Effects of wheat variety and specific weight on dietary apparent metabolisable energy concentration and performance of broiler chicks

1. This study used 4 wheat cultivars (Brigadier, Chaucer, Consort, Reaper) from three locations (Crossnacreevy, C; Downpatrick, D; Limavady, L), which had given rise to differences in wheat specific weight (SW), to examine the relationships between apparent metabolisable energy (AME) concentration, broiler performance and wheat SW. 2. The diets contained (g/kg): wheat 744, casein 142, blended vegetable fat 50, dicalcium phosphate 22, potassium bicarbonate 10.8, sodium bicarbonate 7.5, arginine 5, methionine 2, binder 8, trace minerals/vitamins 7.2, titanium dioxide 1.5. The diets were heat-treated (80 degrees C for 2 min) prior to pelleting (3 mm die). 3. SW ranged from 63 to 77 kg/hectolitre (hl), averaging 66, 69 and 76 kg/hl at D, C and L, respectively. In vitro viscosity of the wheat samples ranged from 5.2 to 17.5 cps and thousand grain weight (TGW) from 33.4 to 47.3 g. Mean TGW was similar at C and D (38.7, 37.0 g) but higher at L (43.1 g). In vitro viscosity was similar at C and L (11.2, 10.2 cps) but somewhat higher at D (14.4 cps). Crude protein (6.25 N) ranged from 116 to 147 g/kg and tended to be higher at D. Starch, which ranged from 612 to 656 g/kg, was least at D (617 g/kg) and greatest at L (641 g/kg). 4. Crude protein, crude fibre and total non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) were negatively correlated with SW, the R2 being respectively 0.38 (P<0.05), 0.16 (NS) and 0.45 (P<0.05). TGW and starch concentration were positively correlated with SW (R2=0.70, 0.44, respectively). There was a weak (NS) negative relationship (R2=0.19) between in vitro viscosity and SW. For both TGW and in vitro viscosity, correlations improved when variety was taken into account (R2=0.95, 0.92, respectively). 5. There were no significant effects of variety on dry matter (DM) intake or live weight gain (LWG). Gain: food was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Consort than for the other three varieties and the metabolisable energy ratio (ME:GE) just failed to attain significance (P=0.062). Calculated wheat AME (MJ/kg DM) was significantly (P<0.05) higher for Consort than for the other three wheats. There was a good correlation (R2=0.49) for the total data set between gain:food and ME:GE. In vivo viscosity varied from 13.6 to 28.6 cps for individual treatments and was significantly affected by variety (P<0001). 6. Although there were no significant differences in DM intake or LWG due to site the values for L (SW 76) were 6 and 5% lower, respectively, than for D (SW 66). Gain:food was lower (P<0.05) for C (SW 69) than for D. ME:GE, wheat AME and ME:gain were not significantly different between sites. 7. There was a weak (R2=0.18) positive relationship between ME:GE and SW corresponding to a 2.5% increase in energy value for a 10 kg/hl increase in SW and no relationship between gain:food and SW. When variety was taken into the regression the slope was similar but R2 increased to 0.82. 8. ME:GE and wheat AME concentration were negatively correlated with wheat in vitro viscosity (R2=0.64, 0.55, respectively). 9. It was concluded that in vitro viscosity appears to provide a better basis than SW for prediction of the nutritive value of wheats of unknown variety. If the variety is known then SW could be used to predict energy value. However, the effect of quite a large change in SW (10 kg/hl) was relatively small.     

Effects of variety, the 1B/1R translocation and xylanase supplementation on nutritive value of wheat for broilers.

