Tubular graphite cones

We report the synthesis of tubular graphite cones using a chemical vapor deposition method. The cones have nanometer-sized tips, micrometer-sized roots, and hollow interiors with a diameter ranging from about 2 to several tens of nanometers. The cones are composed of cylindrical graphite sheets; a continuous shortening of the graphite layers from the interior to the exterior makes them cone-shaped. All of the tubular graphite cones have a faceted morphology. The constituent graphite sheets have identical chiralities of a zigzag type across the entire diameter, imparting structural control to tubular-based carbon structures. The tubular graphite cones have potential for use as tips for scanning probe microscopy, but with greater rigidity and easier mounting than currently used carbon nanotubes.     

Giant Friedel Oscillations on the Beryllium(0001) Surface

Large-amplitude electron density oscillations were observed on a Be(0001) surface by means of variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Fourier transforms of the images showed a ring of radius 2kF, where kF is the Fermi wave vector of the Be(0001) surface state. This wavelength was expected from Friedel oscillations caused by electronic screening of surface defects, but the amplitude of the waves for energies near the Fermi energy was anomalously large and inconsistent with the Friedel concept of screening. The enhanced amplitude of the waves must be a many-body effect, either in the electron gas (possibly an incipient charge density wave) or in the response of the lattice (electron-phonon coupling).     

石墨残存化合物的官能团与电性能的理论分析

通过式外光谱仪的分析测定，确定石墨残存化合物存在朱少官能团，这些官能团对石墨的结构有影响，对石墨的性能也有直接影响，通过电阻率的测定，发现了性能的重大变化，本文对其影响做了详细分析。     

Defects in carbon nanostructures

Previous high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) observations of the carbon nanotubes have led to a "Russian doll" structural model that is based on hollow concentric cylinders capped at both ends. The structures of the carbon nanotubes and particles were characterized here by bulk physical and chemical property measurements. The individual nanostructure is as compressible as graphite in the c axis, and such nanostructures can be intercalated with potassium and rubidium, leading to a saturation composition of "MC(8)." These results are counter to expectations that are based on a Russian doll structure. HREM after intercalation with potassium and deintercalation indicates that individual nanoparticles are a "paper-mache" of smaller graphite layers. Direct current magnetization and electron spin resonance measurements indicate that the electronic properties of the nanostructures are distinctly different from those of graphite. Although the nanostructures have distinct morphologies and electronic properties, they are highly defective and have a local structure similar to turbostratic graphite.     

Synthesis and solid-state NMR structural characterization of 13C-labeled graphite oxide

The detailed chemical structure of graphite oxide (GO), a layered material prepared from graphite almost 150 years ago and a precursor to chemically modified graphenes, has not been previously resolved because of the pseudo-random chemical functionalization of each layer, as well as variations in exact composition. Carbon-13 (13C) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectra of GO for natural abundance 13C have poor signal-to-noise ratios. Approximately 100% 13C-labeled graphite was made and converted to 13C-labeled GO, and 13C SSNMR was used to reveal details of the chemical bonding network, including the chemical groups and their connections. Carbon-13-labeled graphite can be used to prepare chemically modified graphenes for 13C SSNMR analysis with enhanced sensitivity and for fundamental studies of 13C-labeled graphite and graphene.     

Concentration oscillations and efficiency: glycolysis

The oscillations observed in glycolysis are analyzed from the point of view of efficiency of free energy conversion. It is suggested that the mechanisms generating these oscillations may have evolved in order to reduce the dissipation of free energy.     

Resonant oscillations between the solid earth and the atmosphere

Continuously excited free oscillations of the whole Earth have been found in the ground noise in a frequency band of long-period surface waves. Here we report evidence of an annual variation of this phenomenon, indicating that the excitation source is not within the solid Earth. There is evidence that these seismic free oscillations resonate with acoustic free oscillations of the atmosphere. The observed amplitudes suggest that the excitation source is at or just above Earth's surface.     

石墨材料对黑曲霉和金黄色葡萄球菌生长的不同作用

向PDA培养基中加入膨胀石墨观察黑曲霉的生长,向牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中加入膨胀石墨观察金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。结果发现:不加膨胀石墨的PDA培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径小于加入膨胀石墨的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径。不加膨胀石墨的牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中金黄色葡萄球菌落直径大于加入膨胀石墨的培养基中金黄色葡萄球菌落直径。证实在PDA培养基中膨胀石墨对黑曲霉生长有促进作用,而在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中膨胀石墨的加入对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有抑制作用。     

Rectification of STM Current to Graphite Covered with Phthalocyanine Molecules

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to measure current-voltage characteristics on an atomic scale. The attachment of copper phthalocyanine molecules, in contrast to a variety of other molecules, to graphite changes the electrical characteristics of the STM from relatively symmetric to highly asymmetric or rectifying. Evidence is presented to show that the asymmetry arises because of the electronic energy levels of the copper phthalocyanine. The organic molecules were bonded to the graphite by an acid-base reaction that may have wide applicability.     

Electron plasma oscillations upstream of the solar wind termination shock

Electron plasma oscillations have been detected upstream of the solar wind termination shock by the plasma wave instrument on the Voyager 1 spacecraft. These waves were first observed on 11 February 2004, at a heliocentric radial distance of 91.0 astronomical units, and continued sporadically with a gradually increasing occurrence rate for nearly a year. The last event occurred on 15 December 2004, at 94.1 astronomical units, just before the spacecraft crossed the termination shock. Since then, no further electron plasma oscillations have been observed, consistent with the spacecraft having crossed the termination shock into the heliosheath.     

