Magnetic treatment of irrigation water: Its effects on vegetable crop yield and water productivity

This study examines whether there are any beneficial effects of magnetic treatment of different irrigation water types on water productivity and yield of snow pea, celery and pea plants. Replicated pot experiments involving magnetically treated and non-magnetically treated potable water (tap water), recycled water and saline water (500 ppm and 1000 ppm NaCl for snow peas; 1500 ppm and 3000 ppm for celery and peas) were conducted in glasshouse under controlled environmental conditions during April 2007 to December 2008 period at University of Western Sydney, Richmond Campus (Australia). A magnetic treatment device with its magnetic field in the range of 3.5-136 mT was used for the magnetic treatment of irrigation water. The analysis of the data collected during the study suggests that the effects of magnetic treatment varied with plant type and the type of irrigation water used, and there were statistically significant increases in plant yield and water productivity (kg of fresh or dry produce per kL of water used). In particular, the magnetic treatment of recycled water and 3000 ppm saline water respectively increased celery yield by 12% and 23% and water productivity by 12% and 24%. For snow peas, there were 7.8%, 5.9% and 6.0% increases in pod yield with magnetically treated potable water, recycled water and 1000 ppm saline water, respectively. The water productivity of snow peas increased by 12%, 7.5% and 13% respectively for magnetically treated potable water, recycled water and 1000 ppm saline water. On the other hand, there was no beneficial effect of magnetically treated irrigation water on the yield and water productivity of peas. There was also non-significant effect of magnetic treatment of water on the total water used by any of the three types of vegetable plants tested in this study. As to soil properties after plant harvest, the use of magnetically treated irrigation water reduced soil pH but increased soil EC and available P in celery and snow pea. Overall, the results indicate some beneficial effect of magnetically treated irrigation water, particularly for saline water and recycled water, on the yield and water productivity of celery and snow pea plants under controlled environmental conditions. While the findings of this glasshouse study are interesting, the potential of the magnetic treatment of irrigation water for crop production needs to be further tested under field conditions to demonstrate clearly its beneficial effects on the yield and water productivity.