扬子鳄源沙雷氏菌分离株的病原特性分析

从一起以呼吸系统（肺）病变为主要特征的死亡扬子鳄中分离出３株沙雷氏菌。其培养性状及生化特性基本一致，均匀可产生暗黄色色素。动物实验证明，分离株对小鼠均具有较强的致病性，且从死亡例中收到相应细菌，本文实验表明，沙雷氏菌已不再单单是人医上一类重要的条件致病菌，它亦可引起一动物的发病死亡，在应兽医界引起足够的重视。     

兔暴发普城沙雷氏菌病的诊断

普城沙雷氏菌（SerratiaPlymnthica）曾在灼伤感染病人的呼吸道分泌物、败血症病人的血液、骨髓炎脓汁中检出,未曾见动物病例中检出报道。笔者于1998年5月在一以体温一过性升高、呼吸系统椭圆形出血斑点与肝网状坏死为特征的免急性传染病病例的肝、脾、心血中分离到该菌并经细菌回归免试验复制到病例。1发病情况1998年5月上旬,黄岩江口镇2养兔户分别存栏各种年龄的400只獭兔和180只长毛兔,于接种兔瘟疫苗后第13、79天发病,均自行诊断兔瘟,在发病后第2天紧急接种兔瘟组织灭活苗,未能控制疫情。其中一户于第6天求诊我站,我站临床兽医…     

鳄鱼致病性粘质沙雷氏菌感染

三水森林公园１条母鳄鱼于１９９８年３月２６日死亡,第２天送来病死鳄鱼的肺和胃脏要求进行病原学检验。经分离鉴定,我们从肺和胃壁的坏死灶中分离出致病性粘质沙雷氏菌。报告如下。１流行情况从１９９８年１月至今,三水森林公园共有７只鳄鱼死亡,其中大部分未经任何...     

波尔山羊沙雷氏菌与大肠杆菌混合感染病的诊治

2003年7月份，与河南省安阳市相邻的河北省临漳县某羊场羊群发生咳嗽、流鼻液，以呼吸道为主要症状的疾病，经综合诊断为沙雷氏菌和大肠杆菌混合感染，现将诊治情况报道如下。     

鸡胚感染沙雷氏菌的诊断

禽类胚胎疾病是由多种因素及病原微生物引起的综合性疾病,可造成禽胚的发育受阻,胚胎死亡,孵化率降低等现象,导致养禽业的重大经济损失。其又可分为内源性感染（由母体直接传递病原）和外源性感染（环境中的微生物侵入蛋内）。其中最常见细菌性感染包括了大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、波氏杆菌、假单胞茵、变形杆菌以及一些球菌等。     

鸡胚感染沙雷氏菌的诊断报告

禽类胚胎疾病是由多种因素及病原微生物引起的综合性疾病,可造成禽胚的发育受阻、胚胎死亡、孵化率降低等现象,导致养禽业的重大经济损失。其中最常见细菌性感染包括了大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、波氏杆菌、假单胞菌、变形杆菌以及一些球菌等。     

一株产胶原蛋白酶沙雷氏菌的分离及鉴定

从土样和水样中分离具有明胶水解活性的细菌。经活性平板初筛、牛皮消化实验和活性测定表明,菌株Col-C对牛皮具有较强消化能力,对Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的水解活性为21.19 U/mL。经形态学观察、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescen)。该菌株所产胶原蛋白酶可用于饲用皮革蛋白粉的消化降解。     

猪液化沙雷氏菌的分离与鉴定

液化沙雷氏菌为人呼吸道标本的常见菌，偶在人的血液中检出，曾报道可致鸭发病。笔者于2004年12月在黄岩沙埠某猪场的病猪血液中检出具毒力的液化沙雷氏菌。该场病猪食欲不振，呼吸急促，甚至呈犬坐开口呼吸，食欲废绝，具传染性，而体温始终正常，因久治不愈而送检。后选用药敏试验筛选的敏感药物治愈病猪，控制了疫情。     

