Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

Carbon sink in Phoebe bournei artificial forest ecosystem

Biomass, carbon content, carbon storage and spatial distribution in the 32-year-old Phoebe bournei artificial forest were measured. The mean biomass of the forest stand was 174.33 t/hm², among which the arbor layer was 166.73 t/hm², which accounted for 95.6%. Carbon contents of stems, barks, branches, leaves, root, shrub layer, herb layer, lichen layer and litter layer were 0.5769 g C/g, 0.4654 g C/g, 0.5232 g C/g, 0.4958 g C/g, 0.4931 g C/g, 0.4989 g C/g, 0.4733 g C/g, 0.4143 g C/g, 0.3882 g C/g, respectively. The mean carbon content of soil was 0.0139 g C/g, which reduced gradually along with soil depth. Total carbon storage of the P. bournei stand ecosystem was 227.59 t/hm², among which the arbor layer accounted for 40.13% (91.33 t/hm²), the shrub layer accounted for 0.17% (0.38 t/hm²), the herb layer accounted for 0.76% (1.71 t/hm²), the lichen layer accounted for 0.28% (0.63 t/hm²), and the litter layer accounted for 0.29% (0.66 t/hm²). Carbon content (0–80 cm) of the forest soil was 58.40% (132.88 t/hm²). Spatial distribution ranking of carbon storage was: soil layer (0–80 cm) > arbor layer > herb layer > litter layer > lichen layer > shrub layer. Net production of the forest stand was 8.5706 t/(hm²·a), in which the arbor layer was 6.6691 t/(hm²·a), and it accounted for 77.82%. Net annual carbon sequestration of the P. bournei stand was 4.2536 t/(hm²·a), and the arbor layer was 3.5736 t/(hm²·a), which accounted for 84.01%. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(3): 34–39 [译自: 林业科学]     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

Nitrogen in soils beneath 18–65 year old stands of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Laoshan Mountains in Eastern China

Monitoring of soil nitrogen (N) cycling is useful to assess soil quality and to gauge the sustainability of management practices. We studied net N mineralization, nitrification, and soil N availability in the 0 10 cm and 11 30 cm soil horizons in east China during 2006 2007 using an in situ incubation method in four subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest stands aged 18-, 36-, 48-, and 65-years. The proper- ties of surface soil and forest floor varied between stand age classes. C:N ratios of surface soil and forest floor decreased, whereas soil total N and total organic C, available P, and soil microbial biomass N increased with stand age. The mineral N pool was small for the young stand and large for the older stands. NO 3 - -N was less than 30% in all stands. Net rates of N mineralization and nitrification were higher in old stands than in younger stands, and higher in the 0 10 cm than in the 11 30 cm horizon. The differences were significant between old and young stands (p < 0.031) and between soil horizons (p < 0.005). Relative nitrification was somewhat low in all forest stands and declined with stand age. N trans- formation seemed to be controlled by soil moisture, soil microbial bio- mass N, and forest floor C:N ratio. Our results demonstrate that analyses of N cycling can provide insight into the effects of management distur- bances on forest ecosystems.     

Biocycle of nitrogen in a Cyclobalanopsis glauca-dominated evergreen broad-leaved forest in East China

The nitrogen (N) cycling was elucidated in a 40-year-old subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca growing on red soil in Zhejiang Province, East China. The concentrations of N in the representative species ranged from 0.49% to 1.64%, the order of which in various layers was liana and herb layers > understory layer > tree and subtree layers; in various organs was leaf > branch > root > trunk; and aboveground parts > underground parts. The sequence of the concentrations of N in C. glauca was understory > tree > subtree layer; young and high-growing > old organs; reproductive > vegetative organs. Seasonal dynamics of the concentrations of N in C. glauca in the tree and subtree layers was comparatively stable. It was lower in autumn (October) in root, branch, and leaf in the tree layer, and low in January in the understory. There was no evident change in regularity of the concentrations of N in varying diameter classes. The concentrations of N in the litterfall, precipitation, throughfall, litter layer, and soil were 0.74%–2.30%, 0.000,038%, 0.000,09%, 1.94%, and 0.59%, respectively. The standing crop of N in the plant community was 1,025.28 kg/hm², accumulation in the litter layer was 224.88 kg/hm², and reserve in the soil was 55,151 kg/hm². Annual retention of N was 119.47 kg/hm², return was about 84.13 kg/hm², among which litterfall was 78.49 kg/hm² and throughfall, 5.64 kg/hm². Annual absorption of N was 203.60 kg/hm². Annual input of N through incident precipitation was 4.88 kg/hm². Compared with other forest types, cycling rate of N in the community was lower than in deciduous broad-leaved forests, rain forests, and mangroves, and was moderate in evergreen broad-leaved forests. N use efficiency of this forest was moderate among the forest types cited. According to the characteristics of the biocycle of phosphorous, it was concluded that N availability in the soil of this forest was not lower, and phosphorous not N was the limiting factor in the growth of plants in this community. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 740–748 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 740–748]     

