Hydroxyl orientation in muscovite as indicated by electrostatic energy calculations

The electrostatic energy of the 2M(1) muscovite structure, KAl(2)(Si(3)Al)- O(10)(OH)(2), has been calculated as a function of the orientation of the hydroxyl group (O-H distance = 0.97 angstrom). The minimum in the electrostatic energy occurs when the OH bond makes an angle of 18 degrees with the cleavage plane and an angle of 31 degrees with the b-axis (in the a-b plane), which is 2.5 degrees away from the orientation of the transition moment as determined from infrared measurements on single crystals. If the K+ ion is excluded from the calculation, the O-H bond makes an angle of 53 degrees with the cleavage plane. This indicates the strong influence that the interlayer cation exerts on the hydroxyl hydrogen in mica structures.     

湖北省主要类型水稻土供钾能力的研究——Ⅲ.土壤钾资源状况与合理利用

用连续10次水稻耗竭盆栽试验,探讨了湖北省15种主要类型水稻土不同形态钾占土壤全钾含量的比例。结果是,难风化的白云母和长石类矿物中含钾量平均占90.0%;缓效钾平均占3.34%;有效钾贮量平均占11.1%;交换性钾平均占0.871%。盆栽水稻吸钾量与交换性钾和有效钾贮量呈极显著相关(r=0.7659,0.7695),与缓效钾贮量呈显著相关(r=0.6032)。这也间接证明难风化钾矿物不是钾源的提供者,从有效钾贮量看并不丰富,特别是鄂南地区稻土尤甚。强化钾素在农业内部循环,这才是有效利用土壤钾资源的重要措施。     

不同酸提取条件下几种含钾矿物中钾释放动力学研究

【目的】研究不同含钾矿物中钾的释放及动力学,为土壤钾素肥力的合理评价及土壤钾的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以常见含钾矿物（黑云母、白云母、正长石、微斜长石）为材料,采用低分子量有机酸（草酸、酒石酸）和无机酸（硝酸）连续浸提的方法,研究钾素释放规律及动力学。【结果】与水（对照）相比,酒石酸、草酸和硝酸累积提取黑云母钾量显著增加了2.7倍、4.1倍、22.3倍;提取白云母的钾量显著增加了61.2%、106.5%和226.8%;提取正长石的钾量显著增加了39.0%、87.6%和154.6%;提取微斜长石的钾量显著增加了44.5%、88.9%和158.7%。分别用一级动力学模型、双常数模型、扩散模型、Elovich模型对不同含钾矿物的累积释钾量进行拟合,动力学方程的相关系数为0.708-1.000（r0.01=0.549）,均显著相关。【结论】各浸提剂均能显著提高钾的释放量;含钾矿物不同,钾的累积释放量差异显著,表现为黑云母＞白云母＞微斜长石≈正长石。黑云母、正长石、微斜长石的最优模型是双常数模型,白云母的最优模型是Elovich模型。     

