土壤颗粒大小对水,肥保持和运移的影响

试验利用电导法在稳态供水条件下，对不同粒级土壤中溶质的移动及其施肥土壤中Ｎ的向下迁移过程及迁移数量进行定性和定量研究，讨论了土壤颗粒大小对土壤持肥，持水特片的影响，并揭示了不同粒土壤不溶质Ｎ的迁移与水分运动的关系。     

农田微塑料及混合污染物对蚯蚓影响的研究进展

微塑料作为一种新兴污染物,其污染已成为全球广泛关注的热点环境问题。特别是农田土壤中微塑料污染对食物链和陆生生态系统构成了潜在威胁,微塑料及其与其他污染物的混合作用对蚯蚓造成了一系列不利影响,包括体重减轻、运动能力下降、生存率降低和免疫力减弱等。此外,微塑料与污染物的混合暴露干扰了蚯蚓的肠道微生物平衡,引发其细胞水平上的氧化应激和DNA损伤。该文从研究对象、试验设计、微塑料及混合污染物的类型和浓度等方面综述了关于微塑料及混合污染物对蚯蚓生长和生理影响的研究进展。同时,提出了未来研究需进一步标准化研究方法以增强结果的可比性,加强田间条件下对微塑料污染的系统评估,关注微塑料对蚯蚓的长期影响,以期为环境保护和土壤污染治理提供参考依据。     

土壤环境因素对棉花黄萎病菌微菌核存活的影响

 试验研究了土壤温度、湿度、pH值和有机质对棉花黄萎病菌微菌核存活的影响。结果表明:40、30和0℃对微菌核土壤存活影响较大,10和20℃影响较小,尤其以10℃影响最小;土壤含水量越高,对微菌核存活影响越大,在含水量低于15%时,对存活影响较小,尤其以5%的含水量影响最小,表明微菌核对土壤干旱逆境具有较强的抵抗能力;pH值低于5.5或高于8.5的土壤条件对微菌核存活影响较大,pH值为6.5~7.5影响较小;土壤有机质含量越高,微菌核存活率越低,含量低,存活率高。本研究结果表明,只要改善和控制棉花黄萎病菌土壤存活的生态条件,就可以有效地减少土壤存活菌量,达到控制病害发生与发展的目的。     

微塑料对氯氟醚菌唑在水稻环境中的立体选择性降解行为的影响

为明确手性农药氯氟醚菌唑(mefentrifluconazole,MFZ)在水稻环境中的立体选择性行为,本研究基于高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法建立了氯氟醚菌唑对映体在水稻植株、根系、土壤和田水中的残留测定方法,并通过水稻环境盆栽模拟试验,考察了氯氟醚菌唑在水稻环境中的行为规律及微塑料对氯氟醚菌唑在水稻环境中的立体选择性及降解动态的影响。结果表明：氯氟醚菌唑对映体在手性柱Chiralpak IG上可完全分离,且在0.000 5～0.1 mg/L范围内,对映体的峰面积与相应的质量浓度间呈良好线性关系(R²均大于0.999),其在水稻环境样本中的平均回收率为76%～108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%～12%。盆栽模拟试验结果表明,氯氟醚菌唑对映体在水稻植株、根系、土壤和田水中均无立体选择性差异(P>0.05);微塑料对氯氟醚菌唑在水稻环境中的立体选择性无显著影响(P>0.05),但可显著延长其在田水和水稻植株中半衰期。氯氟醚菌唑R体和S体在田水中的半衰期分别从6.7和6.7 d延长至11.6和11.7 d,在水稻植株中则分别从7....     

