Stability of Ferropericlase in the Lower Mantle

We have heated ferropericlases (Mg(0.60)Fe(0.40))O and (Mg(0.50)Fe(0.50))O to temperatures of 1000 kelvin at pressures of 86 gigapascals, simulating the stability of the solid solution at physical conditions relevant to Earth's lower mantle. The in situ x-ray study of the externally heated samples in a Mao-Bell-type diamond anvil cell shows that ferropericlase may dissociate into magnesium-rich and iron-rich oxide components. The result is important because the decomposition of ferropericlase into lighter and heavier phases will cause dynamic effects that could lead to mantle heterogeneity.     

Pressure Dependence of Elastic Wave Velocity for beta-Mg2SiO4 and the Composition of the Earth's Mantle

The pressure dependence of the elastic wave velocities for hot-pressed, elastically isotropic polycrystals of the beta (modified spinel) phase of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) has been determined at room temperature to 3 gigapascals (GPa) by ultrasonic pulse interferometry. Pressure derivatives of the bulk (dK/dP = 4.8) and shear (dG/dP = 1.7) moduli derived from the travel times of the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves clearly demonstrate that the velocity contrast between the olivine and beta phases of Mg(2)SiO(4) decreases with increasing pressure. When combined with plausible values for the (as yet unmeasured) temperature derivatives, these new data can be used to calculate the contrast in P and S wave velocities across an olivine-beta phase transformation occuaring at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to about 400 kilometers depth in the earth. The seismologically observed contrasts DeltaV in both P and S wave velocities constrain the percentage of orthosilicate in a model mantle of uniform chemical composition for appropriate relative magnitudes of the temperature (T) derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli for the beta phase. Allowed combinations of orthosilicate content (percent), dK/dT, and dG/dT (both in gigapascals per Kelvin) for a pair of recent seismological models with DeltaV(p) = DeltaV(s) 4.6% include (65, -0.018, -0.020), (55, -0.015, -0.018), and (45, -0.012, -0.016).     

Grain Growth Rates of MgSiO3 Perovskite and Periclase Under Lower Mantle Conditions

The grain growth rates of MgSiO3 perovskite and periclase in aggregates have been determined at 25 gigapascals and 1573 to 2173 kelvin. The average grain size (G) was fitted to the rate equation, and the grain growth rates of perovskite and periclase were G10.6 = 1 x 10(-57.4) t exp(-320.8/RT) and G10.8 = 1 x 10(-62.3) t exp(-247.0/RT), respectively, where t is the time, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. These growth rates provide insight into the mechanism for grain growth in minerals relevant to the Earth's lower mantle that will ultimately help define the rheology of the lower mantle.     

Crystal Chemistry of Silicon--Oxygen Bonds at High Pressure: Implications for the Earth's Mantle Mineralogy

Transformations involving a change from tetrahedrally coordinated to octahedrally coordinated silicon ((IV)Si --> (VI)Si) are observed to occur at high pressure when the mean (IV)Si-O bond compresses to approximately 1.59 angstroms based on known room-pressure crystal structures, Si-O bond compressibilities, and pressures of (IV)Si --> (VI)Si transformations. The lower two-thirds of the mantle transition zone of high-density gradient (500 to 900 kilometers) corresponds to the predicted range of (IV)Si --> (VI)Si transformations. The 10 percent density increase of this zone at zero pressure is attributed primarily to the density increase associated with the change in silicon coordination. Below 900 kilometers all silicon is predicted to be in octahedral or greater coordination. The concept of cation polyhedral stability fields is defined.     

栽培料配方对褐蘑菇产量的影响

褐蘑菇是张家口市著名特产--口蘑系列中的1个种类,主要分布于张家口地区北部坝上高原的天然牧场,属于低温型食用真菌.褐蘑菇又称“香口蘑“,特点是香味浓郁,肉质肥厚、鲜嫩,营养丰富,有很高的保健价值.1997年开始大面积人工栽培,现已发展为坝上的特色支柱产业.本研究将褐蘑菇进行南移栽培,探讨不同栽培原料及其配方对褐蘑菇产量的影响,旨为冀中南部进行褐蘑菇生产提供依据.……     

Cu~(2+)对栉孔扇贝外套膜组织培养的影响

[目的]了解重金属对栉孔扇贝的毒理效应。[方法]在DMEM培养液中分别添加质量浓度为0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40 mg/L的Cu2+,以细胞迁出时间和组织块增殖状况为评价指标,研究Cu2+对栉孔扇贝外套膜组织培养的影响。[结果]栉孔扇贝外套膜在DMEM培养液中贴壁良好。培养至72 h时,Cu2+质量浓度为0.05 mg/L的实验组有游离细胞迁出,且组织块增殖情况良好。培养至89 h时,Cu2+质量浓度为0.10 mg/L的实验组有游离细胞迁出,且组织块增殖情况较差。随着Cu2+质量浓度的增大,细胞迁出所需的时间越长,组织块增殖情况越差。Cu2+质量浓度为0.40 mg/L的实验组,培养96 h时并没有游离细胞迁出。[结论]Cu2+质量浓度大于0.10 mg/L时对栉孔扇贝外套膜的组织培养有一定的抑制作用。     