1. Three consecutive studies were done with 12 wheat samples (4 per study), each of different variety (6 containing the 1B/1R rye translocation) to examine the effects of wheat variety, presence of 1B/1R and interactions with xylanase addition (Avizyme 1310). The wheat varieties covered a wide range of in vitro viscosity (6.3 to 19.8 cps). In each study 64 male, Ross broilers were individually caged and given the diets ad libitum from d 7 to 28. Bird performance, viscosity of ileal contents and diet metabolisability (AME) were measured. 2. The diets contained (g/kg): wheat 790, casein 134, dicalcium phosphate 21.4, potassium bicarbonate 10.8, sodium bicarbonate 7.5, soya oil 10, arginine 5, minerals etc. 21.3. 3. Within each study there were large differences in dry matter (DM) intake between varieties but the variety effect was significant (P<0.01) only in study 2. Liveweight gain (LWG) differences mirrored DM intake, being significant (P<0.01) in study 2. Mean gain:food was unaffected by variety in any study. 4. Calculated wheat AME (MJ/kg DM) ranged from 13.4 to 14.4 in study 2 (P<0.05), the values for studies 1 and 3 lying within this range. 5. Across all 3 studies, in vivo viscosity (proximal ileum) ranged from 5.0 to 37.6 in the absence of enzyme and from 3.9 to 12.1 with enzyme addition; in studies 1 and 2 variety differences were significant (P<0.05). 6. Enzyme addition had no effect on DM intake or LWG but gain:food tended to be improved (NS), metabolisability of energy (ME:GE) was increased (P<0.01) by 2.2% and calculated wheat AME by 4% while in vivo viscosity was reduced (P<0.001). 7. There were no significant differences in DM intake, LWG, gain:food, ME:GE or calculated wheat AME concentration associated with the presence of the 1B/1R translocation and no interactions between enzyme and 1B/1R. 8. There were poor relationships between either gain:food or wheat AME concentration and in vitro or in vivo viscosity. There was no significant relationship between AME concentration and either specific weight or thousand grain weight. 9. It was concluded that (a) variety differences tended to be small (b) there was no negative impact of the 1B/1R rye translocation with the diet formulation used (c) in vitro viscosity failed to predict satisfactorily any aspect of performance with the high wheat/low fat diet formulation used.     

The correlationship between the metabolizable energy content,chemical composition and color score in different sources of corn DDGS

Background： This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy （AME） and true metabolizable energy （TME） contents in 30 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score. Methods： Twenty-eight sources of corn DDGS made from several processing plants in 11 provinces of China and others imported from the United States. DDGS were analyzed for their metabolizable energy （ME） contents, measured for color score and chemical composition （crude protein, crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber）, to predict the equation of ME in DDGS. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, each DDGS sample was tube fed （50 g） to adult roosters. The experiment was conducted as a randomized incomplete block design with 3 periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with 90 being fed the DDGS samples and 5 being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses. Results： Results showed that the AME ranged from 5.93 to 12.19 MJ/kg, TME ranged from 7.28 to 13.54 MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content （-0.64, P 〈 0.0]） and between ME and yellowness score （0.39, P 〈 0.05） of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME = 6.57111 ＋ 0.5]475 GE - 0.10003 NDF ＋ 0.1 3380 ADF ＋ 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L （R^2 = 0.70）. The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME = 7.92283 ＋ 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF ＋ 0.13380 ADF ＋ 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L （R2 = 0.70）. Conclusions： This experiment suggested that measuring the chemical composition and color score of a corn DDGS sample may provide a quality parameter for identifying corn DDGS sources energy digestibility and metabolizable energy content.     

木聚糖酶在蛋鸡饲料中代谢能当量值的评定

试验通过蛋公鸡排空强饲法研究了2种木聚糖酶在5种能量饲料和6种产蛋鸡日粮中代谢能的当量值。结果表明:2种木聚糖酶都显著提高了蛋鸡对小麦和玉米小麦豆粕、玉米小麦豆粕棉粕、玉米小麦豆粕菜粕型日粮的代谢能(AME和TME)(P<0.05);酶A显著提高了小麦麸的代谢能(P<0.05);酶B对次粉、玉米豆粕、玉米豆粕棉粕型日粮的代谢能都有显著提高的趋势(P=0.089,P<0.05,P=0.070)。除酶A的代谢能当量值在小麦麸上为ME1.22 MJ/kg外,2种木聚糖酶的代谢能当量值在ME0.21-0.53MJ/kg之间。     