基于小波分析的电力系统振荡与短路识别方法

以小波变换中多分辨分析为基础,研究区分电力系统振荡与短路方法.小波分析能有效地提取电压、电流故障信号中的有用成份,提出一种以能量变化为判据的小波能量法,以识别电力系统振荡和短路.应用MATLAB的PSB工具箱建立振荡和短路仿真模型,应用小波能量法提取电力系统振荡电流与短路电流的小波能量,通过数值分析,识别电力系统振荡与短路.结果分析表明:小波能量法识别电力系统振荡和短路简单便捷,准确有效.小波能量法识别电力系统振荡和短路是十分可行的.     

膨胀石墨颗粒对黑曲霉生长的影响

以-60~+100目和-100~+200目膨胀石墨为添加剂加入到PDA培养基中,观察对黑曲霉的作用,结果发现:在不同培养时间内,加入膨胀石墨的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径均大于对照黑曲霉菌落直径,加入-100~+200目膨胀石墨的培养基黑曲霉菌落直径均略微小于+100目膨胀石墨,表明膨胀石墨对黑曲霉生长有促进作用,大尺寸膨胀石墨对黑曲霉的生长促进作用优于小尺寸膨胀石墨。     

Graphite polyhedral crystals

Polyhedral nano- and microstructures with shapes of faceted needles, rods, rings, barrels, and double-tipped pyramids, which we call graphite polyhedral crystals (GPCs), have been discovered. They were found in pores of glassy carbon. They have nanotube cores and graphite faces, and they can exhibit unusual sevenfold, ninefold, or more complex axial symmetry. Although some are giant radially extended nanotubes, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy suggest GPCs have a degree of perfection higher than in multiwall nanotubes of similar size. The crystals are up to 1 micrometer in cross section and 5 micrometers in length, and they can probably be grown in much larger sizes. Preliminary results suggest a high electrical conductivity, strength, and chemical stability of GPC.     

隐晶质石墨的结构变化

本文研究了隐晶质石墨原矿、中间石墨及高碳石墨，获得了不同阶段隐晶质的结构参数。隐晶质石墨结构同样在化学、物理作用下会发生变化、经过在似鳞片石墨的层间化合物。隐晶质石墨与酸、碱作用，其微晶中插入了某些基团，而杂质并未在衍射谱线上显示出来。本文对隐晶质原矿提纯也有参考意义。     

钼在石墨炉内石墨探针表面上的原子化机理研究

本文报道了应用Ｘ－射线衍射分析及其它一些实验手段，研究钼在石墨炉内石墨探针表面上的原子化机理。结果表明：钼的原子化源于它的碳化物的热离解。     

Electron Plasma Oscillations Associated with Type III Radio Bursts

Plasma wave electric field measurements with the solar orbiting Helios spacecraft have shown that intense (approximately 10 millivolts per meter) electron plasma oscillations occur in association with type III solar radio bursts. These observations confirm the basic mechanism, proposed in 1958, that type III radio emissions are produced by intense electron plasma oscillations excited in the solor corona by electrons ejected from a solar flare.     

Compressibility of solid c60

Room-temperature powder x-ray diffraction profiles have been obtained at hydrostatic pressures P = 0 and 1.2 gigapascals on the solid phase of cubic C(60) ("fullerite"). Within experimental error, the linear compressibility d(ln a)/dP is the same as the interlayer compressibility d(ln c)/dP of hexagonal graphite, consistent with van der Waals intermolecular bonding. The volume compressibility -d(ln V)/dP is 7.0 +/- 1 x 10(-12) square centimeter per dyne, 3 and 40 times the values for graphite and diamond, respectively.     

Bonding changes in compressed superhard graphite

Compressed under ambient temperature, graphite undergoes a transition at approximately 17 gigapascals. The near K-edge spectroscopy of carbon using synchrotron x-ray inelastic scattering reveals that half of the pi-bonds between graphite layers convert to sigma-bonds, whereas the other half remain as pi-bonds in the high-pressure form. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the high-pressure form is consistent with a distorted graphite structure in which bridging carbon atoms between graphite layers pair and form sigma-bonds, whereas the nonbridging carbon atoms remain unpaired with pi-bonds. The high-pressure form is superhard, capable of indenting cubic-diamond single crystals.     

Encoding of olfactory information with oscillating neural assemblies

In the brain, fast oscillations of local field potentials, which are thought to arise from the coherent and rhythmic activity of large numbers of neurons, were observed first in the olfactory system and have since been described in many neocortical areas. The importance of these oscillations in information coding, however, is controversial. Here, local field potential and intracellular recordings were obtained from the antennal lobe and mushroom body of the locust Schistocerca americana. Different odors evoked coherent oscillations in different, but usually overlapping, ensembles of neurons. The phase of firing of individual neurons relative to the population was not dependent on the odor. The components of a coherently oscillating ensemble of neurons changed over the duration of a single exposure to an odor. It is thus proposed that odors are encoded by specific but dynamic assemblies of coherently oscillating neurons. Such distributed and temporal representation of complex sensory signals may facilitate combinatorial coding and associative learning in these, and possibly other, sensory networks.     

多孔材料对黑曲霉生长作用的研究

[目的]探究多孔材料对黑曲霉生长的影响。[方法]以膨胀石墨和硅藻土为添加剂,将其加入PDA培养基中,观察其对黑曲霉的作用。[结果]培养24 h后,加入膨胀石墨的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径大于对照。加入硅藻土的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径与对照差异不显著。培养48 h后,加入膨胀石墨的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径大于硅藻土,且2种培养基中的黑曲霉菌落直径均大于对照。[结论]培养24 h后,膨胀石墨对黑曲霉有促菌作用,而硅藻土无明显作用;培养48 h后,膨胀石墨对黑曲霉促菌作用优于硅藻土;72 h后,膨胀石墨及硅藻土对黑曲霉促菌作用差异不显著。