望天树天然林土壤微生物生物量碳氮垂直分布及相关性分析

选取广西田阳县望天树Parashorea chinensis 天然林、油茶Camellia oleifera 人工林及桉树Eucalyptus robusta 人工林为研究对象,通过氯仿熏蒸浸提法对微生物生物量C、N 以及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：3 种林分土壤微生物生物量C、N 均随着土层深度显著下降(P<0.05),其中不同林地0~10 cm 土壤微生物生物量C 差异最大,20~40 cm 土壤微生物生物量N 差异最大;0~10 cm 望天树天然林微生物生物量C 分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.41 倍、1.63 倍,20~40 cm 微生物生物量N分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.54 倍、2.87 倍。相关性分析表明,3 种林分微生物生物量C、N 均与土壤全氮、速效钾呈极显著(P<0.01) 的正相关。综上所述,目前,望天树天然林各土层土壤微生物生物量C、N 均保持在良好水平,土壤深度、土壤养分、林分组成等能对土壤微生物生物量碳氮产生显著影响。     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林采伐经营初期土壤碳氮储量

测定了海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林不同择伐强度经营试验初期土壤 C、N含量及其储量 ,结果表明 :原始热带山地雨林土壤 C、N背景值分别为 10 8.91t· hm-2 、9.58t· hm-2 ,表层 50 cm土壤 C储量占深 10 0 cm土层 C储量的 77.6 % ,相应的 N储量占 73.8% ;30 %、50 %择伐强度经营 5个月后林地土壤 C储量分别比原始林降低 4 .5%和 5.3% ,但 30 %强度经营林地土壤 C/N接近未采伐的原始林。结果可作为对热带山地雨林选取持续经营模式的动态参考指标     

Controls of litter quality on the carbon sink in soils through partitioning the products of decomposing litter in a forest succession series in South China

Through the long-term measurement and development of a method for partitioning the products of decomposing litter, the impact of chemical components of forest debris on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation was studied in a forest succession series in South China. We quantified how litter quality is strongly correlated with the partitioning of respiration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fragments of decomposing litter. In the succession sequence of 60-year-old pine forest (PF), to 80-year-old mixed pine and evergreen broadleaved forest (MF) to more than 400-year-old monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest (MEBF), the litter C/N ratios and lignin contents were gradually decreasing, which in turn were correlated with increasing litter decomposition constants (k-values), gradually shortening residence times of standing litter pool. And, 53.5%, 65.6% and 76.2% of the gravimetric litter mass losses were going belowground through both DOC and fragmentation. Correspondingly, the SOC accumulation rates in the top 20 cm of mineral soils for the three forests from 1978 to 2008 were 26 ± 4, 33 ± 5 and 67 ± 5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. Results of the study support the idea that in order to increase carbon sequestration in soils and long-term functional ability of forest ecosystems to act as carbon sinks, “Kyoto Forests” should be designed and reconstructed with a high diversity of broadleaved species, especially containing nitrogen-fixing trees.     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

Root biomass and underground C and N storage of the primitive Korean pine and broad-leaved forest and its different succession stages in Changbai Mountain, northeast China

This paper studied root biomass and underground carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage of a more than 200-year-old primitive Korean pine and broad-leaved forest and its two 20-and 80-year-old secondary Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla forests in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The results showed that with forest succession, the root biomass of 20-year-old, 80-year-old, and primitive forests was 2.437, 2.742, and 4.114 kg/m², respectively. The root C storage was 1.113, 1.323, and 2.023 kg/m², soil C storage was 11.911, 11.943, and 12.587 kg/m², and underground C storage was 13.024, 13.266, and 14.610 kg/m², respectively, while the root N storage was 0.035, 0.032, and 0.038 kg/m², soil N storage was 1.208, 1.222, and 0.915 kg/m², and underground N storage was 1.243, 1.254, and 0.955 kg/m², respectively, which indicated that along with forest succession, the forest underground became a potential “carbon sink,” whereas underground N storage did not change obviously. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(7): 1,195–1,199 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(7): 1,195–1,199]     

Biomass,and carbon and nitrogen pools in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China

Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest is the most widely distributed land-cover type in eastern China. As the rate of land-use change accelerates worldwide, it is becoming increasingly important to quantify ecosystem biomass and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. Above and below-ground biomass and ecosystem pools of N and C in a subtropical secondary forest were investigated at Laoshan Mountain Natural Reserve, eastern China. Total biomass was 142.9 Mg ha⁻¹ for a young stand (18 years) and 421.9 Mg ha⁻¹ for a premature stand (ca. 60 years); of this, root biomass was from 26.9 (18.8% of the total) to 100.3 Mg ha⁻¹ (23.8%). Total biomass C and N pools were, respectively, 71.4 Mg ha⁻¹ and 641.6 kg ha⁻¹ in the young stand, and 217.0 Mg ha⁻¹ and 1387.4 kg ha⁻¹ in the premature stand. The tree layer comprised 91.8 and 89.4% of the total biomass C and N pools in the young stand, and 98.0 and 95.6% in the premature stand. Total ecosystem C and N pools were, respectively, 101.4 and 4.6 Mg ha⁻¹ for the young stand, and 260.2 and 6.6 Mg ha⁻¹ for the premature stand. Soil C comprised 23.8–29.6% of total ecosystem C whereas soil N comprised 76.9–84.4% of the total. Our results suggest that a very high percentage of N in this subtropical forest ecosystem is stored in the mineral soil, whereas the proportion of organic C in the soil pool is more variable. The subtropical forest in eastern China seems to rapidly accumulate biomass during secondary succession, which makes it a potentially rapid accumulator of, and large sink for, atmospheric C.     

Root biomass and productivity in dominant plantation populations in the mountainous area in western Sichuan

This study investigated root biomass and productivity in dominant populations in western Sichuan, China. A total of 4 plots (Picea balfouriana plantation for 22 age in Maerkang, 9 trees, mean DBH of population for 10.4 cm and height for 10.5 m; Larix maxteriana plantation for 22 age in Wolong, 9 trees, mean DBH of population for 17.0 cm and height for 13.8 m; Abies fabri plantation for 35 age in Ebian, 18 trees, mean DBH of population for 14.1 cm and height for 11.9 m; Larix kaempferi plantation for 23 age in Miyaluo, 8 trees, mean DBH of population for 17.4 cm and height for 14.5 m; a 20 m×25 m plot located on each of the 4 types in western Sichuan, China) were randomly selected and excavated to a depth of 60 cm for each of the 4 plantation types. To estimate the root biomass of an individual tree using D ² H, an exponential model was selected with the highest coefficient ranging from 0.94 to 0.99. The total root biomass per hm² varied among plantation population types following the order: L. kaempferi (37.832 t/hm²) > A. fabri (24.907 t/hm²) > L. maxteriana (18.320 t/hm²) > P. balfouriana (15.982 t/hm²). The biomass fractions of a given root size class compared to the total root biomass differed among plantation population types. For all 4 studied plantation types, the majority of the roots were distributed in the top 40 cm of soil, e.g., 97.88% for P. balfouriana population, 96.78% for L. maxteriana, 95.65% for A. fabri, and 99.72 for L. kaempferi population. The root biomass fractions distributed in the top 20 cm of soil were 77.13% for P. balfouriana, 77.13% for L. maxteriana, 65.02% for A. fabri and 80.66% for L. kaempferi, respectively. The root allocation in the 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm soil layers gave ratios of 34:12:1 for P. balfouriana, 24:6:1 for L. maxteriana, 15:7:1 for A. fabri, and 64:4:1 for L. kaempferi populations. The root biomass density of dominant plantation population was 10.782 t/(hm²·m) for P. balfouriana, 8.230 t/hm²·m) for L. maxteriana, 24.546 t/(hm²·m) for A. fabri, and 13.211 t/(hm²·m) for L. kaempferi population, respectively. The root biomass productivity was found to be 0.57 t/(hm²·year) for P. balfouriana, 0.83 t/(hm²·year) for L. maxteriana, 0.71 t/(hm²·year) for A. fabri and 1.64 t/(hm²·year) for L. kaempferi population, respectively. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(2): 542–551 [译自: 生态学报, 2006, 26(2): 542–551]     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律的数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层截留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）；Ｓｉ、有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出为１１２．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净损失８７．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），更新林系统仅处于更新进展过程中，同时证实了冠层对降水化学的淋溶效应，净淋溶系数达４．１１；提出了降雨、林内净降雨、总径流的各水化学物含量与其相应水量的回归模式     