扬子鳄的年龄鉴定技术

在2003年3月~2005年3月间,分4次对0.5~6.5年龄段已知年龄的人工饲养的扬子鳄头长(HL)、头宽(HW)、吻眼间距(SE)和眼间距(EE)这4个头部形态参数和体长进行测量。在所测量的各年龄段中,鳄的体长范围互有重叠,不适合作为鳄年龄鉴定的指标。以体长作为协变量的协方差分析表明:头长在0.5龄与2.5龄间(P=0.173)无显著性差异,头宽在0.5龄与1.5、2.5和3.5龄间(P=1.171、P=1.013、P=1.533)以及1.5龄与2.5龄间(P=0.159)无显著性差异;而头长和头宽在其他年龄段间,以及吻眼间距和眼间距在所有年龄段间均有极显著性差异;同一批鳄生长一年后,即1.5龄长到2.5龄,2.5龄长到3.5龄,4.5龄长到5.5龄,其头部形态的4个参数都有显著性变化,而在不同年份生长的同龄鳄间,如在1.52、.5和5.5龄的同龄鳄间,其吻眼间距都存在显著性差异,头长和头宽在2.5和5.5龄时具有显著性差异,眼间距却都无显著性差异,保持着稳定的状态;在同龄的不同性别鳄中,如4.5龄的雌雄鳄间,眼间距无显著性差异,即该参数不存在性别的差异。经比较分析显示,扬子鳄的年龄不宜通过体长、头长、头宽和吻眼间距等参数进行确定,而与眼间距值存在着对应关系。这一研究结果为野生扬子鳄种群的结构变化建立动态模型,为野生扬子鳄的性成熟年龄及生育年龄做出准确的判断,对鳄的引种贸易和科研中的样本筛选等具有重要的指导作用。     

圈养扬子鳄繁殖能力的探查

为了探查扬子鳄人工种群的繁殖能力,对1996~2005年安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心的亲本鳄和子一代鳄繁殖情况进行观察和研究。经过对其繁殖参数的统计分析,得出亲本鳄与子一代鳄在卵的短径和重量、窝卵数、卵受精率和孵化率、出壳一周内雏鳄的死亡率以及雏鳄生长量方面无显著性差异,即子一代鳄的繁殖能力与亲本鳄的相同。该结果表明目前圈养扬子鳄的繁殖能力尚未降低。     

Effects of bacterial lipopolysachharide on peripheral leukocytes in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Alligators were injected intraperitoneally with four different doses (10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/kg body weight) of a mixture of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from three different types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Injection of the alligators with the LPS mixture resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in total peripheral leukocytes Lymphocytes increased at days 3 and 4 post-injection, and decreased back to baseline levels at day 7 for all doses. Alligators that were not treated, and those injected with pyrogen-free saline, did not exhibit statistically significant changes in total leukocytes during the course of the study. Injection of alligators with 0.5 mg LPS/kg body weight derived from one of three bacterial species revealed that the leukocyte increases observed were not statistically different for all three types of LPS. The animals displayed the same increases in total counts and the levels of all circulating leukocyte types were not different between animals treated with a combination of LPS from all three bacterial species.     

Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of leukocyte extracts from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Leukocytes were isolated from whole blood of wild alligators by differential sedimentation. The leukocytes were disrupted in 5% AcOH and the crude extracts processed by ultrafiltration. The extracts were subjected to solvent exchange (0.1% AcOH) and the fraction that contained macromolecules between 1 and 10 kDa were subjected to further analyses. The acid extracts of the alligator leukocytes exhibited substantial antimycotic activities against six of eight species of Candida yeast tested. In addition, the alligator leukocyte extracts were effective as antimicrobial agents against 10 of 12 bacterial species, and displayed moderate activity against two enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-1_HF). Kinetic analyses revealed that the antimycotic effects of the leukocyte extract occurred rapidly, with 64% fungal growth inhibition within 3 min of exposure. The molecule(s) responsible for the antimicrobial activities were sensitive to proteases, heat-stable, acid soluble, and in the 1–10 kDa range. These data suggest that alligator leukocytes express cationic peptides that are responsible for their antimicrobial properties.     

An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility.