鹅对几种原料代谢能值的测定

本试验以24只175日龄扬州鹅公鹅为试验对象,用真代谢能(TME)测定法,测定了鹅对玉米、豆粕、小麦麸、稻谷、棉籽粕、苜蓿粉6种原料的代谢能值。试验结果表明:1)鹅对玉米、稻谷、小麦麸、豆粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿粉的表观代谢能(AME)值分别为12.23、10.93、8.03、8.99、6.67、4.25MJ/kg;真代谢能值分别为12.89、11.59、8.93、9.85、7.60、5.19MJ/kg。2)测得6种原料的TME值高于AME值,且TME∶AME为1.05～1.25;TME值的变异系数(CV)小于AME值,表明TME值的稳定性优于AME值。     

Chemical composition and the nutritive quality of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens

1. Different wheat cultivar samples were grown in replicated trials on a single site in three harvest years. A total of 23 wheat samples were harvested. Nutritionally complete, meal-form diets that included each wheat sample at 650 g/kg were used to compare broiler growth performance and determine apparent metabolisable energy (AME). The relationships were examined between these variables of nutritive value for broilers and the chemical composition and tests of quality on the wheat samples. 2. The total starch contents of the wheat samples ranged from 594 to 732 g/kg dry matter (DM). The mean total non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content was 100g/kg DM comprising 73.5 g/kg DM of insoluble material. Endosperm hardness ranged between 10 and 77 relative units and Beaver was the softest cultivar in two of the batches of samples. The AME of the wheat-based diets had a maximum range of 0.5 MJ/kg within each of the three batches of wheat that were tested. 3. Endosperm hardness of the wheat grains, within a harvest year, was positively correlated with broiler weight gain and the 1000-grain weight was negatively correlated with feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Starch content and gross energy were positively correlated with determined AME, and DM, 1000-grain weight and water holding capacity were negatively correlated with AME. 4. A step-wise regression technique indicated that endosperm hardness and ash content of the wheat were the explanatory variables that, within harvest years, significantly reduced the unexplained variation in broiler growth rate, feed intake and FCE. The contents of total starch, crude protein and ether extract were the explanatory variables that, within harvest years, significantly reduced the unexplained variation in AME.     

鸡、鸭、鹅对白酒糟和发酵白酒糟能量利用的比较研究

本试验旨在评价白酒糟和发酵白酒糟的营养成分含量及鸡、鸭、鹅对其的仿生消化总能(SDGE)和代谢能(ME),分别利用仿生消化法和生物学法(排空强饲法)测定。结果表明:1)白酒糟中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和总磷含量分别为85.63%、18.43%、1.49%和0.21%,均显著低于发酵白酒糟中的89.15%、24.75%、2.37%和0.38%(P0.05);白酒糟中粗脂肪和粗纤维含量分别为4.64%和24.15%,均显著高于发酵白酒糟中的3.61%和15.50%(P0.05)。2)鸡、鸭、鹅对白酒糟的SDGE分别为11.15、11.54和10.02 MJ/kg,均显著低于发酵白酒糟的11.86、12.23和10.78 MJ/kg(P0.05)。3)樱桃谷肉鸭对白酒糟的表观代谢能(AME)为10.42 MJ/kg,真代谢能(TME)为11.29 MJ/kg,能量表观利用率为55.01%,均显著高于杏花公鸡(AME为8.13 MJ/kg,TME为9.39 MJ/kg,能量表观利用率为44.79%)和四川白鹅(AME为8.20 MJ/kg,TME为9.16 MJ/kg,能量表观利用率为43.91%)(P0.05);而杏花公鸡、樱桃谷肉鸭、四川白鹅对发酵白酒糟的AME、TME、能量表观利用率和能量真利用率则无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,发酵白酒糟中的粗蛋白质、总磷含量高于白酒糟,粗纤维含量低于白酒糟;鸡、鸭、鹅对发酵白酒糟的SDGE均高于白酒糟;樱桃谷肉鸭对白酒糟的ME高于杏花公鸡、四川白鹅;而杏花公鸡、樱桃谷肉鸭、四川白鹅对发酵白酒糟的ME则无显著差异。     

Effect of wheat content, fat source and enzyme supplementation on diet metabolisability and broiler performance.