A High-Temperature Electrical Conduction Mechanism in the Lower Mantle Phase (Mg,Fe)1-xO

Measurements of electrical conductivity at high pressure and temperature were taken on the lower mantle phase magnesiowustite with varying Fe3+ content. Although previous measurements at atmospheric pressure suggest Fe2+-Fe3+ hopping (small polaron) as the dominant conductivity mechanism, the present experiments show a change in charge transport mechanism with temperature. The lower temperature measurements are consistent with small polaron conduction, but at higher temperatures, which are more applicable to the lower mantle, a large polaron mechanism is suggested. Because these mechanisms have different temperature and compositional dependencies, this transition has important implications for extrapolation to mantle conditions.     

嘉陵江下游短体副鳅繁殖群体结构的研究

[目的]研究短体副鳅繁殖群体的结构特征,积累副鳅属鱼类的生物学资料。[方法]对采自嘉陵江的208尾繁殖季节的短体副鳅成熟个体年龄、体长、体重及雌雄生长特性等进行研究。[结果]繁殖群体的性比为♀∶♂=5.71∶1.00。繁殖群体由1~5龄鱼组成,以2~3龄组为主。短体副鳅的体长范围为49.0~84.0 mm,体重范围为2.6~11.0 g。最小性成熟年龄是1龄;最小性成熟个体雌性体长49.0mm,体重2.6 g;雄性体长55.5 mm,体重3.7 g。群体体重（W）与体长（L）的关系：雌＋雄为W=0.000 2×L2.477 2;雌为W=7.0×10-5×L2.753 5;雄为W=0.002 1×L1.896 4。生长系数雌性大于雄性;繁殖群体（雌＋雄）的生长系数b=2.477 2〈3,说明短体副鳅个体发育正常呈异速生长趋势。[结论]短体副鳅的生长峰值均出现在性成熟后1~2年内,最佳捕捞期应该在3龄以后。     

饲料成分对牛乳品质的影响

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,牛乳中含有蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、维生素、酶等多中营养物质,其中粗蛋白(CP)占3.4%,脂肪占3.4%～3.8%,乳糖占4.7%,牛奶在体内几乎可以100%的吸收,因此,牛奶被人们称之为完全营养物质。但是如果乳牛的饲喂与饲养管理不当很容易使乳产量发生变化。而且,饲料中的一些成分也能影响乳汁的品质,下面就饲料对牛乳成分变化的影响作一综述。1饲料对乳脂的影响乳中的脂肪除由饲料中的脂肪提供外,还有碳水化合物或间接地由蛋白质形成,但最主要受饲料中的精饲料和粗饲料比例的影响。日粮中的精饲料比例大,则牛瘤胃倾向于…     

A Fluorite Isotype of SnO2 and a New Modification of TiO2: Implications for the Earth's Lower Mantle

The existence of a cubic fluorite-type SnO(2) and a hexagonal TiO(2) (which may be related to the fluorite structure) have been demonstrated by an in situ x-ray diffraction study in which a diamond-anvil pressure cell was used after the samples had been heated by a continuous yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. At room temperature, the lattice parameter for SnO(2) (fluorite) is a = 4.925 +/- 0.005 angstroms and those for TiO(2) (fluorite-related) are a = 9.22 +/- 0.01 angstroms and c = 5.685 +/- 0.006 angstroms at about 250 kilobars. The volume change associated with the transition from rutile to fluorite (or related structure) is about -8 percent for SnO(2) and -10.5 percent for TiO(2) at transition. Upon release of pressure, both the fluorite-type SnO(2) and the TiO(2) reverted to the alpha-PbO(2) structure at room temperature. The hypothesis that the earth's lower mantle is composed of oxide phases might be feasible if it were possible for SiO(2) to possess the fluorite structure or its related forms at high pressure, as shown for SnO(2) and TiO(2) in this study. The oxide hypothesis proposed here differs from that postulated by Birch in that the primary coordination of silicon is 6 for Birch's hypothesis and 8 for the hypothesis presented here.     

