Effect of application of exogenous nitric oxide at different critical growth stages in alleviating Fe deficiency chlorosis of peanut growing in calcareous soil

This study was to investigate peanut response to application of nitric oxide (NO) at different growth stages and the effects of NO application on peanut yield and quality in calcareous soil. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) solution was poured into calcareous soil at sowing, seedling, flowering, and podding stages, respectively, or at each aforesaid critical stage. Results showed that NO application increased the content of active Fe and leaf chlorophyll, which improved the photosynthesis of peanut; enhanced the ability of resistance to oxidative stress by decreased the accumulation of O₂^??, H₂O₂, and MDA and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Nitric oxide increased the content of soil available Fe and root FCR activity, which can promote peanut absorb more Fe from the calcareous soil. What's more, peanut plants may pump a large amount of H⁺ from root cell membrane to consume in neutralization of HCO₃^?, and decrease the pH in apoplast, cytoplasm, and xylem, finally balance the mineral elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) uptake and distribution. These results indicated that NO could improve peanut growth and development, increase peanut yield and quality. Furthermore, the application of NO at sowing or seedling stage did the most obvious effect on alleviating chlorosis of peanut in calcareous soil.     

Effects of root addition and foliar application of nitric oxide and salicylic acid in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of peanut seedlings

Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA) are two important signaling molecules, which could alleviate chlorosis of peanut under iron (Fe) deficiency. Here, we further investigated the mechanism of different combinations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor) and SA supplying in alleviation Fe deficiency symptoms and selected which is the best combination. Thus, peanut was cultivated in hydroponic culture under iron limiting condition with different combinations of SNP and SA application. After 21 days, Fe deficiency significantly inhibited peanut growth, decreased soluble Fe concentration and chlorophyll contents, and disturbed ionic homeostasis. In addition, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased, which led the lipid peroxidation. Application of SNP and SA significantly changed Fe trafficking in cells and organs, which increased Fe uptake from nutrient solution, and transport from root to shoot, enhanced the activity of ferric-chelate reductase (FCR), that increased the available Fe in cell organelles, and the active Fe, chlorophyll contents in leaves. Furthermore, ameliorated the inhibition of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) uptake and promoted plant growth in Fe deficiency. At the same time, it increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) to protect the plasmolemma from peroxidation. Results demonstrated that different combinations of SNP and SA application could alleviate the chlorosis of peanut in Fe deficiency by various mechanisms. Such as increased the available Fe and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and modulated the mineral elements balance and so on. Foliar application of SNP and SA is the best to protect leaves while directly adding them into nutrient solution is the best to protect roots. These results also indicated that the effects of SNP and SA supplying together to leaves or roots are better than respectively adding to roots and spraying to leaves. The best combination is foliar application of SNP and SA.     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系活性氧及保护酶活性变化的影响

用亚精胺(Spd)处理了低氧胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗,并对根系中的活性氧及保护酶进行了检测。结果表明,低氧处理后黄瓜幼苗根系的脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(M DA)含量显著升高,活性氧生成速率含量和保护酶活性,都有一个先升后降的过程;Spd处理后,低氧胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗根系中的M DA、活性氧含量显著下降,过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)都保持较高的活性,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较弱。超氧阴离子(O2-)生成速率的变化与SOD活性的变化有一定的相关性,H2O2的含量变化与过氧化物酶(POD)有一定的相关性。     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系活性氧及保护酶活性变化的影响

用亚精胺(Spd)处理了低氧胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗，并对根系中的活性氧及保护酶进行了检测。结果表明，低氧处理后黄瓜幼苗根系的脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高，活性氧生成速率含量和保护酶活性，都有一个先升后降的过程；Spd处理后，低氧胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗根系中的MDA、活性氧含量显著下降，过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)都保持较高的活性，而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较弱。超氧阴离子(O^-₂)生成速率的变化与SOD活性的变化有一定的相关性，H₂O₂的含量变化与过氧化物酶(POD)有一定的相关性。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了盐胁迫下外源亚精胺(Spd)对抗盐能力不同的2个黄瓜品种幼苗叶片和根系内活性氧(ROS)水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,外源Spd降低了50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下幼苗体内O-.2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高了抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT的活性;与抗盐性较强的"长春密刺"品种相比,Spd处理对抗盐性较弱的"津春二号"品种效果更明显.表明外源Spd处理通过促进盐胁迫下植株体内抗氧化酶活性的提高,降低ROS水平,从而缓解NaCl对黄瓜幼苗的盐伤害.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用营养液水培，研究了盐胁迫下外源亚精胺(Spd)对抗盐能力不同的2个黄瓜品种幼苗叶片和根系内活性氧(ROS)水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明，外源Spd降低了50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下幼苗体内O^-.₂产生速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量，提高了抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT的活性；与抗盐性较强的“长春密刺”品种相比，Spd处理对抗盐性较弱的“津春二号”品种效果更明显。表明外源Spd处理通过促进盐胁迫下植株体内抗氧化酶活性的提高，降低ROS水平，从而缓解NaCl对黄瓜幼苗的盐伤害。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