1. A 3x3x2 factorial experiment studied the interactions of fat source (tallow, soya, tallow:soya [2:1] blend), wheat level (700, 350, 0 g/kg) and enzyme inclusion (Avizyme 1300, absent, present) in diets for broilers fed ad libitum in individual cages from 7 to 35d. Bird performance, fat digestibility, viscosity of ileal contents and diet metabolisability (AME) were measured. 2. There were no significant effects of fat source on bird performance. However, there was a significant effect on fat digestibility, which was highest for soya and lowest for tallow. Diet AME content was also significantly affected by fat source and reflected differences in fat digestibility. 3. Dry matter (DM) intake, liveweight gain (LWG) and gain:food were all reduced at 700 g wheat/kg. Viscosity of ileal contents increased with increasing wheat inclusion. 4. There were no significant effects of enzyme on DM intake or LWG but gain:food was improved by 2%. Diet AME content was increased with enzyme addition, the effect being greatest (9%) with tallow at 700 g wheat/kg. 5. Viscosity of ileal contents was reduced and fat digestibility increased with enzyme addition and there were significant wheat enzyme interactions attributable to no differences with zero wheat but marked responses to enzyme at 700 g wheat/kg. 6. The results confirm important interactions between wheat content and fat composition in relation to fat digestibility, AME content and food efficiency.     

The correlationship between the metabolizable energy content,chemical composition and color score in different sources of corn DDGS

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) contents in 30 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score.

Methods

Twenty-eight sources of corn DDGS made from several processing plants in 11 provinces of China and others imported from the United States. DDGS were analyzed for their metabolizable energy (ME) contents, measured for color score and chemical composition (crude protein, crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber), to predict the equation of ME in DDGS. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, each DDGS sample was tube fed (50 g) to adult roosters. The experiment was conducted as a randomized incomplete block design with 3 periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with 90 being fed the DDGS samples and 5 being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses.

Results

Results showed that the AME ranged from 5.93 to 12.19 MJ/kg, TME ranged from 7.28 to 13.54 MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content (-0.64, P < 0.01) and between ME and yellowness score (0.39, P < 0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME = 6.57111 + 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF + 0.13380 ADF + 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L (R² = 0.70). The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME = 7.92283 + 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF + 0.13380 ADF + 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L (R² = 0.70).

Conclusions

This experiment suggested that measuring the chemical composition and color score of a corn DDGS sample may provide a quality parameter for identifying corn DDGS sources energy digestibility and metabolizable energy content.     

不同品种小麦生长猪消化能与代谢能预测模型的建立

本试验旨在研究不同品种小麦的理化特性及对生长猪的消化能和代谢能值,并探讨通过理化特性建立消化能与代谢能预测模型的可行性。试验选取12头初始体重相近(50.1±2.8)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪,随机分成2组,每组6头猪,采用2个6×6拉丁方设计,试验共6期。采用直接法评定12个小麦样品的能量价值,每个小麦样品配制1种日粮,共12种日粮,小麦在日粮中所占比例为97.0%。结果表明:12个不同品种小麦的能值差异极显著(P<0.05),其中北麦4的消化能含量最低(16.40 MJ/kg DM),而龙麦30的消化能含量最高(17.01 MJ/kg DM)。北麦4的代谢能含量亦最低(15.72 MJ/kg DM),辽春10最高(16.48 MJ/kg DM)。通过回归分析,建立了以总能和理化特性为基础的小麦消化能和代谢能预测模型,推荐预测模型:DE=-829-58.4×ADF+1.1×GE(R2=0.79,RSD=24.5),DE=-1384+1.1×GE+0.65×BW(R2=0.79,RSD=24.8),ME=-2990+1.7×GE-50.2×Xylans-87.6×Ash(R2=0.88,RSD=21.1)。     