不同外源添加物质对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响

采用室内模拟淋溶土柱的方法,研究四种外源添加物质(土壤调理剂、砒砂岩、秸秆、生物炭)对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同外源添加物质均增加了淋溶液中总磷(TP)的累积量,淋溶浓度介于0.05~2.86 mg·L~(-1),其中生物炭和秸秆的效果显著;(2)添加生物炭的土柱淋溶液中总可溶性磷(TDP)的变化趋势与TP相似,整体上先升高后降低;添加秸秆减少了土柱淋溶液中可溶性反应磷(DRP)在TDP中所占的比例。(3)添加秸秆减少了土柱中速效磷(Olsen-P)含量,而添加生物炭的处理,随着添加比例的增大,分别比对照增加141%、290%、382%;(4)添加秸秆的各土层中土壤可溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)含量无明显差异,在其它处理中,呈现先减小后增大的趋势。添加生物炭的各土层中CaCl_2-P含量变化幅度大。综上,生物炭显著地增大了土壤中磷素的淋溶和迁移能力,秸秆可减少淋溶液中DRP的含量,阻止土壤中CaCl_2-P向下层迁移。     

土壤微生物膜对沙生植物幼苗光合和荧光特性的影响

为揭示土壤微生物膜对沙生植物幼苗光合和荧光特性的影响,以沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙打旺（Astragalus laxmannii）幼苗为研究对象,设置不同菌剂施用方式（喷施、混施）和施用量（0、1、3、5、7 g·kg-1和10g·kg-1）开展盆栽试验,比较分析土壤微生物膜形成后植物气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明：（1）当菌剂施用量>3 g·kg-1时,固结层硬度、厚度和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。（2）在3～7 g·kg-1菌剂处理组沙打旺净光合速率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,且蒸腾速率（Tr）、净光合速率（Pn）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）均显著高于沙冬青（P<0.05）。（3）当菌剂施用量>5 g·kg-1时沙打旺最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。除3 g·kg-1处理组之外,沙冬青Fv/Fm和光化学猝灭系数（QP）均高于沙打旺。（4）土壤特性、光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光三者为部分中介模型,土壤特性的改变能直接影响沙冬青和沙打旺叶绿素荧光特性。土壤微生...     

复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究施入复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验的方法,对不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂的黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行了测定.[结果]与对照相比,在花期施入复合微生态制剂,可使根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量分别增加27.9％和20.6％,而真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量分别减少64.5％和66.7％;可使土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高130.8％、190.5％、123.5％,差异均显著.黄瓜不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂对过氧化氢酶作用不明显.[结论]本研究在花期施入复合微生态制剂后,在一定程度上,可提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,减少真菌及尖孢镰刀菌的数量,提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性.     

微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。     

微咸水灌溉对河北低平原土壤盐分动态和小麦、玉米产量的影响

在河北低平原有咸水区的2个试验站,通过田间小区试验,连续3年研究了2g·L-1咸淡混合水灌溉对土壤盐分动态和小麦、玉米产量的影响.结果表明,2g·L-1咸淡混合水灌溉显著提高了主根层和0～120 cm土体的含盐量.麦收后微咸水灌溉处理的根层土体ECe值3年平均比淡水灌溉分别增加0.092和0.091 dS·m-1,0～120 cm土体ECe3年平均比淡水灌溉分别增加0.051 dS·m-1和0.147 dS· m-1;玉米收获后微咸水灌溉处理的根层土体ECe3年平均比淡水灌溉分别增加0.059 dS·m-1和0.127 dS·m-1,0 ～ 120 cm土体ECe3年平均比淡水灌溉分别增加0.082 dS· m-1和0.131 dS·m-1.总体上2g·L-1咸淡混合水灌溉对小麦、玉米的产量没有影响.因此从微成水长期安全利用的角度,对土壤盐分动态进行长期监测,定期淡水淋盐是非常必要的.     

微咸水钠吸附比对土壤理化性质和入渗特性的影响研究

目前微咸水的开发利用成为缓解淡水资源不足的一条重要途径,由于微咸水中含有各种盐分离子,会影响土壤的入渗特性,而且不同的钠吸附比对土壤的影响程度不同。为了分析钠吸附比对土壤入渗能力的影响,在河北省中科院南皮生态试验站进行了一维垂直积水入渗试验研究,在土壤初始含水率均为2.25%、入渗水的矿化度均为3 g/L时,分析不同钠吸附比的微咸水累积入渗量和湿润锋随时间的变化过程,发现二者具有相同的变化规律,用Philip模型进行分析,发现该模型对钠吸附比低于12.56(mmol/L)0.5的微咸水模拟结果较为精确。随着钠吸附比的变化,土壤剖面湿润区的水分运动接近活塞流;土壤含盐量主要受入渗水矿化度的影响,与钠吸附比关系不大。用钠吸附比较高的微咸水进行入渗,在土壤表层发生了Na 对Mg2 和Ca2 的置换作用,并导致表层土壤中钠离子的累积。     

Enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil

Residues of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured following repeated application of the fungicides to a sandy loam soil in the laboratory. There was a progressive increase in rates of degradation with successive treatments. With iprodione, for example, the times for 50% loss of the first and second applications were about 23 and 5 days respectively. When treated for the third time, less than 10% of the applied dose remained in the soil after just 2 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin in the same soil, and with both compounds in a second soil. In a third soil, which had relatively low pH, degradation of both compounds occurred only slowly and the rate of degradation of a second application was the same as that of the first. Degradation rates in this soil were increased by addition of 100 g kg^?1 of a soil in which degradation occurred more readily, and they were markedly increased by addition of 100 g kg^?1 of a soil in which enhanced degradation had been previously induced. Residues of both fungicides were also measured following repeated application in the field. When iprodione was applied to previously untreated plots, about 3% of the initial dose remained in the soil after 77 days. When applied to plots treated once before, less than 1% remained after 18 days, and when applied to plots treated twice previously less than 1% remained after 10 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin. Enhanced degradation of subsequent soil treatments was also observed following a sequence of low-dosage sprays in the field.     

Further observations on the enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil

The effects of soil pH on rates of degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured in a silty clay loam soil. Little degradation of either fungicide occurred at pH 4.3 or 5.0, and degradation at pH 5.7 was slower than at pH 6.5. In both of the higher-pH soils, the rate of loss of a second application of either fungicide was faster than that of the first, and a third application degraded even more quickly. In soil with pH 6.5, for example, the times for 50% degradation of iprodione following the first, second and third applications were about 30, 12 and 4 days, and for vinclozolin were 30, 22 and 7 days respectively. Iprodione degraded very rapidly in a sandy loam that had been treated three times previously with this fungicide and also degraded rapidly in the same soil pretreated three times with vinclozolin. Vinclozolin degraded rapidly in the vinclozolin pre-treated soil, but its rate of loss in the iprodione pre-treated soil was only slightly faster than in the previously untreated control. Studies of iprodione degradation in 33 soils from commercial fields demonstrated a clear trend towards faster rates of loss in soils with an extensive history of iprodione use. The time for 90% loss from previously untreated soils varied from 22 to 93 days. It varied from 16 to 28 days in soils treated once previously and from 5.2 to 23 days in soils treated twice previously. In soils that had received three or more previous doses, the time to 90% degradation varied from 3.8 to 15 days.     

宝鸡地区典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其环境效应研究

地膜覆盖被普遍应用于农业生产中,形成大量的微塑料,对农田土壤环境产生重要的影响.本文通过野外调查取样与室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了宝鸡地区辣椒地、玉米地和猕猴桃地三种典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其对土壤环境的影响.研究结果显示:不同农田土壤中微塑料41％～48％为＜1mm粒径,其次为1-2mm和2-5mm粒径.其...     

刺五加根际效应和土壤环境因子对土壤跳虫群落结构的影响

为明确刺五加根际效应和土壤环境因子对土壤跳虫的影响,于2019年6-8月在中国科学院辽河源农业生态研究与示范基地调查刺五加根际和非根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、功能性状参数以及群落特征参数,同时利用Pearson分析法和冗余分析法研究刺五加根系分泌物和土壤环境因子对跳虫群落结构的影响。结果表明,6-8月在根际土壤中捕获棘?属跳虫176头,所占比例为34.37%,为优势属,捕获钩圆?属、球角?属、长脚?属、德?属跳虫分别为26、37、32和31头,所占比例分别为5.08%、7.23%、6.25%和6.05%,均为常见属;在非根际土壤中,捕获棘?属跳虫91头,所占比例为17.77%,为优势属,捕获钩圆?属、球角?属、长脚?属、德?属跳虫分别为28、33、19和39头,所占比例分别为5.47%、6.45%、3.71%和7.62%,均为常见属;6月,刺五加根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、Pielou均匀度指数分别为3.50、14.92和0.72,非根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.83、8.83和0.87,与根际土壤的差异显著;根际土壤跳虫的体宽、体长、触角与体长的比值、栖息环境功能性状值分别为0.73 mm、4.4 mm、0.19和0.18,显著低于非根际土壤跳虫的0.79 mm、5.58 mm、0.32和0.40;根际土壤pH与土壤跳虫群落的总属数、个体数呈正相关,与Pielou均匀度指数呈负相关,非根际土壤pH与土壤跳虫的个体数呈正相关;德?属、球角?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量、水杨酸含量、没食子酸含量呈负相关,长?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量、水杨酸含量和没食子酸含量呈正相关,棘?属和钩圆?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量呈负相关。表明土壤环境因子和刺五加根际效应对土壤跳虫群落有影响。     

