EUVE Observations of Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite conducted extensive observations of the jovian system before, during, and after the impact of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. About 2 to 4 hours after the impacts of several of the larger fragments, the brightness of the neutral helium (He I) resonance line at 58.4 nanometers temporarily increased by a factor of about 10. The transient 58.4-nanometer brightenings are most simply explained by resonant scattering of sunlight from the widespread high-altitude remnants of the larger impact plumes. Other possible sources of emission, such as electron impact excitation of He or radiative recombination of He(+), may contribute to the observed signal.     

The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sends ripples through the rings of Jupiter

Jupiter's main ring shows vertical corrugations reminiscent of those recently detected in the rings of Saturn. The Galileo spacecraft imaged a pair of superimposed ripple patterns in 1996 and again in 2000. These patterns behave as two independent spirals, each winding up at a rate defined by Jupiter's gravity field. The dominant pattern originated between July and October 1994, when the entire ring was tilted by about 2 kilometers. We associate this with the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts of July 1994. New Horizons images still show this pattern 13 years later and suggest that subsequent events may also have tilted the ring. Impacts by comets or their dust streams are regular occurrences in planetary rings, altering them in ways that remain detectable decades later.     

Ulysses Radio Occultation Observations of the lo Plasma Torus During the Jupiter Encounter

Radio signals from Ulysses were used to probe the lo plasma torus (IPT) shortly after the spacecraft's closest approach to Jupiter. The frequencies of the two downlinks at S-band (2.3 gigahertz) and X-band (8.4 gigahertz) were recorded, differenced, and integrated in order to derive the columnar electron density of the IPT. The measurements agree qualitatively with contemporary models of the IPT based on Voyager data, but significant differences are apparent as well. The overall level of the IPT electron density is approximately the same as the prediction, implying that the amount of gas (or plasma) injected from lo is similar to that observed during the Voyager era. On the other hand, the IPT seems to be less extended out of the centrifugal equator, implying a smaller plasma temperature than predicted.     

Outburst of Jupiter's synchrotron radiation after the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Jupiter's nonthermal microwave emission, as measured by a global network of 11 radio telescopes, increased dramatically during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts. The increase was wavelength-dependent, varying from approximately 10 percent at 70 to 90 centimeters to approximately 45 percent at 6 and 36 centimeters. The radio spectrum hardened (flattened toward shorter wavelengths) considerably during the week of impacts and continued to harden afterward. After the week of cometary impacts, the flux density began to subside at all wavelengths and was still declining 3 months later. Very Large Array and Australia Telescope images of the brightness distribution showed the enhancement to be localized in longitude and concentrated near the magnetic equator. The evidence therefore suggests that the increase in flux density was caused by a change in the resident particle population, for example, through an energization or spatial redistribution of the emitting particles.     

ROSAT X-ray detection of a young brown dwarf in the chamaeleon I dark cloud

Photometry and spectroscopy of the object Cha Halpha 1, located in the Chamaeleon I star-forming cloud, show that it is a approximately 10(6)-year-old brown dwarf with spectral type M7.5 to M8 and 0.04 +/- 0.01 solar masses. Quiescent x-ray emission was detected in a 36-kilosecond observation with 31.4 +/- 7.7 x-ray photons, obtained with the Rontgen Satellite (ROSAT), with 9final sigma detection significance. This corresponds to an x-ray luminosity of 2.57 x 10(28) ergs per second and an x-ray to bolometric luminosity ratio of 10(-3.44). These are typical values for late M-type stars. Because the interior of brown dwarfs may be similar to that of convective late-type stars, which are well-known x-ray sources, x-ray emission from brown dwarfs may indicate magnetic activity.     

High-Resolution X-ray Observations of the Orion Nebula

Observations of the Trapezium region in the Orion Nebula obtained with the high-resolution x-ray imaging instrument on board the Einstein Observatory reveal at least 58 sources of x-ray emission. All but two of the sources can be identified with visible stars. The strongest x-ray source is the star Theta(1)C, which excites the emission nebula. Its x-ray luminosity is 6 x 10(32) ergs per second. The rest of the x-ray sources may be identified with stars of all spectral types. Strong x-ray emission is not observed from members of the infrared cluster embedded within the Orion molecular cloud.     