酵素营养液对小麦草营养成分的影响

[目的]探究酵素营养液对提高小麦草作为优质动物饲料营养成分和营养价值的作用。[方法]选取1种小麦草种子进行萌发,之后开展为期8~10 d的水培试验,定期喷洒酵素营养液(酵素组),对比不施任何营养液的小麦草(对照组),分别测定其叶绿素含量、含水量以及单位质量干品所含的营养成分,即粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物。[结果]酵素组小麦草的粗蛋白、粗灰分含量显著高于对照组;后者的无氮浸出物显著高于前者,均高于60%。[结论]叶面喷洒酵素营养液能显著提高小麦草的营养成分,有效提高其作为动物饲料的综合品质。     

魔芋种植对土壤微生物的影响

[目的]研究种植魔芋后土壤微生物碳源和氮源以及微生物量和微生物群落结构的变化。[方法]以种植魔芋地的土壤作为调查研究对象,用种植玉米的土壤作为对照,测定土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机质、土壤全氮、土壤微生物量和土壤微生物群落结构,分析土壤碳氮、土壤微生物碳氮和土壤微生物细菌和真菌的变化。[结果]结果表明,与玉米地相比,虽然种植魔芋后土壤碳氮含量较小,微生物碳含量也较小,但是微生物氮、微生物碳/有机碳的比值和微生物氮/全氮的比值较大;细菌的数量较大,但是真菌的数量和真菌/细菌的比值较小,结果土壤总微生物量FAME也较小。[结论]种植魔芋后土壤微生物碳源和氮源数量减少,造成微生物总数量下降。     

压力对稀土元素Sm填充方钴矿化合物热电性能的影响

通过高温高压方法合成出稀土元素Sm填充n型方钴矿化合物SmxCo4Sb12（0〈x〈1）,并考察了在室温下Sm填充率对热电性能的影响规律.结果表明：SmxCo4Sb12化合物表现为n型传导;电阻率和Seebeck系数随着合成压力的增加逐渐增加;晶格热导率随着Sm填充分数的增加而降低,在Sm填充量为0.5时达到最小值.室温下Sm0.5Co4Sb12化合物显示最大热电性能指数,其最大无量纲热电性能指数ZTmax值达到0.16.     

High-Temperature Phase Transition and Dissociation of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 Perovskite at Lower Mantle Pressures

To study the crystallography of Earth's lower mantle, techniques for measuring synchrotron x-ray diffraction from a laser-heated diamond anvil cell have been developed. Experiments on samples of (Mg, Fe)SiO(3) show that silicate perovskite maintains its orthorhombic symmetry at 38 gigapascals and 1850 kelvin. Measurements at 65 and 70 gigapascals provide evidence for a temperature-induced orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transition and dissociation to an assemblage of perovskite and mixed oxides. If these phase transitions occur in Earth, they will require a significant change in mineralogical models of the lower mantle.     

改良剂组合对盐碱土的改良效果研究

[目的]从所选取的5种物质（石膏、粉煤灰、油脂素、沸石粒、钾粒）中筛选对盐碱土改良效果最好的改良剂及其最佳组合方式.[方法]采取单一施用、两两施用,3种混施的方式将改良剂与土壤混合,通过盆栽试验对土壤进行一段时间的培养,检测各指标的变化.[结果]5种土壤改良剂及其组合对盐碱土的pH、部分肥力指标及水溶性离子含量均有一定程度的改良.对全磷和有效钾改良效果最好的是粉煤灰和油脂素组合施用;对pH、水溶性离子及其他肥力指标改良效果最好的是石膏、粉煤灰和油脂素3种改良物质混合施用.[结论]改良剂混合施用比单一施用效果好.     

蒸馏压力对茶树油品质的影响

采用不同蒸馏压力对白千层树叶进行提取,得到的精油为白千层芳香油(Oil of Melaleuca),即茶树油(Tea Tree Oil)。结果表明:随着蒸馏压力的增加,茶树油的颜色由无色透明变成淡黄色,同时茶树油的主要化学成分4-松油醇的含量随着蒸馏压力的增加而增加,1,8-桉叶油素的含量则反之;适当的蒸馏压力对茶树油的品质有所提升。     

Beryllium: Effect of Ultra-High Pressure on Resistance

Beryllium, subjected to a pressure of 93 kb at 25 degrees C undergoes a change in structure, as indicated by a 45-percent decrease in resistance. At 55 kb a small change in the resistance-pressure relationship suggests another modification of the usual hexagonal-close-packed structure.     

超高压处理对人参化妆品的影响

采用500MPa超高压对人参化妆品均质2min,显微镜下观察发现:超高压对人参化妆品的均质效果优于常规均质。采用所建立的反相高效液相色谱法比较了均质前后人参化妆品中6种主要人参皂苷的含量,结果表明:超高压均质对化妆品中人参皂苷的含量基本无影响。Rp-HPLC的条件为YMC反相C18柱以乙腈—水进行梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速1.5mL/min,6种主要人参皂苷在60min内被检出。加样回收率为95.2%～97.9%,线性相关系数均0.9997。