Degradation of the dicarboximide fungicides iprodione,vinclozolin and procymidone in Patumahoe clay loam soil,New Zealand

An enhanced rate of degradation of the dicarboximide fungicides iprodione and vinclozolin was induced in the laboratory in Patumahoe clay loam soil by adding three successive applications of fungicide. Enhanced degradation of the dicarboximide fungicide procymidone could not be induced. Following the first fungicide treatment, the time to 50% loss of iprodione was greater than 35 days; for vinclozolin the time to 50% loss was 22 days. The rate of degradation accelerated with successive applications until, after a third successive application of fungicide, the time to 50% loss of iprodione was only two days and none was detectable at seven days. For vinclozolin, after the third successive application of fungicide, 50% loss occurred after 35 days. By comparison, minimal loss of procymidone was detected after 35 days following each of two successive soil treatments. The induction of enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in this soil in the laboratory may explain the observed loss of field control of onion white rot disease. Degradation of iprodione occurred in non-sterile soil but not in sterile soil, indicating that microbial involvement may be responsible for the degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil.     

Uptake of iprodione and control of diseases on potato stems

When applied to the roots of potato plants growing in different soils iprodione became systemic in the plants. Although iprodione was adsorbed on the soils tested, sufficient fungicide was present in potato stems to prevent infection by Phoma exigua var. foveata on all plants except those grown in peat soils. The amount of fungicide present in the aerial parts of the plant was related to the soil/water distribution coefficients. Application of iprodione to the sprouts of seed potato tubers prior to planting decreased the incidence and severity of infection by Rhizoctonia solani (stem canker) and Polyscytalum pustulans on stem bases.     

The structural rearrangement of iprodione in ethanolic solution

Iprodione, in ethanolic solution, was found to undergo structural rearrangement over a period of days to give a solid product which was shown by mass spectrometry to be an isomer. Mechanistic considerations led to a proposed structure, which was verified by synthesis of an authentic specimen by an unambiguous route. The biological implications of these findings are discussed.     

Mechanism of hydantoin ring opening in iprodione in aqueous media

The hydrolysis kinetics of iprodione in alkaline solutions of pH 8.3 to 12 at 25°C have been determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Under these conditions, iprodione leads quantitatively and irreversibly to N-(3,5-dichloroanilinocarbonyl)-N-(isopropylaminocarbonyl)glycine. The reaction is not subject to a general basic catalysis and the rate law takes the form K_obs = K_OH- [OH^?1]. The activation entropy of -77 J mol^?1deg^?1, the value of the kinetic solvent isotope effect k_OH?/k_OD? of 0.79 and the value of 0.60 for the Hammett parameter σ, obtained for the hydrolysis of a series of 3-aryl-N-isopropyl-2,4-dioxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamides are all in agreement with the rate-determining attack by the hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl in the 4-position of the hydantoin ring of the fungicide.     

柑橘链格孢褐斑病病菌对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺敏感性评价

柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Alternaria brown spot,ABS)是新近在我国局部地区新发现的病害。本研究以来自我国各褐斑病发生区的54个代表菌株为群体,应用刃天青(RZ)显色法测定病菌群体对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺的敏感性。结果表明,该病菌种群孢子萌发对2种药剂均表现敏感,尚未发现抗药性菌株,平均EC50分别为0.616 6μg/m L和0.030 4μg/m L。对于异菌脲,广西和浙江菌株较不敏感;对于嘧菌环胺,所有菌株均非常敏感,且敏感性与菌株的地理来源无关。