Atmospheric Physics and Earth Observations: Observations of Lyman-agr Emissions of Hydrogen and Deuterium

A spectrophotometer was flown on Spacelab 1 to study various mechanisms of Lyman-alpha emission in the upper atmosphere. The use of absorption cells filled with H(2) and D(2) gases allowed us to discriminate a number of weak Lyman-alpha emissions heretofore masked by the strong H geocoronal emission due to resonance scattering of solar photons. Preliminary results are presented on three topics: the first optical detection of the deuterium Lyman-alpha emission at 110 kilometers, with an intensity of 330 rayleighs indicating an eddy diffusion coefficient of 1.3 x 10(6) square centimeters per second; auroral proton precipitations seen on both the night and the day side; and an emission located above 250 kilometers of altitude, interpreted as the result of charge exchange of magnetospheric protons with geocoronal atoms.     

畜禽粪便好氧发酵过程中挥发性气体排放差异研究

为有针对性地控制与治理不同畜禽粪便好氧发酵中产生的挥发性气体,设计了猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪好氧发酵试验,对畜禽粪便好氧发酵中产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)以及NH₃、H₂S等挥发性气体进行分析研究。实验结果表明:畜禽粪便好氧发酵中挥发性气体的排放主要集中在好氧发酵前期,不同粪便好氧发酵产生的VOCs均有所区别,猪粪产生9种VOCs,牛粪产生4种VOCs,鸡粪产生8种VOCs;不同畜禽粪便好氧发酵中排放的主要VOCs均有二甲二硫、二甲三硫和甲硫醚,故在畜禽粪便好氧发酵中应针对这3种VOCs进行重点监控与治理。畜禽粪便好氧发酵中猪粪排放H₂S浓度最高,牛粪最低;鸡粪高浓度(> 200 μL·L^-1)排放NH₃持续时间最长,牛粪最短。     

ROSAT Detection of an X-ray Shadow in the 1/4-keV Diffuse Background in the Draco Nebula

The detection by the Roentgen satellite (ROSAT) x-ray telescope of a shadow in the 1/4-kiloelectron volt (C band, 0.1 to 0.284 kiloelectron volt) cosmic diffuse background is reported. The location and morphology of the local minimum in x-rays are in clear agreement with a discrete H I cloud. The shadow is very deep with a minimum level at 50 percent of the surrounding emission; therefore, a minimum of 50 percent of the observed off-cloud flux must originate on the far side of the cloud. The analysis of H I velocity components links the cloud with the Draco nebula (distance approximately 600 parsecs); it then follows that there is significant 1/4-kiloelectron volt x-ray emission at a large distance (>400 parsecs) from the galactic plane along this line of sight. The extent of the distant emission region is uncertain, and, if it indicates the existence of a hot galactic corona, it must be patchy in nature.     

杨木强化材质量增加率对挥发性有机化合物和甲醛释放的影响1）

通过真空—加压浸渍方式将低相对分子质量脲醛树脂溶液浸渍到杨木中制作强化材,利用GC／MS和紫外分光光度计对杨木强化材释放的挥发性有机化合物（ VOC）和甲醛进行定性和定量分析,探讨质量增加率对处理材VOC和甲醛释放的影响,并分析其作用机理。结果显示：烷烃和醛类化合物是杨木强化材VOC的主要组分,同时检测到少量的萜烯类、酮类和醇类化合物。树脂在木材中的浸渍程度影响杨木强化材VOC及甲醛的释放和力学性能;随着质量增加率的升高,强化材VOC和甲醛释放量呈现先增大而后减小的趋势,释放拐点分别为44．06％和36．35％;力学性能随质量增加率增加而增大,但当质量增加率达到49％以后,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度增加幅度不大。因此,在满足材料力学性能基础上,应综合考虑其环保性能和生产成本,从而确定处理材适宜的质量增加率。     