An environmental microbiologic investigation was conducted in an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility in a zoo in the southeastern U.S. The facility had housed five alligators between March 1999 and February 2005. In the exhibit, one alligator died and all experienced poor health. It was hypothesized that environmental microbial contamination was associated with these issues. Samples were collected for fungal identification and quantification, microcystin analysis, and airborne mycotoxins. Analyses of air and water were conducted and an examination of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system (HVAC) for design, maintenance, and operating issues was made. Two control sites, a facility for false gharials (Tomistoma schlegelii) and an off-site alligator breeding facility, were also tested. Morbidity and mortality records were examined for all sites. Results showed that, compared to the control sites, the test alligator facility and its HVAC system were extensively contaminated with a range of fungi. Nearly all sampled surfaces featured fungal growth. There were also significantly higher counts of Penicillium/Aspergillus-like and Chrysosporium-like spores in the air (P < 0.004). The design, maintenance, and operation of the HVAC system were all inadequate, resulting in poorly conditioned and mold-contaminated air being introduced to the facility. Morbidity records revealed solitary pulmonary disorders over time in three alligators, with one dying as a result. The other two alligators suffered from general malaise and a range of nonspecific symptoms. The control facilities had no morbidity or mortality issues. In conclusion, although no causal links could be demonstrated because of the nature of the morbidity data, environmental mold contamination appeared to be associated with the history of morbidity and mortality in the alligator exhibit.     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after single-dose oral and intravenous administration in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered orally and i.v. to American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) at 5 mg/kg was determined. Plasma levels of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and the resulting concentration versus time curve analyzed using compartmental modeling techniques for the i.v. data and noncompartmental modeling techniques for the oral data. A two-compartment model best represented the i.v. data. Intravenous administration of enrofloxacin resulted in an extrapolated mean plasma concentration of 4.19 +/- 4.23 microg/ml at time zero, with average plasma drug levels remaining above 1.0 microg/ml for an average of 36 hr. Plasma volume of distribution for i.v. enrofloxacin was 1.88 +/- 0.96 L/kg, with a harmonic mean elimination half-life of 21.05 hr and mean total body clearance rate of 0.047 +/- 0.021 L/hr/kg. Plasma levels of p.o. enrofloxacin remained below 1.0 microg/ml in all test animals, and average concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 0.50 microg/ml throughout the sampling period. Oral administration of enrofloxacin achieved a mean maximum plasma concentration of 0.50 +/- 0.27 microg/ml at 55 +/- 29 hr after administration, with a harmonic mean terminal elimination half-life of 77.73 hr. Minimal levels of ciprofloxacin were detected after both oral and i.v. enrofloxacin administration, with concentrations below minimum inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible organisms. On the basis of the results of this study, enrofloxacin administered to American alligators at 5 mg/kg i.v. q 36 hr is expected to maintain plasma concentrations that approximate the minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptible organisms (0.5 microg/ml). Enrofloxacin administered to American alligators at 5 mg/kg p.o. is not expected to achieve minimum inhibitory values for susceptible organisms.     

Computed tomography of granulomatous pneumonia with oxalosis in an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) associated with Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae

An 18-yr-old, male, albino, American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) was evaluated for decreased appetite and abnormal buoyancy. Computed tomography (CT) of the coelomic cavity showed multifocal mineral and soft tissue attenuating pulmonary masses consistent with pulmonary fungal granulomas. Additionally, multifocal areas of generalized, severe emphysema and pulmonary and pleural thickening were identified. The alligator was euthanized and necropsy revealed severe fungal pneumonia associated with oxalosis. Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae was cultured from lung tissue and exhibited oxalate crystal formation in vitro. Crystals were identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate by X-ray powder defractometry. Fungal identification was based on morphology, including tissue sporulation, and DNA sequence analysis. This organism is typically thought of as an entomopathogen. Clinical signs of fungal pneumonia in nonavian reptiles are often inapparent until the disease is at an advanced stage, making antemortem diagnosis challenging. This case demonstrates the value of CT for pulmonary assessment and diagnosis of fungal pneumonia in the American alligator. Fungal infection with associated oxalosis should not be presumed to be aspergillosis.