中亚热带天然林改造成人工林后土壤呼吸的变化特征

【目的】研究中亚热带常绿阔叶林(天然林)改造成人工林后土壤碳排放量的变化及主要影响因子,为评估森林类型转换对土壤碳排放的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在福建农林大学西芹教学林场的常绿阔叶林及由其改造而来的38年生闽楠人工林与35年生杉木人工林中分别设置4块20 m×20 m样地,利用Li-8100土壤碳通量观测系统于2014年9月—2016年9月进行定点观测,并同期观测土壤温度、含水量、有机碳含量(SOC)、微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)、可溶性有机碳含量(DOC)、0～20 cm土层细根生物量和年凋落物量及凋落物碳氮比(C/N)。【结果】常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年后)和杉木人工林(35年后),年均土壤碳排放通量由16. 22显著降为12. 71和4. 83 tC·hm^-2a^-1,分别减少21. 60%和70. 20%;各林分类型的土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q¹⁰值表现为常绿阔叶林(1. 97)<闽楠人工林(2. 03)<杉木人工林(2. 91),转换为杉木人工林后,Q¹⁰值显著升高(P<0. 05);土壤温度能分别解释常绿阔叶林、闽楠人工林与杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率变化的89. 70%、88. 50%和87. 90%,土壤呼吸速率和土壤含水量相关不显著(P>0. 05);土壤呼吸速率和SOC、MBC、DOC、年凋落物量及0～20 cm土层细根生物量均极显著正相关(P<0. 01);土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q¹⁰值和凋落物C/N极显著正相关(P<0. 01),而与年均土壤呼吸速率及MBC极显著负相关(P<0. 01);进一步分析发现土壤MBC和SOC含量是影响土壤呼吸速率的2个最重要因子,而凋落物C/N在影响土壤呼吸温度敏感性中的贡献最大。【结论】中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年)或杉木(35年)人工林后,土壤碳排放通量显著降低。林分类型转换后树种组成和林分结构发生改变,凋落物数量、质量及细根生物量显著降低,土壤SOC和MBC含量显著下降可共同导致土壤呼吸通量的下降。土壤温度是3种林分类型土壤呼吸季节变化的主导因素,而土壤总有机碳库和土壤微生物量碳库的差异是不同林分之间土壤呼吸差异的主导因素,凋落物C/N对土壤呼吸的Q¹⁰影响最大。为提高模型预测森林类型转换影响土壤碳排放的精度,应综合考虑土壤有机碳库、易变性有机碳库及底物质量的变化。     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｇｍ＾２．ａ），Ｓｉ，有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）     

北京九龙山不同林分枯落物及土壤水文效应

对北京九龙山油松、侧柏、黄栌3种纯林的枯落物层水文效应和土壤水分效应进行研究,结果表明:黄栌林分的枯落物总蓄积量最大,为13.15 t·hm-2,其次为油松和侧柏,分别为12.50、9.53 t·hm-2;黄栌的最大持水量和有效拦蓄量最大,分别为28.73、23.17 t·hm-2;侧柏的最小,分别为12.67、10.17 t·hm-2。未分解层和半分解层枯落物持水量分别在浸泡10 h后和8 h后达到饱和,二者的吸水速率均在浸泡2 h内最大,4 h后趋于平稳。不同层次枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间均存在较好的函数关系;3个林地的土壤密度均值最大的为侧柏(1.30 g·cm-3),其次为油松和黄栌,分别为1.23、1.08 g·cm-3;黄栌的总孔隙度最大,为49.63%,其次为油松和侧柏,分别为49.49%、47.44%;侧柏林地的土壤有效持水量最大,为96.53 t·hm-2,其次为黄栌和油松,分别为88.23、69.00 t·hm-2。对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合分析,二者呈幂函数关系,其相关系数R2值均在0.90以上。     

晋西黄土区三种林地土壤养分随林分生长的变化

[目的]研究不同林分类型以及林龄对晋西黄土区土壤养分的改良效应,以期为森林可持续经营提供参考、丰富该区域的生态服务评估资料。[方法]采用林分调查、土壤取样和室内分析方法,于2011年和2016年7—8月对3种不同林龄(山杨中龄林、油松幼龄林、侧柏中龄林)林地内的不同土层有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行分析,并研究林内各土层间的C、N、P化学计量关系。[结果]表明:各林地土壤养分都有极强的表聚性,0~30 cm土层内有机质、全氮、全磷含量占0~100 cm土层的70%以上;经过5年时间,山杨、油松和侧柏林地0~50 cm土层内平均全氮含量分别增长了9.4%、7.4%、7.5%,全磷含量分别增长了11.6%、12.2%、21.4%;0~100 cm土层内碳储量分别增加了21.17、23.74、2.21 t·hm-2。不同林地之间土壤C:N值随土层深度逐渐减小,而N:P、C:P值随土层变化并没有规律;随着林龄的增加,土壤表层(0~10 cm)的N:P和C:P值明显减小,而C:N值变化不明显。[结论]根据全国土壤养分分级标准,试验林地内碳和氮含量较为丰富,而全磷平均含量为0.36~0.46 g·kg-1、为4~5级标准。在试验林地内,对土壤碳储量、全氮、全磷改良效果相对较好的分别为油松林、山杨林和侧柏林。     

Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of soil microbial biomass and their relationships with soil nutrients in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

The soil microbial biomass and nutrient status under the native broadleaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (in Hunan Province, midland of China) were examined in this study. The results showed that after the native broadleaved forest was replaced by mono-cultured C. lanceolata or C. lanceolata, soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool decreased significantly. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the concentrations of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 800.5 and 84.5 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.90 and 1.03 times as much as those in the first rotation of the C. lanceolata plantation, and 2.16 and 1.27 times as much as those in the second rotation of the plantation, respectively. While in the 10–20 cm soil layer, the microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 475.4 and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.86 and 1.60 times as much as those in the first rotation, and 2.11 and 1.76 times as much as those in the second rotation, respectively. Soil nutrient pools, such as total nitrogen, total potassium, NH₄ ⁺-N, and available potassium, also declined after the C. lanceolata plantation replaced the native broadleaved forest, or Chinese fir was planted continuously. Less litter and slower decay rate in pure Chinese fir plantation were the crucial factors leading to the decrease of soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool in this area. Human disturbance, especially slash-burning and site preparation, was another factor leading to the decrease. There were significant positive correlations between soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil nutrients. To improve soil quality and maintain sustainable productivity, some measures, including planting mixed conifer with hardwood, preserving residues after harvest, and adopting scientific site preparation, should be taken. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(12): 2,292–2,296 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Distribution patterns of vegetation biomass and nutrients bio-cycle in alpine tundra ecosystem on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

A study was conducted to test the correlation between biomass and elevation and the differences in concentration and storks of nutrients among five vegetation types （Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation-FA, Lithic alpine tundra vegetation-LA, Typical alpine tundra vegetation-TA, Meadow alpine tundra vegetation-MA, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetation-SA） on alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, China in growing seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The biomass of 43 mono-species and soil nutrients in alpine tundra ecosystem were also investigated. Dominant species from Ericaceae （such as Rhododendron chrysanthum and Vaccinium jliginosum var. alpinum） were taken to analyze organ biomass distribution. Result showed that the biomass and elevation had a significant correlation （Biomass-237.3 in（Elevation） ＋494.36; R^2=0.8092; P〈0.05）. No significant differences were found in phosphorus and sulphur concentrations of roots, stems and leaves among the five vegetation types. There were significant differences in nitrogen and phosphorus stocks of roots, stems and leaves and in sulphur stock of stems and leaves among TA, MA, and SA vegetation types （p〈0.05）. The nutrient stock of five vegetations was averagely 72.46 kg.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 48.55, 10.33 and 13.61 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Soil N and S concentrations in meadow alpine tundra soil type was significantly higher than those in other four soil types （Cold desert alpine tundra soil, Lithic alpine tundra soil, Peat alpine tundra soil, and Gray alpine tundra soil）. Phosphorous concentration in SA type was higher （p〈0.05） than in other types. Soil nutrient stock （0-20cm） was averagely 39.59 t.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 23.74, 5.86, 9.99 t·hm^-2, respectively.     

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林半分解层凋落物生态功能

[目的]以长白山天然云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,分析凋落物的现存量及持水性能和养分归还量等,从水源涵养和养分归还两方面阐述森林凋落物的生态功能。[方法]基于等距离网格布点法,在4块1 hm~2样地上采集凋落高峰期前(8月下旬)半分解层的凋落物样品400个,并对其生态功能指标进行测定分析。[结果]4块云冷杉针阔混交林样地半分解层凋落物现存量均值为19.50 t·hm~(-2);持水量均值为5.56 t·hm~(-2),持水率均值为64.08%;全碳(C)、全氮(N)和全磷(P)的养分浓度均值分别为421.68、18.86和1.26 g·kg~(-1),养分归还量均值依次为8.16、0.36和0.02 t·hm~(-2),养分利用效率大小顺序为PNC。[结论]天然云冷杉针阔混交林各样地间虽存在差异,但其半分解层凋落物的水源涵养和养分归还等生态功能均较好,林下凋落物分解速度较快,持水性能较好,养分归还量较多。