腐熟堆肥筛上粗颗粒对堆肥化过程中温室气体排放的影响

以猪粪和玉米秸秆按湿重7:1混合为原料,研究腐熟堆肥粗颗粒在堆肥化过程中减排温室气体作用。试验在1.2 m³发酵仓中进行,采用自然通风,每周翻堆一次,设混匀、覆盖、覆混、对照4种处理。试验结果表明:混匀处理能提高堆体的通气性能,提高堆肥产品的腐熟度,同时降低CH₄排放41.8%,但不能显著降低NH₃排放。覆盖处理能降低NH₃排放49.1%;腐熟堆肥覆盖层具有CH₄氧化能力,降低CH₄排放67.4%。覆混处理既能在堆肥翻堆前降低氨气排放(22.7%),又能在堆肥翻堆后减低甲烷排放(46.6%)。同对照相比,混匀和覆混处理分别减少N₂O排放35.7%和74.1%。腐熟堆肥粗颗粒中含有大量亚硝酸盐氧化菌,混入堆肥后可促使亚硝酸盐向硝酸盐的转化,减少通过反硝化途径产生N₂O,但是在堆肥初期将促进硝化途径产生N₂O。堆肥结束后,覆盖、混匀、覆混处理的总温室气体排放分别下降35.2%、50.4%和58.1%。覆混处理因其操作便捷性、良好的减排效果,可以在实际生产中推广应用。     

冷起动和暖机时减少排放物的研究

 针对汽车冷起动排放的问题,论述了提高催化转化器入口温度和控制空燃比,它们能够缩短暖机时间,减少排放物,并且该论文还提出了提高入口温度的方法。     

中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放估算

由于土壤水分状况的不同,水稻生长季土壤N2O排放量明显不同于旱地作物。基于多元统计模型,通过多点代面的方法进行尺度扩展,并应用蒙特卡洛方法模拟影响因素的变异程度,模拟了中国稻田水稻生长季的N2O排放情况。所模拟的378个点的水稻生长季N2O排放通量为6.0～74.3μgN.m-2.h-1,其均值接近于原始观测结果;378个点位的N2O排放通量空间分布不均,排放量较高的点位于北纬20°到30°之间;378个点中单季稻、稻-旱轮作中的水稻和双季稻的生长季N2O平均排放量分别占年总排放量的53%、34%和59%。多点代面的尺度扩展结果显示2008年中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量均值为22.48Gg,其95%的概率区间为20.5～24.8Gg;化肥氮的N2O排放系数为0.27%,与IPCC缺省值0.3%接近。用秩相关关系表征影响因子对中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量的不确定性的贡献,结果表明水分管理类型、有机肥类型、土壤属性、氮用量等对结果均有显著影响。     

青藏高原高寒牧区冷季补饲藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征

为了揭示藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征,在青藏高原高寒牧区采用密封式呼吸箱-气相色谱结合的方法,于2013年冷季对3只身体健康、均重(50.13±1.28)kg的藏系绵羊温室气体(CH4、CO2、N2O)日排放特征进行了研究。试验期间,动物日粮的精料为蒸煮饲料,粗粮为青干草饼。结果表明,藏系绵羊的CH4排放日动态具有明显规律性,排放峰值在8:00和17:00(P0.01),排放峰值的出现时间与饲喂时间基本吻合,最小值出现在次日7:00;CO2的日排放曲线相对平稳;N2O的日变化没有明显规律且排放量极低。在冷季补饲模式下,藏系绵羊的CH4、CO2和N2O日排放量分别为(16.17±1.27)、(549.18±20.63)g·head-1和(0.73±0.32)mg·head-1。     

热压工艺和环境参数对刨花板TVOC和甲醛释放量的影响

利用人造板有机挥发气体采样装置、手持式TVOC气体检测仪、甲醛检测仪,对不同环境温度条件下的各刨花板释放的有机挥发物质量浓度进行了测定,分析了影响刨花板挥发性有机化合物( TVOC)和甲醛释放量的因素,即材料制作的热压工艺（热压压力和热压时间）及环境参数（温度和相对湿度）.结果表明:热压工艺和环境参数对板材TVOC和甲...     

