ROSAT Observations of X-ray Emissions from Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

R?ntgensatellit (ROSAT) observations made shortly before and during the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter show enhanced x-ray emissions from the planet's northern high latitudes. These emissions, which occur at System III longitudes where intensity enhancements have previously been observed in Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora, appear to be associated with the comet fragment impacts in Jupiter's southern hemisphere and may represent brightenings of the jovian x-ray aurora caused either by the fragment impacts themselves or by the passage of the fragments and associated dust clouds through Jupiter's inner magnetosphere.     

The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sends ripples through the rings of Jupiter

Jupiter's main ring shows vertical corrugations reminiscent of those recently detected in the rings of Saturn. The Galileo spacecraft imaged a pair of superimposed ripple patterns in 1996 and again in 2000. These patterns behave as two independent spirals, each winding up at a rate defined by Jupiter's gravity field. The dominant pattern originated between July and October 1994, when the entire ring was tilted by about 2 kilometers. We associate this with the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts of July 1994. New Horizons images still show this pattern 13 years later and suggest that subsequent events may also have tilted the ring. Impacts by comets or their dust streams are regular occurrences in planetary rings, altering them in ways that remain detectable decades later.     

Ulysses Radio Occultation Observations of the lo Plasma Torus During the Jupiter Encounter

Radio signals from Ulysses were used to probe the lo plasma torus (IPT) shortly after the spacecraft's closest approach to Jupiter. The frequencies of the two downlinks at S-band (2.3 gigahertz) and X-band (8.4 gigahertz) were recorded, differenced, and integrated in order to derive the columnar electron density of the IPT. The measurements agree qualitatively with contemporary models of the IPT based on Voyager data, but significant differences are apparent as well. The overall level of the IPT electron density is approximately the same as the prediction, implying that the amount of gas (or plasma) injected from lo is similar to that observed during the Voyager era. On the other hand, the IPT seems to be less extended out of the centrifugal equator, implying a smaller plasma temperature than predicted.     

Outburst of Jupiter's synchrotron radiation after the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Jupiter's nonthermal microwave emission, as measured by a global network of 11 radio telescopes, increased dramatically during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts. The increase was wavelength-dependent, varying from approximately 10 percent at 70 to 90 centimeters to approximately 45 percent at 6 and 36 centimeters. The radio spectrum hardened (flattened toward shorter wavelengths) considerably during the week of impacts and continued to harden afterward. After the week of cometary impacts, the flux density began to subside at all wavelengths and was still declining 3 months later. Very Large Array and Australia Telescope images of the brightness distribution showed the enhancement to be localized in longitude and concentrated near the magnetic equator. The evidence therefore suggests that the increase in flux density was caused by a change in the resident particle population, for example, through an energization or spatial redistribution of the emitting particles.     

Jupiter:observation of deuterated methane in the atmosphere

A positive identification of singly deuterated methane has been made in the 4- to 5-micron spectrum of Jupiter.     

Comet west and the scattering function of cometary dust

Observations of Comet West (1975n) at wavelengths from 0.5 to 18 microns and at a variety of scattering angles are used to infer the scattering phase function for the cometary dust. This function is strongly peaked in the forward direction. The form of the function indicates that the particles are dielectric grains with radii of approximately 1 micron. Abrupt increases in the intrinsic brightness of the coma (both in scattered sunlight and in thermal emission) are consistent with the projected times of comet fragmentation.     

脂质在干腌火腿加工过程中的变化及其对风味的影响

脂质是干腌火腿的风味前体物质,对干腌火腿风味的形成起到重要的作用。详细介绍脂质在干腌火腿加工过程中的主要化学变化,即水解反应、氧化反应,分析其对干腌火腿风味形成的影响,旨在为改善干腌火腿风味及其加工工艺提供理论基础。     

Earth-Based Radio Tracking of the Galileo Probe for Jupiter Wind Estimation

Although the Galileo probe was designed to communicate only to the orbiter, the probe radio signal was detected at two Earth-based radio observatories where the signal was a billion times weaker. The measured signal frequency was used to derive a vertical profile of the jovian zonal wind speed. Due to the mission geometry, the Earth-based wind estimates are less sensitive to descent trajectory errors than estimates based on probe-orbiter Doppler measurements. The two estimates of wind profiles agree qualitatively; both show high wind speeds at all depths sampled.     

Detection of Water Vapor in Halley's Comet

Gaseous, neutral H(2)O was detected in the coma of comet Halley on 22.1 and 24.1 December 1985 Universal Time. Nine spectral lines of thev(3) band (2.65 micrometers) were found by means of a Fourier transform spectrometer (lambda/triangle uplambda approximately 10(5)) on the NASA-Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The water production rate was approximately 6 x 10(28) molecules per second on 22.1 December and 1.7 x 10(29) molecules per second on 24.1 December UT. The numbers of spectral lines and their intensities are in accord with nonthermal-equilibrium cometary models. Rotational populations are derived from the observed spectral line intensities and excitation conditions are discussed. The ortho-para ratio was found to be 2.66+/-0.13, corresponding to a nuclear-spin temperature of 32 K (+5 K, -2 K), possibly indicating that the observed water vapor originated from a low-temperature ice.     