Importance of amino-acid and electrolyte balance in experimental diets used to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of wheat

1. An experiment was done with male, Ross broiler chicks to study the effect of diet composition and electrolyte balance on the measurement of diet AME and performance parameters in diets containing high levels of wheat inclusion. 2. The control diet (G) was based on wheat (667 g/kg) with full-fat soya, soyabean meal, Extrupro and herring meal providing the protein supplements. The experimental treatments were based on 2 diets, one based on wheat (790 g/kg) with casein as the protein supplement and the other containing 667 g/kg wheat plus casein, cellulose and starch. Each of these was formulated to contain one of three concentrations of sodium and potassium bicarbonate giving final values for dietary electrolyte balance of approximately 90, 180 and 280 meq/kg diet. 3. DM intake was numerically lower with the lower level of wheat inclusion and LWG (P < 0.05) and gain:food (P < 0.001) were reduced. ME:GE was similar for the two levels of wheat/casein but higher (P < 0.001) than for the control diet. 4. The two higher electrolyte balances improved DM intake (P < 0.01), LWG and gain:food (P < 0.01) compared with the diets containing no added bicarbonate. ME:GE was unaffected by electrolyte inclusion. 5. Viscosity of ileal digesta supernatant fell (P < 0.01) with increasing bicarbonate inclusion but the value for the highest electrolyte level was still higher than for the control diet. 6. It is concluded that addition of both arginine and electrolyte is needed with a wheat/casein diet to improve performance to levels seen with a more commercial diet but that the determination of diet AME, with the type of fat addition used in this study, is unaffected by electrolyte balance. The interaction between electrolyte balance and in vivo viscosity requires further study.     

青脚麻肉鸡对不同来源玉米的代谢能值及近红外预测模型的构建

本试验旨在评定青脚麻肉鸡对30个不同来源玉米的代谢能值,并利用近红外光谱技术构建代谢能值的预测模型,为构建青脚麻肉鸡饲料营养价值数据库和玉米代谢能值的快速预测积累基础数据。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选用48只体重相近的30周龄青脚麻肉公鸡,按照组间体重无差异原则随机分组,做9批次代谢试验,每批做3或4个玉米样,每样设8个重复,每个重复1只鸡;每批做1个内源组,每批之间设10 d恢复期。试验采用排空强饲法测定代谢能值,试鸡饥饿48 h,然后按体重2%强饲待测饲料,收集排泄物48 h;内源组鸡饥饿48 h,再继续饥饿收集排泄物48 h。结果显示:1)30个玉米样品的干物质含量为(86.75±0.55)%(85.55%~87.79%),以干物质为基础,粗蛋白质含量为(9.21±0.52)%(8.27%~10.58%),总能为(18.716±0.106)MJ/kg(18.429~18.951 MJ/kg),中性洗涤纤维含量为(13.00±2.21)%(10.00%~18.52%),酸性洗涤纤维含量为(3.23±0.46)%(2.37%~4.36%),粗纤维含量为(2.28±0.28)%(1.89%~2.76%)。2)以干物质为基础,青脚麻肉鸡对30种玉米的表观代谢能(AME)为(14.627±0.655)MJ/kg(11.727~16.225 MJ/kg),氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)为(14.672±0.641)MJ/kg(11.793~16.248 MJ/kg),真代谢能(TME)为(16.248±0.619)MJ/kg(13.333~17.727 MJ/kg),氮校正真代谢能(TMEn)为(16.293±0.605)MJ/kg(13.398~17.750 MJ/kg)。3)用近红外光谱技术建立的青脚麻肉鸡AME、AMEn、TME、TMEn校正决定系数(R2cal)、校正标准差(RMSEE)及相对标准差(RSD)分别为0.99、0.035、0.24,0.99、0.029、0.20,0.99、0.031、0.19,0.99、0.030、0.18;交叉验证决定细数(R2cv)、交叉验证标准差(RMSECV)及RSD分别为0.92、0.117、0.80,0.93、0.106、0.73,0.90、0.113、0.70,0.91、0.108、0.66。结果表明:1)青脚麻肉鸡对不同来源玉米的AME、AMEn、TME和TMEn存在差异;2)近红外模型可以较好地预测青脚麻肉鸡的玉米代谢能值。     