钾矿物晶体结构对黑曲霉生长代谢及钾与硅的溶出影响

【目的】黑曲霉对钾矿物的分化分解及其中钾（硅）的溶出作用与其产酸及产胞外代谢产物（主要指多糖与蛋白质）的能力密切相关,但研究矿物晶体结构在此过程中的地位与作用的较少。试验采用一株黑曲霉分别与正长石与白云母进行浸出培养以了解不同钾矿物对黑曲霉生长代谢能力的影响,及黑曲霉对含钾硅酸盐矿物的转化作用与其矿物晶体结构的相关性。【方法】在分别含铝土矿、正长石与白云母矿粉的平板固体与液体Czapek’s培养基中培养黑曲霉,并以不含矿粉的纯培养作为对照,观察其在不同矿物环境中的生长特征;采用摇瓶浸出考察黑曲霉对钾矿物的分化分解及其中钾（硅）的溶出效果,通过测定浸出液中的pH值、多糖、蛋白质及K2O与SiO2的浓度,及浸出前后矿物表面的SEM和XRD观察,对比分析正长石与白云母对黑曲霉生长代谢的促进作用及黑曲霉对它们的转化作用的差异。【结果】不同晶体结构的钾矿物对黑曲霉的生长代谢刺激与促进作用不同,与不含矿粉及含钾极少的铝土矿粉培养基相比,黑曲霉在含钾矿粉培养基中的繁殖生长速度明显要快,在固体平板培养基中表现出对钾矿粉的趋化性,在液体培养基中形成的菌体-矿物聚集体更显著,且与正长石相比,黑曲霉在固体平板上的生长过程中对白云母的趋化性要明显,在液体培养环境中形成的菌体-矿物聚集体更显著。黑曲霉在缺钾培养基与分别含正长石与白云母的培养基中培养10 d,可分别代谢产生1.45、1.97、2.45 g•L-1的有机酸,5.11、9.96、12.25 g•L-1的多糖与 6.25、13.78、16.97 g•L-1的蛋白质。浸矿30 d,黑曲霉浸出白云母中K2O与SiO2的量要比浸出正长石的分别高79.10与57.78 mg•L-1。黑曲霉作用前后的白云母与正长石矿粉的SEM与XRD的分析结果表明,白云母较正长石的浸蚀程度更明显,矿物表面沉积了更多的非晶态或晶形不好的细小颗粒,在含少量正长石的白云母矿物或含少量白云母的正长石矿物浸渣的XRD图谱中,反映白云母的主特征峰强度明显下降,且有部分特征峰消失,而反映正长石的特征峰强度略有增强。【结论】钾矿物晶体结构是影响黑曲霉生长所形成的菌体-矿物聚集体、代谢产物、酸碱微环境的差异及钾矿物风化分解与钾（硅）溶出程度不同的重要原因;在缺有效钾环境中,钾矿物对黑曲霉生长代谢具有促进作用,与正长石相比,白云母可以刺激与促进黑曲霉代谢产更多的有机酸、多糖与蛋白质;多种矿物同时存在的情况下,黑曲霉对不同晶体结构的钾矿物的分解有一定的选择性,对具层状结构的白云母较具架状结构的正长石的风化破坏作用要快。     

Carbonate dissolution and sedimentation on the mid-atlantic continental margin

The calcium carbonate content was determined for core tops from two transects on the upper slope to lower rise on the mid-Atlantic continental margin. Carbonate content in the sediment increases from approximately 5 percent (by weight) on the upper slope to more than 30 percent on the upper rise. A zone of low-carbonate content extends from 3000 to 4400 meters. Below 4400 meters, the percent carbonate increases. An examination of dissolution indices in these core tops indicates that the low-carbonate zone is associated with intense dissolution. Below 4400 meters, dissolution decreases and carbonate is well preserved. The decrease in dissolution occurs where the high-velocity core of the Western Boundary Undercurrent is first encountered.     

Assessment of Agroecological Indicators of Oil-Contaminated Chernozem in Rostov Oblast after Remediation with Urea and Potassium Humate

As a result of a model experiment, changes in the agroecological soil indicators have been evaluated after the introduction of remediating agents, urea and potassium humate, into ordinary chernozem contaminated with oil. It is shown that oil pollution has a toxic effect on the germination capacity and the length of radish roots and shoots. The introduction of potassium humate and urea led to significant changes in the phytotoxic properties of ordinary chernozem. In most cases, the introduction of urea into unpolluted soil had a phytotoxic effect: the length of radish shoots and roots decreased by 20–80%. The introduction of potassium humate did not significantly influence or stimulate seed germination and the early growth of the plants. The introduction of these remediating agents 90 days after soil contamination with oil resulted in the recovery of the values of the indicators under study. The introduction of oil led to a decrease in the content of nitrates, which is probably due to a decrease in the extraction of nitrates to the solution as a result of the formation of complex aggregates of products of oil decomposition with ammonium formed during the decomposition. Potassium humate had a favorable effect on the content of nitrates in the soil.     

缺钾对不同品种冬小麦土壤钾素和品质的影响

[目的]研究缺钾对不同品种冬小麦土壤钾素及品质的影响.[方法]以河北省生产上适用的49份冬小麦品种或品系为材料,采用盆栽试验方法.[结果]土壤缺钾处理,不同品种冬小麦土壤缓效钾、速效钾含量分别降低6.57％ ～39.06％、5.21％ ～53.10％;籽粒产量、千粒重、穗粒数、穗长分别降低4.24％ ～44.48％、1...     

