Superconductivity in Alkaline Earth-Substituted La2CuO4-y

La(2)CuO4-y ceramics containing a few percent of Ca(2+), Sr(2+), and Ba(2+) ions have been prepared. Resistivity and susceptibility measurements exhibit superconductive onsets (as in earlier Ba(2+)-containing samples). The onset temperature La(2)CuO4-y with Sr(2+) is higher and its superconductivity-induced diamagnetism larger than that found with Ba(2+) and Ca(2+). This is proof that the electronic change resulting from alkaline earthdoping, rather than the size effect, is responsible for superconductivity. The ionic radius of Sr(2+) is close to that of La(3+) for which it presumably substitutes.     

The Resonating Valence Bond State in La2CuO4 and Superconductivity

The oxide superconductors, particularly those recently discovered that are based on La(2)CuO(4), have a set of peculiarities that suggest a common, unique mechanism: they tend in every case to occur near a metal-insulator transition into an odd-electron insulator with peculiar magnetic properties. This insulating phase is proposed to be the long-sought "resonating-valence-bond" state or "quantum spin liquid" hypothesized in 1973. This insulating magnetic phase is favored by low spin, low dimensionality, and magnetic frustration. The preexisting magnetic singlet pairs of the insulating state become charged superconducting pairs when the insulator is doped sufficiently strongly. The mechanism for superconductivity is hence predominantly electronic and magnetic, although weak phonon interactions may favor the state. Many unusual properties are predicted, especially of the insulating state.     

Direct Observation and Analysis of CuO2 Shear Defects in La2-xSrxCuO4

Direct observations of CuO(2) sheet defect structures in superconducting La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4), with x in the range 0.05 crystallographic directions, by a pure shear mechanism along the edge of the octahedral copper-oxygen units. The line defects are partial screw dislocations, with characteristic displacement vectors of the type <(a/2), 0, (c/6)>, bounding the stacking faults. The existence of this type of defect demonstrates that there is an oxygen deficiency within the CuO(2) layers. However, unlike the open ReO(3) type-related structures, the packing density of the K(2)NiF(4) structure necessarily requires that anion defects be accompanied by the loss of cations of the A type (lanthanum, strontium). Under identical synthesis conditions, no defects are observed in the parent compound La(2)CuO(4).     

Compressibility, Phase Transitions, and Oxygen Migration in Zirconium Tungstate, ZrW2O8

In situ neutron diffraction experiments show that at pressures above 2 kilobars, cubic zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) undergoes a quenchable phase transition to an orthorhombic phase, the structure of which has been solved from powder diffraction data. This phase transition can be reversed by heating at 393 kelvin and 1 atmosphere and involves the migration of oxygen atoms in the lattice. The high-pressure phase shows negative thermal expansion from 20 to 300 kelvin. The relative thermal expansion and compressibilities of the cubic and orthorhombic forms can be explained in terms of the "cross-bracing" between polyhedra that occurs as a result of the phase transition.     

金属表面化学吸附系统结构相变的平均场近似模型

本文利用平均场近似模型,推导了描述热平衡时金属表面吸附层结构相变的方程,给出了金属表面原子因吸附原子的作用发生位移的几率与温度和吸附原子复盖度之间的关系.     

Phase Transitions and Nonplanar Conformers in Crystalline n-Alkanes

Crystals of n-alkanes show a remarkable series of solid-solid phase transitions. In the odd n-alkanes C(25), C(27), and C(29) a previously unknown transition is found by both calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The ubiquitous presence of nonplanar conformations of the chains is shown by infrared spectroscopy. The nonplanar conformers constitute approximately half the molecules in the highest temperature solid phase of C(29).     

Structural and Electronic Role of Lead in (PbBi)2Sr2CaCu2O8 Superconductors by STM

The structural and electronic effects of lead substitution in the high-temperature superconducting materials Pb(x)Bi(2-x)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8) have been characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Large-area STM images of the Bi(Pb)-O layers show that lead substitution distorts and disorders the one-dimensional superlattice found in these materials. Atomic-resolution images indicate that extra oxygen atoms are present in the Bi(Pb)-O layers. STS data show that the electronic structure of the Bi(Pb)-O layers is insensitive to lead substitution within +/-0.5 electron volt of the Fermi level; however, a systematic decrease in the density of states is observed at approximately 1 electron volt above the Fermi level. Because the superconducting transition temperatures are independent of x(Pb) (x 相似文献   

Superconducting and Magnetic Behavior in La2-xNaxCuO4

New phases of the type La2-xAx(l+)CUO4-y have been prepared where A(l+) is sodium or potassium. The sodium phases are superconducting for x values from 0.2 to 0.5 at temperatures up to about 40 K. In addition, there are unusual magnetic properties below about 10 K that may be indicative of spin glass behavior. Phases of the type La2-xKxCuO4-y could only be prepared with x values up to about 0.1, and these phases are not superconducting above 4.2 K.     