True metabolisable energy, heat increment and net energy values of two high fibre foodstuffs in cockerels

1. The yields of true metabolisable energy (TME) and net energy (NE) from chaya leaf meal and wheatfeed were mcasured in tube-fed cockerels. 2. TME, 5.76 MJ/kg, from chava leaf meal was lower than from wheatfeed, 8.39 MJ/kg. The total heat increment attributable to the feeding of chaya leaf meal was 1-7 times greater than that of wheatfeed. 3. The net efficiency of utilisation of ME (k) from chaya leaf meal was 0.64, while that from wheatfeed was 0.86. The role of different chemical composition, especially the high fibre content of the materials, is discussed. 4. The metabolisable energy and net energy values derived from chava leaf meal represented 0.34 and 0.23 respectively of its gross energy content. The combination of lower TME and lower net efficiency of utilisation led to chaya having a NE value, 3.86 MJ/kg, which was only 0.53 that of wheatfeed.     

Nutritive activity of soluble rice bran arabinoxylans in broiler diets

1. A soluble material (703 g/kg non‐starch polysaccharide, 141 g/kg starch and 166 g/kg protein) of low viscosity (termed RB‐NSP), was isolated in large quantities from defatted Australian rice bran using a mild alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation.

2. The soluble non‐starch polysaccharide fraction of RB‐NSP comprised arabinose (0.40 mol%), xylose (0.32 mol%) galactose (0.17 mol%), glucose (0–08 mol%) and mannose (0.03 mol%).

3. RB‐NSP was included at graded concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 g/kg) in a sorghum/casein basal diet and the diet fed to male broilers in a classical balance trial to determine apparent metabolisable energy (AME). The AME values recorded were 13.26, 13.85, 14.26 and 14.00 MJ/kg DM with a significant correlation (r = 0.65, P< 0.001) between dietary RB‐NSP inclusion rate and dietary AME.

4. Feeding RB‐NSP had no effect on growth, food conversion ratio or the digestibilities of starch and protein which were both high (0.98–0.99 and 0.88–0.89, respectively).

5. It was concluded that the RB‐NSP may have been a substrate for hindgut fermentation in the broiler but that it possessed no anti‐nutritive activity.     

Relationship between digesta transit time and apparent metabolisable energy value of wheat in chickens

1.?This study tested the hypotheses that: (a) apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values and whole tract transit time (WTTT) were related, and that (b) the relationship between AME and WTTT differed between male and female Ross broiler chickens.

2.?Enzyme products with xylanase activity were added to a basal diet to provide 4 dietary treatments comprising control (no enzyme), Avizyme 1300 (1 kg/tonne), Kemzyme W1 (1 kg/tonne), and Bio-Feed Wheat CT (200 g/tonne). The basal diet comprised (in g/kg), 800 wheat, 155 casein, 20 dicalcium phosphate, 11 limestone, 7 D,L-methionine, 2 vitamin and mineral premix, 3 sodium chloride and 2 choline chloride (60%).

3.?AME values for diets were determined in a 7-d energy balance study commencing when chickens were 21 d of age. WTTT was the time elapsed (in min), from time of administration by oral gavage of 200 mg ferric oxide in a gelatine capsule, to time of first observation of the distinctive red colouration in droppings.

4.?The mean AME value for the wheat was high (15·7 MJ/kg dry matter) and ranged from 14·4 to 16·3 MJ/kg dry matter for individual birds. Mean WTTT was 206 min and ranged from 105 to 429 min. AME and WTTT were unaffected by enzyme addition to the diet, and the interaction between diet and gender was not significant.

5.?There was a significant but weak positive relationship between AME and whole tract transit time, with AME increasing by 2·2 kJ/min. This relationship was unaffected by gender of the chicken.     