The Conditions of Releasing Potassium by a Silicate-dissolving Bacterial Strain NBT

The potassium-releasing characteristics of a bacterium from different minerals were studied through pure culture and soil column experiments. The results showed that the strain NBT of tested strains had the highest potassium-releasing capacity. It released 35.2 mg/L after 7days of pure culture incubation at 28℃, 31.8% - 1203.7% more than other tested strains. Potassium released from the minerals was obviously affected by pH, aerobic condition, soil and mineral properties. The strain NBT had a much higher potential to release potassium in the pH 6.5 - 8.0 than other pHs. Living cell inoculation resulted in an increase of 84.8%- 127.9% compared with that of the dead cell inoculation. More aerobic condition produced more K than a less aerobic one. The potassium-releasing order was as follows: illite ＞ feldspar＞ muscovite. Soil column experiment showed that the bacterial number increased from (2.6 - 3.0) × 106/g to (6.8 - 7.4) × 107/g. Soil available potassium content increased by 31.2- 33.6mg/kg in yellow-brown soil and 21.7mg/kg in paddy soil, when inoculated with the strain NBT, 290.6% and 185.5% increment of the dead cell inoculation soils respectively.     

无菌条件下钾对水稻吸收铅的影响

研究了无菌条件下不同浓度铅对水稻生长的影响,以及低铅环境下钾对水稻吸收铅的影响。结果表明：水稻株高、根长、干物重和叶绿素含量等均随铅浓度升高而下降,而过氧化物酶（POD）活性随铅浓度增加先升高后降低,植株体内铅含量随铅浓度升高而增加。在基质铅浓度为100mg/L时加入钾后,水稻株高、根长、干物重、叶绿素含量等均随钾浓度增加而增加,而POD活性随钾浓度增加而降低,植株体内铅含量随钾浓度增加而降低,在钾浓度为200mg/L达到最低。说明在含低浓度铅的基质中,钾能提高水稻对铅的抗性,同时减少水稻对铅的吸收和累积。     

广西百色烟区烟叶钾和氯含量特征研究

 为深入了解广西百色烟区烟叶钾、氯含量的分布情况,2009年和2010年在百色主要烟区进行调查取样,利用获取的110份烤烟样品数据,研究了广西百色烟区烟叶钾、氯含量及钾/氯特征。结果表明,百色烟区烟叶钾含量较高、氯含量偏低、钾/氯适宜,钾含量<2%的样品占12.73%,氯含量< 0.3%的样品高达73.63%,烟叶钾/氯≥12的样品占30.91%。百色烟区烟叶钾、氯含量在不同植烟县、不同部位、不同品种、不同耕作模式间存在差异,表现为隆林、田林等县钾含量较低,各县氯含量总体偏低,仅西林县氯含量的适值样品率达到75%;中部烟叶平均钾含量略高于上部叶,但其氯含量低于上部叶;云烟87品种烟叶钾、氯含量平均值均最高;水稻—烤烟模式烟叶钾、氯含量及钾/氯均高于玉米—烤烟模式。     

不同基因型烤烟的根系特性及其对根际土壤钾含量的影响研究

为了探究不同烤烟基因型的根系特性及其对根际土壤钾素形态变化的影响,通过盆栽试验,设置无外源钾(NK)和正常供钾(UK)2个处理,测定了4个不同烤烟基因型农大202、NC628、云烟87和NC89的根系形态指标、根系分泌物及根际土壤钾素活化状况。结果表明：烤烟根系分泌物化学组成上有机酸种类最多,但具有基因型差异;UK处理下农大202根际有机酸含量最高,是NC89的1.36倍,土壤缓效钾向速效钾的转化最多,并且烟叶钾含量最高。UK处理下农大202具有庞大的根系和旺盛的根系生理活动,其总根长、总表面积、根系活力、根系ATP酶活性是NC89的1.49~1.90倍;NK处理下,农大202的总根长、总表面积、根系活力、根系ATP酶活性较UK处理均下降30%以上。UK处理下,中部叶钾含量与根际有机酸、根系活力、根系总长、根总表面积的相关系数分别都达到0.837~0.942,根际有机酸含量、根系活力、ATP酶活性与根总长、总表面积均有0.6以上的相关性。因此,根系总长较长、总表面积较大的基因型很可能是根系分泌有机酸量大、根系活力高、叶高钾含量的基因型,可作为高钾烤烟基因型评价的重要参考。     