添加过磷酸钙对蔬菜废弃物堆肥中氨气及温室气体排放的影响（英文）

为研究过磷酸钙不同添加量对蔬菜废弃物堆肥过程中氨气和温室气体排放的影响,以生菜的废弃菜叶和玉米秸秆为原料,以过磷酸钙肥料为添加剂,进行了27 d的曝气供氧堆肥,对堆肥过程中的氨挥发和温室气体排放(N_2O、CH_4和CO_2)进行了监测.试验共设6个处理,除CK处理(不添加过磷酸钙)外,其余处理依次根据混合物料初始总氮物质量的5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的比例添加过磷酸钙。结果表明:添加过磷酸钙对减少堆肥过程中的氨挥发和温室气体排放均有明显效果,氨挥发总量较CK减少了4.0%~16.7%,总温室气体CO_2排放当量减少了10.2%~20.8%。堆肥过程中排放的NH_3对温室效应的贡献相对较大,各处理NH_3的CO_2排放当量为59.90~81.58kg/t,占4种气体总CO_2排放当量的69%~77%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥过程中适量添加过磷酸钙是减少氨挥发和温室气体排放并提高堆肥品质的有效措施。     

Jupiter:observation of deuterated methane in the atmosphere

A positive identification of singly deuterated methane has been made in the 4- to 5-micron spectrum of Jupiter.     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生育期土壤N2O排放的影响

【目的】明确丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）影响玉米生育期土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的机制,为增加玉米产量、提高氮素利用效率、减少温室气体排放提供理论依据。【方法】采用分室（生长室和菌丝室）箱体装置,盆栽设置氮肥用量（N1：180 kg N·hm^-2;N2：360 kg N·hm^-2）和丛枝菌根真菌（M0：作物根和AMF均不能从生长室进入菌丝室;M1：只有丛枝菌根真菌能从生长室进入菌丝室;M2：作物根和丛枝菌根真菌均能从生长室进入菌丝室）双因素试验,测定玉米生长期间植株生物量、植株氮素积累量、N₂O排放量;采用Illumina平台Hiseq 2500 PE250高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构和多样性对丛枝菌根真菌的响应。【结果】氮肥用量和丛枝菌根真菌均显著影响玉米产量、植株生物量、植株氮素积累量和N₂O排放量。不同氮肥用量条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌均显著增加玉米籽粒产量、植株生物量和氮素积累量。与M0相比,N1条件下M1和M2处理产量均值分别增加38%和82%,地上部氮素积累量增加30%和52%,无机氮含量减少26%和65%;N2条件下M1和M2处理籽粒产量分别增加16%和48%;地上部氮素积累量增加9%和33%,无机氮含量减少34%和55%。与M0相比, N1条件下M1和M2处理N₂O累积排放量分别降低17%和40%,N₂O排放强度分别降低41%和67%;而N2条件下N₂O累积排放量降低26%和45%,排放强度分别降低28%和57%。NMDS 分析表明,施肥和丛枝菌根真菌均对细菌群落结构有较大影响。与N1均值相比,N2处理门水平变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）相对丰度分别降低6%和15%,而放线菌门（Actinobacteria）增加32%;属水平链霉菌（Streptomyces）增加27%,芽单胞菌属（Gemmatimonas）降低8%。与M0相比,N1条件下M1和M2处理的Streptomyces分别增加64%和205%,Gemmatimonas细菌丰度分别增加31%和53%;N2条件下M1和M2处理的Streptomyces分别增加10%和93%,M1处理的Gemmatimonas细菌丰度降低2%,M2处理Gemmatimonas细菌丰度增加56%。土壤中Streptomyces和Gemmatimonas与N₂O排放量呈显著负相关,而与玉米产量呈显著正相关。【结论】不同氮肥水平玉米接种丛枝菌根真菌均能显著降低土壤N₂O排放量,这种影响主要通过提高玉米氮素的吸收利用和改善土壤细菌群落组成实现的,其中主要增加了土壤链霉菌属和芽单胞菌属的相对丰度。