Effect of food enzymes on AME and composition of digesta from broiler chickens fed on diets containing non-starch polysaccharides isolated from lupin kernel

1. The effects of lupin non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and composition of digesta from broiler chickens were examined in a dose-response experiment in conjunction with a single combination of 2 commercial enzyme products known from previous studies to partially depolymerise NSPs in diets containing sorghum, casein and lupin kernel. The 7-d experiment was conducted on broiler chickens (24 to 31 d of age) in metabolism cages. 2. The basal diet used in this study contained (in g/kg) sorghum (low tannin) 800, casein 134, celite 20 and vitamins and minerals 46. The inclusion rate for each enzyme product was 0.2 g/kg. Lupin kernel isolate (containing 560 g/kg total NSPs) replaced some of the sorghum and casein. The dose rates of lupin kernel isolate (50, 100 and 150 g/kg) were equivalent to dietary inclusion rates of 80, 160 and 240 g/kg, approximately, of untreated lupin kernel from Lupinus angustifolius cultivar Gungurru. 3. Inclusion of lupin kernel isolate in the diet depressed AME and bird performance, and raised ileal viscosity and excreta moisture, in a dose-dependent manner. 4. A combination of 2 proprietary enzyme products improved dietary AME by 0.3 MJ/kg dry matter. Enzymes reduced excreta moisture when inclusion of lupin kernel isolate was 50 g/kg (equivalent to lupin kernel at 80 g/kg, approximately) but not at higher inclusions. 5. Food enzymes partially depolymerised some insoluble NSPs in lupin kernel isolate, which increased ileal viscosity and soluble NSP content of digesta. 6. It was concluded that development of appropriate exogenous enzyme products could lead to lupin NSPs being used as an energy source for poultry.     

Naked oats: metabolisable energy yield from a range of varieties in broilers, cockerels and turkeys

1. Naked oats belong to the same species as 'common oats', Avena sativa, but have a non-lignified husk which readily becomes detached during harvesting. The absence of the indigestible husk can be predicted to give an increased metabolisable energy (ME) content for poultry. 2. Measurements of true metabolisable energy (TME(N)) were performed on 3-week-old broiler chicks (Cobb males), adult cockerels (ISA Brown, greater than one year old) and 7-week-old turkeys (BUT T8 males). The measurements were repeated in 2000, 2001 and 2002, with some measurements on a subset of varieties in 2004. 3. High-oil naked oat lines yielded 12% more energy (TME(N)) than wheat. Naked oats, excluding the experimental high-oil lines, yielded 8.5% more energy than simultaneously assayed wheat samples. 4. In samples from the 2004 harvest, conventional oats gave TME(N) values about 13% lower than those of wheat. 5. The addition of beta-glucanase produced an increase of about 4% in the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of oats for broiler chickens. This effect was associated with a 70% decrease in the jejunal viscosity of broilers receiving a 500 g/kg naked-oat diet. 6. The oil content of naked oats was about 5 times greater than that of wheat, with the high-oil lines rising to more than 6 times greater. Naked oats had a lower starch content than wheat but not sufficiently lower to negate the energy benefits of the higher oil content. The crude protein (CP) contents of naked oats were similar to those of wheat, with the high-oil varieties tending to be higher in CP also.     

Metabolisable energy content of diets and broiler performance as affected by wheat specific weight and enzyme supplementation