小油桐育苗技术研究

[目的]提供优质的小油桐种苗。[方法]用高锰酸钾处理种子,对种子直播和芽苗移栽2种育苗方法进行比较。[结果]采用0.02%高锰酸钾溶液浸种30min处理为最佳,其发芽时间提早24～36h,发芽率提高14.7个百分点,成苗率提高11.2个百分点;苗期高生长和地径生长增加18.1%和50.0%。种子直播和芽苗移栽试验表明,半年生苗芽苗移栽比直播苗高15.0%,地径大41.2%,分枝明显增多,平均侧根数比种子直播苗多64.2%,定植后成活率比直播苗提高10.0个百分点,当年高生长和地径生长增加20.0%和23.6%。[结论]用高锰酸钾浸种可缩短发芽时间,提高发芽率和成苗率;在种子出苗后,芽苗移栽的苗木明显优于种子直播培育的苗木。     

High-resolution electron microscopy of muscovite

Images of the (001) planes of muscovite were observed by electron microscopy after embedment of clay-size flakes in epoxy resin and sectioning by ultramicrotome. Dislocation or growth planes were indicated. Incomplete exchange of potassium for barium produced zones with 20-angstrom periodicity, suggesting regular interstratification.     

保护地小白菜硝酸盐积累的效应分析与调控

通过营养液配制对小白菜硝酸盐的积累进行调控,为降低小白菜硝酸盐含量提供理论依据。采用416-B混合最优设计,利用SAS软件建立不同氮源（NO3^--N,NH4^＋-N）、磷、钾与保护地小白菜硝酸盐含量关系的数学模型。结果表明,氮是影响小白菜硝酸盐含量的最主要原因,营养液中硝态氮含量与小白菜硝酸盐的积累呈正相关关系;铵态氮则可降低小白菜硝酸盐的积累。磷、钾也是影响小白菜硝酸盐积累的主要因素,在适宜的浓度条件下,有利于硝酸盐含量的降低。不同氮源、磷、钾之间的互作效应也是影响硝酸盐积累的重要因素。通过调节营养液中的不同氮源、磷、钾的数量及相互比例,可对小白菜硝酸盐的积累进行调控,降低其硝酸盐含量。     

干旱胁迫下施钾水平与烟草叶片主要渗透调节物质的关系

采用砂培法对不同钾浓度处理下的烤烟NC89(Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. NC89)进行不同程度干旱胁迫,测定了株高、生物量等生长指标和主要渗透调节物质钾离子、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,研究钾与其他渗透调节物质的关系.结果表明:轻度干旱胁迫下,高钾可使植株生长受胁迫程度得到缓解;重度干旱胁迫下,高钾则加重干旱胁迫对植株造成的损害;轻度干旱胁迫下随钾浓度升高烟草叶片钾含量有下降趋势,胁迫后期下降明显,而重度干旱胁迫下,高钾浓度能够增加烟草叶片钾含量;随着干旱胁迫时间推移可溶性糖含量先升高再降低,可溶性蛋白质含量持续上升,而游离脯氨酸含量先下降后上升.相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下钾与可溶性糖含量相关性不显著,与游离脯氨酸含量呈负相关性;而与可溶性蛋白质含量间呈极显著正相关.     