Phase Transitions Between beta and ggr (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 in the Earth's Mantle: Mechanisms and Rheological Implications

The mechanisms of the phase transformations between the spinel (gamma) and modified spinel (beta) polymorphs of Mg(2)SiO(4) have been studied experimentally between 15 and 20 gigapascals and 800 degrees to 950 degrees C. The gamma to beta transformation occurs by a shear mechanism, whereas the beta to gamma transformation involves grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth. These contrasting mechanisms are a consequence of the number of independent slip systems that are available in the respective crystal structures. This result leads to the prediction that in subduction zones and perhaps also rising plumes in the Earth's mantle, the gamma to beta transformation should be accompanied by a transient reduction in strength.     

Large Enhancement in Oxygen Mobility in the Superconductors RBa2Cu3O7 with Increasing Rare-Earth Size

Ultrasonic composite oscillator measurements of the mechanical relaxation in RBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-8) arising from oxygen hopping in the basal chain layer show enhancements in oxygen mobility of 20, 50, and 100 times for R = gadolinium, neodymium, and lanthanum, respectively, above that for R = yttrium. The use of the larger rare earths offers a practical solution to the major problem of slow oxygen diffusion in single crystals and bulk, dense material for wires and melt-textured monolithic bodies.     

博斯腾湖流域氢氧同位素特征研究

[目的]明确博斯腾湖流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征差异。[方法]测定2014年博斯腾湖流域不同水体的氢氧同位素值,并与前人各期数据进行时空上的对比。[结果]湖水δ~(18)O均值为-0.36‰,δD为-15.98‰,存在δD=2.99δ~(18)O-14.91的数量关系;河水δ~(18)O均值为-9.23‰,δD为-61.81‰,其关系:δD=6.10δ~(18)O-5.43;地下水δ~(18)O均值为-8.11‰,δD为-57.01‰,其关系:δD=4.61δ~(18)O-19.68。经与Craig(1961)全球大气降水线(GMWL)及根据全球降水同位素观测网GNIP数据与乌鲁木齐大气降水线方程(LMWL)对比,地下水、湖水与河水氢氧同位素组成均大致落在当地大气降水线和全球大气降水线附近,显示受降水补给为主。与2001、2008、2011年数据对比显示,各年间各水体(地下水、地表水)氢氧同位素数据存在一定差异,该差异或由各期采样点空间分布不同引起。[结论]研究结果为博斯腾湖流域的可持续发展提供了理论依据。     

Orbital ordering transition in La4Ru2O10

We report experimental evidence for a full orbital ordering transition in the two-dimensional lanthanum ruthenate La4Ru2O10. The observable consequences of this orbital ordering include the loss of the Ru local moment, a structural distortion which partitions Ru-O bonds into axially oriented short and long sets, a sharp jump in electrical resistivity, and the opening of a spin gap that is visible in neutron scattering experiments. This is a rare example of a discrete orbital ordering transition in a 4d transition metal oxide and demonstrates that orbital effects can have an influence on the properties of layered ruthenates, a family of compounds that notably includes the p-wave superconductor Sr2RuO4 and the field-tuned quantum critical metamagnet Sr3Ru2O7.     

Superconductivity at 40 K in the Oxygen-Defect Perovskites La2-xSrxCuO4-y

Structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of compounds in the series La2-xSrx CuO4-y for 0.05 相似文献   

Simultaneous Observation of Columnar Defects and Magnetic Flux Lines in High-Temperature Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Superconductors

Columnar defects generated by heavy-ion irradiation are promising structures for pinning magnetic flux lines and enhancing critical currents in superconductors with high transition temperatures. An approach that combines chemical etching and magnetic decoration was used to highlight simultaneously the distributions of columnar defects and magnetic flux lines in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8) superconductors. Analyses of images of the columnar defects and flux-line positions provide insight into flux-line pinning by elucidating (i) the occupancy of columnar defects by flux lines, (ii) the nature of topological defects in the flux-line lattice, and (iii) the translational and orientational order in this lattice.     