研究了在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对耐盐性不同的2个番茄品种（沪番‘1480’和沪番‘2496’）幼苗叶片活性氧（ROS）水平和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,外源NO提高了盐胁迫下SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,AsA和GSH含量以及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,降低了MDA含量和O2- 产生速率;与耐盐品种‘1480’相比,NO处理对盐敏感品种‘2496’效果更明显。表明外源NO通过促进盐胁迫下保护酶活性、抗氧化剂和渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株的耐盐能力。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及蛋白含量的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-epiBR)对2个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种(“绿霸春四号”和“中农八号”)叶和根组织中抗氧化系统及根系中可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,营养液添加1×10^-3 mg/L 24-epiBR能显著提高黄瓜植株叶和根组织抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性,对CAT活性无明显影响,降低了O^.-₂和MDA含量,同时,根系可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量显著提高;与抗低氧性较弱的品种“中农八号”相比,24-epiBR处理对抗低氧性强的品种“绿霸春四号”效果更明显,表明外源24-epiBR处理通过促进抗氧化酶活性和蛋白含量的提高,降低低氧胁迫下植株体内ROS含量,增强植株低氧逆境的适应能力。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及蛋白含量的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-ep iBR)对2个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种(“绿霸春四号”和“中农八号”)叶和根组织中抗氧化系统及根系中可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,营养液添加1×10-3m g/L 24-ep iBR能显著提高黄瓜植株叶和根组织抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性,对CAT活性无明显影响,降低了O.2-和M DA含量,同时,根系可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量显著提高;与抗低氧性较弱的品种“中农八号”相比,24-ep iBR处理对抗低氧性强的品种“绿霸春四号”效果更明显,表明外源24-ep iBR处理通过促进抗氧化酶活性和蛋白含量的提高,降低低氧胁迫下植株体内RO S含量,增强植株低氧逆境的适应能力。     

外源NO对不同作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以浓度分别为0、0.01、0.1、1.0 mmol/L的硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside, SNP; NO供体）处理玉米、小麦、花生、小白菜、萝卜、黄瓜的种子和幼苗,研究了以上几种浓度的SNP对作物种子萌发和幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:SNP对多数种子萌发影响表现为低浓度（0.01 mmol/L和0.1 mmol/L）促进,高浓度（1.0 mmol/L）抑制,其中对萝卜发芽率的促进作用最显著;低浓度SNP可有效促进植物幼苗地上部的生长,其中对小麦、黄瓜的促进效果最显著,同时可显著促进根系的伸长,其中对萝卜的促进效果最显著,且对植物幼苗生长的影响与作物种类有关;SNP对多数植物的根系活力有明显的促进作用,其中对萝卜的促进效果最显著;适宜浓度的SNP可以提高作物CAT、POD和SOD活性以及可溶性蛋白含量,并降低MDA含量,不同作物SNP的适宜浓度不同,其中0.1 mmol/L SNP对多数作物处理效果最好。     

Effects of nitric oxide and nitrogen on seedling emergence,ion accumulation,and seedling growth under salinity in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Recently nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signal molecule in plants. However, little is known about the role of NO in the salt tolerance of halophytes. Effects of the NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nitrate (NO ) on growth and ion accumulation in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under salinity were investigated in the present study. The results showed that higher SNP supply increased seedling emergence, but SNP had no effect on shoot growth and the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–, and NO . Higher NO had no effect on seedling emergence of the species. Shoot Cl^– decreased, but NO₃^– increased markedly, with a higher NO supply. The decrease in the estimated contribution of Cl^– to the osmotic potential was compensated for by an increase in that of NO . It appears that NO plays an important osmotic role in S. salsa under high salinity with a higher NO supply, and this trait may increase salt tolerance of the species under high salinity.     