湿地松纸浆材材性变异的研究

本文报道了湿地松纸浆林管胞长度和长宽比、基本密度和化学成分的变异规律。管胞长度、长宽比、基本密度和纤维素含量径向由髓心向外都呈递增、稳定的模式,8—10年后趋于稳定;木素、多缩戊糖含量在径向上表现出递减、稳定的模式,10—12年后趋于稳定。树干纵向,管胞长度、长宽比由基部向上先增加而后递减,木材基本密度则呈递减的模式。湿地松木材幼龄期为10年左右,其幼龄材管胞长度短、长宽比小,基本密度小,纤维素含量较低,木素及多缩戊糖含量高。基于湿地松木材管胞形态、基本密度和化学成分含量等纸浆材原料工艺技术指标要求,确定湿地松纸浆林最低主伐林龄12年左右。     

Effects of Long-term Site-specific Fertilization on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Nutrients in Dry Farmland

In order to investigate the variation in soil physical and chemical properties and nutrients in the mountainous areas in southern Ningxia, and to provide a theoretical basis for fertilization management in local farmland, the soil p H, total salt content,crop root length, root weight, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorous and total potassium in different fertilization treatments were measured from 2010 to 2016. Multiple comparisons of the data were performed using Duncan's new multiple range test. The results indicated that in the 0-20 cm soil layer, soil p H value and total salt content changed in different patterns, and varied greatly from 2010 to 2016(P0.05). The changes of both root length and root weight of millet over time fitted S-shaped curves. The root length and root weight in the four fertilization treatments(Treatment 2 to Treatment5) increased faster than those in the control(Treatment 1). The soil organic matter content in all the five treatments gradually increased from 2010 to 2016. The content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in soil rapidly increased in the first two to three years of the experiment, followed by a slow increase or decrease in 2013, and then raised rapidly again from 2014 to 2016.The soil total nitrogen content varied significantly from 2010 to 2016. The total phosphorus content in soil changed in a different pattern from that of total nitrogen content. The seven-year field trails revealed that soil p H, total salt content, root length, root weight and soil nutrient all changed with the increase of fertilizer level, and that long-term fertilization is of significance for maintaining soil fertility, improving soil quality and reducing soil salinization.     

河南省不同土壤类型烤烟吸钾特性比较研究

为探讨不同土壤类型对烤烟钾吸收特性的影响,给河南省各烟区科学合理施用钾肥提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验研究了黄褐土、褐土和红黏土3种土壤类型烤烟的钾吸收状况。结果表明,黄褐土、褐土和红黏土施钾处理与不施钾相比,在移栽后60d烤烟生物学性状指标都有一定的提高,3种土壤类型的施钾处理烤烟干物质积累强度表现为红黏土>褐土>黄褐土。施用钾肥能显著提高烟株中各部位全钾含量,褐土施用钾肥对叶片中钾含量的提高最显著,移栽后90d的烤烟叶片钾含量为3.404%。3种土壤类型施钾处理土壤中速效钾含量均呈现初期迅速增加后期逐渐下降的过程,褐土的速效钾含量下降最多(33.0mg/kg)。黄褐土、褐土和红黏土钾肥利用率分别为15.24%、40.96%和38.85%。因此,在褐土上应特别注意钾素的补充。     

犍为县农田养分平衡研究

通过对相关农业统计资料的分析 ,研究了犍为县 1985～ 1999年间农田养分平衡状况 ,结果表明 :2 0世纪 90年代以后 ,农田氮素由基本持平转向盈余 2 0 %左右 ;磷素全面扭亏为盈 ,盈余率已超出 5 0 % ;钾素一直处于 5 0 %以上的大比例亏缺状态。并针对农田养分平衡状况提出了控施氮肥、改善磷肥施用技术、大力实施秸秆还田等改善农田肥料结构的调控对策和措施     

汁液生物肥在辣椒上的作用效果研究

通过盆栽试验和田间小区试验研究了 7种野生植物汁液及汁液与复合微生物、微量元素复合对辣椒生长及产量、品质的影响。研究结果表明几种植物汁液和汁液生物肥均能提高辣椒产量、改善品质 ,尤其在提高辣椒维生素C和降低硝酸盐含量上效果明显。其中 ,以臭牡丹、空心莲子草、接骨草和荨麻 4种汁液生物肥作用效果最好。臭牡丹汁液能使盆栽辣椒增产 2 3 6 7% ,维生素C含量提高 2 1 76 % ,硝酸盐含量降低 9 5 %。空心莲子草汁液生物肥使小区辣椒维生素C含量提高 2 6 9% ,硝酸盐含量降低 2 1 6 %。 7种野生植物汁液及汁液生物肥同时能改善土壤肥力 ,促进土壤养分良性循环