宰后鸭肉骨骼肌中caspase-3活化对嫩度的影响

【目的】探讨caspase-3在宰后鸭肉中是否被激活以及参与改善宰后鸭肉的嫩度,为进一步用细胞凋亡机理阐明水禽类肉的成熟机理提供新的试验依据。【方法】分析检测宰后鸭胸肉和腿肉胞浆中细胞色素-C含量变化,caspase-3、-8和-9活化片段和酶活力变化、PARP降解片段的表达水平以及宰后鸭肉剪切力的变化情况。【结果】宰后鸭肉骨骼肌胞浆中细胞色素-C含量均显著升高（P＜0.05）,caspase-3、-8和-9酶原分别劈开成17、18和23 kD左右的活化片段,酶活力于宰后均迅速升高（P＜0.05）;作为caspase系统的标志性蛋白,胸肉和腿肉中PARP蛋白均被劈开成小片段,且剪切力值于宰后4-24 h均显著减小（P＜0.05）。相关性分析的结果显示,宰后胸肉和腿肉中caspase-3酶活力和caspase-8,caspase-9酶活力变化均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与宰后剪切力值的变化呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。【结论】酶原的激活,酶活力的上升表明caspase-8和caspase-9各自介导的激活途径共同参与了鸭肉caspase-3的活化;PARP的降解,剪切力值的显著下降则表明活化的caspase-3直接或间接参与了鸭肉的成熟过程。     

北五味子物候的观测及气象要素影响

采用物候与气象因子相结合的同步观测方法,对长春地区北五味子的生长特性和影响其生长率的气象因子进行研究.结果表明:北五味子返青前候平均气温在-5℃时可视为返青期即将开始的温度指标.日平均气温在-2℃时枝条开始返青.候平均气温≥5℃或≥5℃的有效积温高于20℃可作为进入树液流动期的温度指标.≥5℃的有效积温100℃是进入展叶期的温度指标.北五味子果实发育到成熟要求平均气温20℃以上,≥10℃有效积温1500℃以上.幼果膨大期是北五味子的水分临界期,此间降水量在70～80mm就可以满足植株生长的需要.日平均温度24℃为北五味子生长的最适温度.     

温度对克氏针茅草原生态系统生长季碳通量的影响

草地生态系统碳通量的驱动机制研究是碳循环研究的重要方面。利用涡度相关技术观测了克氏针茅草原生态系统的净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统初级生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)的变化,探讨了2010年生长季内温度对该系统NEE、GEP和Reco的影响。结果表明,2010年生长季内,克氏针茅草原日尺度上NEE和GEP只出现了1个明显的吸收峰,Reco则呈现倒"U"型变化规律。克氏针茅草原空气温度与NEE、GEP和Reco呈极显著相关关系,气温日较差对该系统碳通量的影响程度较小;土壤温度与NEE、GEP和Reco之间也呈极显著相关关系,土壤温度的增加会同时提高克氏针茅草原生态系统的固碳能力、初级生产力及呼吸作用。空气温度和土壤温度都是影响克氏针茅草原生态系统碳收支的重要驱动因子。     

Jupiter: his limb darkening and the magnitude of his internal energy source

The most accurate infrared photometric observations (8 to 14 microns) to date of the average limb darkening of Jupiter have been combined with the most refined deduction of jovian model atmospheres in which flux constancy has been closely maintained in the upper regime of radiative equilibrium and a much more accurate approximation of the 10-and 16-micron vibration-rotation bands of ammonia has been incorporated. The theoretically predicted emergent specific intensity has been multiplied by the spectral response function and folded (mathematically convolved-intersmeared) with the spatial response function of the atmosphere-telescope-photometer combination. The resulting comparison indicates that Jupiter is radiating from three to four times as much power as the planet is receiving from the sun.     

左权县1961—2015年降水变化特征及对农业生产的影响

为了掌握左权县降水变化规律,笔者利用左权县1961—2015年逐月降水资料,采用线性趋势、5年滑动平均、M-K检验和滑动t检验等方法,分析左权县年及季节降水量变化趋势和突变特征。结果表明：左权县年降水量总体以-12.6 mm/10 a速率下降,20世纪60—90年代呈减少趋势,21世纪以来呈增加趋势,且在1968年发生了减少突变;季节降水量变化,春、夏、秋季呈减少趋势,冬季则呈微弱增加趋势,夏、秋季降水年代际变化与年降水变化趋势一致,冬、春季降水年代际变化起伏较大,秋季在1970年发生了减少突变,春季在2005年发生了由少到多的跃变,冬季在1976年和2003年分别发生了由多到少和由少到多的转变;干旱和暴雨是影响当地农业生产主要气象灾害。     

Jupiter: an unidentified feature in the 5-micron spectrum of the north equatorial belt

Grating spectra of the North Equatorial Belt of Jupiter 4.5 and 5.1 microns, obtained with a nominal resolving power of 180, are presented. An absorption feature centered at 4.73 microns and not due to a known constituent has been found. Its possible identification is discussed.     

Analysis of the Pioneer-Venus Lyman-agr Image of the Hydrogen Coma of Comet P/Halley

Comet Halley passed within 0.27 astronomical unit of Venus on 4 February 1986, 5 days before perihelion. This provided a unique opportunity to observe the comet's coma with the ultraviolet spectrometer orbiting the planet aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft when the coma was otherwise obscured from Earth's view by the sun's glare. More than 9000 data points acquired systematically over the 5-day period from 2 to 6 February were combined to construct an excellent Lyman-alpha image of the hydrogen coma. The Lyman-alpha image was successfully reproduced with a comprehensive physical model, thereby verifying and documenting the underlying chemical kinetics and dynamics of the hydrogen coma.     

节水处理对新春9号面包小麦产量和品质的影响

研究了省去最后一水对新春9号产量和面包烘焙品质的影响,结果表明,省去最后一水使新春9号的产量和容重有所下降,但有利于抗倒伏、节水和基肥施硫酸钾有改善面包烘焙品质的趋势.