1. Two experiments were performed with male, Ross broiler chicks to study the relationship between wheat specific weight and performance parameters and the effects of xylanase inclusion in diets of different wheat specific weight (SW). 2. In both studies wheat was incorporated at 667 g/kg and a protein concentrate based on soyameal 50, full fat soyameal, extrupro and herring meal and formulated to provide (g/kg) crude protein 370, crude oil 140, crude fibre 45, crude ash 110 was incorporated at 333 g/kg. 3. In Experiment 1, 3 wheats (69, 67, 57, SW respectively) without or with enzyme (Avizyme TX, Finnfeeds International) and in Experiment 2, 6 wheats (81, 77, 76, 70, 64, 61 SW respectively) were used and diets were fed ad libitum to individually caged birds. 4. In Experiment 1 the feeding period was 7 to 28 d and a total excreta collection was made from 14 to 20 d for determination of apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content. Experiment 2 started at 4 d with excreta collections from d 6 to 9, 10 to 12 and 13 to 19 inclusive for AME measurements. 5. In Experiment 1 there were no significant effects of wheat on dry matter (DM) intake but liveweight gain (LWG) and gain:food were significantly better for 67 SW than for 57 SW. Food enzyme inclusion improved LWG and gain:food but there was a significant wheat/enzyme interaction for gain:food with no improvement due to enzyme addition for 67 SW but a 5% improvement for 57 SW. There was no significant effect of wheat or enzyme addition on the measured AME contents of the diets. 6. In Experiment 2, although not statistically significant, there were large numerical differences in food intake between diets, with the lowest values occurring for 64 SW. For the complete period, wheat variety tended to affect LWG (P=0.057) with the best and worst results recorded for the 2 low SW wheats. Gain:food was significantly affected by wheat, the poorest values occurring with 64 SW and the best with 77 SW Diet AME content was also affected by wheat variety (P<0.01) but the low result obtained for 61 SW was not mirrored in the gain:food value. The lack of correlation between diet AME values and gain:food could not be attributed to differences in protein or amino acid content of the diets. 7. In Experiment 2 diet AME content increased from period 1.1 (6 to 9 d) to period 2 (13 to 20 d) by 7% but interpretation is hampered by the short adaptation period (2 d) prior to period 1.1. The AME values obtained in both studies during the 3rd week of age were towards the upper end of the range of values in the literature. 8. In Experiment 2 there was a good correlation (r2=0.95) between SW and wheat starch content and between SW and calculated wheat AME content (r2=0.40, P<0.001) but a poor correlation between SW and gain:food. There was also a high correlation between wheat AME content and starch content (r2=0.41, P<0.001). Taken together with the results of Experiment 1 it appeared that starch content is a better measure of wheat quality than specific weight.     

1～3周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量的研究

本试验旨在确定1～3周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质的需要量.采用3×3双因子试验设计,设3个代谢能水平( 11.72、12.14、12.55 MJ/kg)和3个粗蛋白质水平(17％、19％、21％),配制9种试验饲粮.选取1日龄黑羽公番鸭378羽,随机分为9个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复7只鸭,每组试鸭随机饲喂1种试...     

复合酶对临武鸭几种饼粕饲料原料养分利用率和代谢能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶(蛋白酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶)对临武鸭几种饼粕饲料原料(大豆粕、大豆渣、棉籽粕、2种菜籽粕、花生仁粕、2种芝麻粕)养分利用率和代谢能的影响。试验选用48只体重2.0 kg左右的健康成年临武鸭公鸭,随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只鸭。采用绝食强饲-全收粪法进行3个批次代谢试验,每种原料均设对照组和添加复合酶组(试验原料中添加250 mg/kg的复合酶),对每只试验鸭强饲60 g试验原料,内源组强饲60 g无氮饲粮。测定添加复合酶条件下,临武鸭对8个饼粕饲料原料的表观代谢能(AME)、真代谢能(TME)及干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗纤维(CF)表观利用率和真可利用率。结果表明:临武鸭对8个饼粕类原料的DM、CP、EE和CF表观利用率分别为38.85%~62.86%、50.73%~65.39%、50.16%~74.50%和32.32%~46.46%,AM E和TM E分别为6.82~12.72 M J/kg,8.79~14.69 M J/kg,添加复合酶使临武鸭对几种饼粕饲料原料的DM、CP、EE和CF的有效营养改进值(ENIV)分别为6.25~21.70 g/kg、2.60~16.73 g/kg、0.13~8.66 g/kg和0.66~2.74 g/kg,TM E提高了0.19~1.15 M J/kg。由此可知,添加复合酶能够一定程度地提高临武鸭对饼粕饲料原料的养分利用率和代谢能。