Diversity and versatile functions of metallothioneins produced by plants: A review

Metal ions are essential for plant growth and development,but in excess,these compounds can become highly toxic.Plants have adopted numerous ways to maintain metal homeostasis while mitigating adverse effects of excess metal ions,including phytochelatin and the metal-chelating proteins metallothioneins(MTs).A family of cysteine(Cys)-rich,intracellular,and low-molecular-weight(4–8 kDa) MTs are proteins found in nearly all phyla including plants,animals,and fungi,and they have the potential to scavenge reactive oxygen species and detoxify toxic metals including copper,cadmium,and zinc.Based on their Cys numbers and residues,MTs have been categorized into three major classes.Class I MTs,which have highly conserved Cys residues,are found in animals,while class II MTs,with less conserved Cys residues,are present in plants and are classified further into four groups.Class III MTs include phytochelatins,a group of enzymatically synthesized Cys-rich proteins.The MTs have been an area of interest for five decades with extensive studies,which have been facilitated by advancements in instrumental techniques,protein science,and molecular biology tools.Here,we reviewed current advances in our understanding of the regulation of MT biosynthesis,their expression,and their potential roles in the alleviation of abiotic stresses(i.e.,drought,salinity,and oxidative stresses) and heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis.     

外源一氧化氮介导铜胁迫下番茄幼苗中铁、锌、锰的累积及亚细胞分布

采用营养液培养方法,以改良毛粉802F1番茄为材料, 研究外源一氧化氮（NO,SNP为供体）对铜（Cu）胁迫下番茄幼苗铁（Fe）、 锌（Zn）、 锰（Mn）吸收分配的影响。结果显示, 50 mol/ L的 Cu2+ 胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生物量和株高显著降低了33.7% 和23.1%,外施100 mol/L SNP可显著缓解这种抑制作用, 提高Cu 胁迫下番茄幼苗根系、 茎中Fe、 Mn含量及叶柄、 叶片中Fe、 Zn含量,降低茎中Zn含量及叶柄、 叶片中Mn含量; 根系、 茎、 叶柄、 叶片Fe、 Zn及根系和茎中Mn的累积相应增加; 根系吸收的Fe、 Zn、 Mn向地上部的转运降低。Cu 胁迫下, 外源NO可显著提高番茄液泡、 细胞器的Fe、 Zn 含量, 降低根系和叶片细胞壁Fe、 Zn、 Mn含量。在作为转运组织的茎和叶柄中,Mn主要分布在细胞壁上,而在叶柄和叶片液泡、 细胞器中也有增加。表明外源NO可以调控番茄幼苗各部位及亚细胞中Fe、 Zn、 Mn的合理分布,维持胞质离子稳态和矿质营养元素平衡,缓解铜胁迫,保证番茄幼苗正常的生理代谢。     

Effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid on water uptake,ionic toxicity,and antioxidant capacity of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) under sodic‐alkaline conditions

Sodic‐alkalinity may be more deleterious to plant growth than salinity. The objectives of this study were to determine whether 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA: an essential precursor for chlorophyll biosynthesis) foliar application could improve the sodic‐alkaline resistance of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla ) by regulating water uptake, ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant metabolism. Eight‐week‐old uniform plants were grown in nutrient medium without and with a sodic‐alkaline regime generated by a mixture of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ (NaHCO₃ : Na₂CO₃ = 9:1 molar ratio) for 12 d, and leaves were sprayed daily with water or ALA. The Na⁺ and ALA concentrations were gradually increased to 60 mM and 120 μM, respectively. ALA foliar application alleviated the physiological damage from sodic‐alkalinity, as reflected by the increases in plant dry weight, relative growth rate, chlorophyll, Mg²⁺ concentration, and the decrease in Na⁺ concentration. However, ALA foliar application did not change the water uptake capacity or the concentration of K⁺, Fe³⁺, and endogenous ALA in leaf tissues under sodic‐alkaline conditions. ALA foliar application effectively mitigated damage from sodic‐alkalinity because of the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacol peroxidase), particularly superoxide dismutase activity, which was maintained at the same level as for control plants. These results suggest that ALA foliar application alleviated sodic‐alkaline stress mainly owing to its antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase has the main responsibility for reducing oxidative stress in Swiss chard.     

钙和NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

采用营养液培养的方法,研究了Ca2+对外源一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)所诱导的NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,添加外源NO或Ca2+显著缓解了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较单独NaCl胁迫处理显著提高,丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量、超氧阴离子(O.-2)产生速率明显下降;添加NO的同时添加Ca2+通道抑制剂La3+抑制了NO的这些调节作用。结果表明Ca2+对NO诱导的NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株活性氧清除能力的提高起重要作用,NO的作用可能依赖于胞浆Ca2+。