磷酸二铵在甘蔗上的施肥效果试验

在甘蔗上进行施用磷酸二铵肥效试验．以每hm^2施用600kg和750kg与仅施用普通肥料处理相比．结果显示：在等量养分条件下，施用磷酸二铵的处理均优于施用普通尿素、复混肥等处理的出苗数、出苗整齐度、蔗茎产量和蔗糖分．同时投入产出比也以施用磷酸二铵的处理为高．认为在当时当地的地力情况下，以600kg／hm^2的磷酸二铵施用量较为理想。     

The Phase Boundary Between agr- and beta-Mg2SiO4 Determined by in Situ X-ray Observation

The stability of Mg(2)SiO(4), a major constituent in the Earth's mantle, has been investigated experimentally by in situ observation with synchrotron radiation. A cubic-type high-pressure apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils has been used over pressures of 11 to 15 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 degrees to 1600 degrees C. The phase stability of alpha-Mg(2)SiO(4) and beta-Mg(2)SiO(4) was determined by taking account of the kinetic behavior of transition. The phase boundary between alpha-Mg(2)SiO(4) and beta-Mg(2)SiO(4) is approximated by the linear expression P = (9.3 +/- 0.1) + (0.0036 +/- 0.0002)T where P is pressure in gigapascals and T is temperature in degrees Celsius.     

基于氢氧同位素技术的滇东南峰林湖盆区不同群落降水分配过程

【目的】选择滇东南文山州普者黑峰林湖盆区为研究区,探讨岩溶地区植被恢复对降水分配过程的影响。【方法】通过对当地大气降水δ~(18)O以及不同群落穿透水δ~(18)O的分析,结合当地大气降水量与林内降水量,应用SPSS软件进行线性回归分析。【结果】(1)当地大气降水线方程为:δD=8.764δ~(18)O+21.558。月降水δ~(18)O和降水量相关性不大,雨量效应不明显。(2)小叶羊蹄甲灌丛穿透水δ~(18)O与降水δ~(18)O相关性大于清香木次生林,较大的群落盖度、强烈的蒸散作用使清香木次生林穿透水δ~(18)O与降水δ~(18)O产生差异。(3)所有群落林内降水量都与林外降水量有高度相关性,其中云南松人工林小叶羊蹄甲灌丛清香木次生林。(4)清香木次生林优势种清香木林冠截留率最大,树种组成单一、林龄较小的云南松人工林林冠截留率较小。【结论】森林群落的水文过程对于地区水文循环和调蓄有较大意义,随着群落的正向演替和植被恢复,群落水文调节功能不断增大,对降水δ~(18)O以及降水分配过程影响更大,植被水土保持、水源涵养的功能愈加显著。     

Photoemission evidence for a remnant fermi surface and a d-wave-like dispersion in insulating Ca2CuO2Cl2

An angle-resolved photoemission study is reported on Ca2CuO2Cl2, a parent compound of high-Tc superconductors. Analysis of the electron occupation probability, n(k), from the spectra shows a steep drop in spectral intensity across a contour that is close to the Fermi surface predicted by the band calculation. This analysis reveals a Fermi surface remnant, even though Ca2CuO2Cl2 is a Mott insulator. The lowest energy peak exhibits a dispersion with approximately the &cjs3539;coskxa - coskya&cjs3539; form along this remnant Fermi surface. Together with the data from Dy-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta, these results suggest that this d-wave-like dispersion of the insulator is the underlying reason for the pseudo gap in the underdoped regime.     

Photosynthetic Mechanisms and Paleoecology from Carbon Isotope Ratios in Ancient Specimens of C4 and CAM Plants

Carbon istotope ratios of modern, 10,000-year-old, and more than 40,000-year-old Atriplex confertifolia (C(4)) material from Nevada caves indicate that the C(4) photosynthetic pathway was operating in these plants over that period. Samples of a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism, Opuntia polyacantha, were also measured, and a shift in the 8(13)C value from -21.9 per mil (more than 40,000 years ago) to -13.9 per mil (10,000 years ago) was observed. This provides unique physiological evidence to support the hypothesis that the late Pleistocene pluvial climate in the region already had become drier about 10,000 years ago.