嘧菌酯在大豆中的残留及消解动态

建立了大豆中嘧菌酯残留的气相色谱测定方法,并研究了其在植株和大豆籽粒中的消解动态和最终残留。样品经乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土玻璃层析柱净化,通过气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC- ECD)测定。结果表明,在0.025、0.25、2.0 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,嘧菌酯的平均回收率为93.4%~101.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~7.5%;最小检出量为1×10-12 g,最低检测浓度为0.025 mg/kg。施药剂量为推荐剂量的1.5倍(有效成分337.5 g/hm2)时,嘧菌酯在大豆植株中的半衰期为0.8~3.6 d。在225、337.5 g/hm2剂量下施药3~4次,测得收获期大豆中嘧菌酯的残留量均低于国际食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的最大残留限量(MRL) 0.5 mg/kg。按照推荐剂量225 g/hm2处理,建议我国嘧菌酯在大豆上的MRL值可暂定为0.5 mg/kg,安全间隔期为14 d,施药次数不超过3次。     

嘧菌酯在水和有机溶剂中的光化学降解

以500 W氙灯为光源,研究了嘧菌酯在水和有机溶剂中的光化学降解动态及其影响因素。结果表明:当质量浓度为5 mg/L时,嘧菌酯在纯水中光解的半衰期为5.8 h,在2~20 mg/L范围内,其光解速率随初始质量浓度的增大而降低;嘧菌酯在不同介质中的光解速率从大到小依次为乙腈水甲醇正己烷丙酮,其半衰期分别为4.8、5.8、11.5、12.1和23.5 h;硝酸盐对嘧菌酯在水中的光解具有光敏化作用,当NO-3质量浓度为1、2、10和20 mg/L时,其半衰期分别为5.5、5.1、4.5和3.9 h;在1~2 mg/L质量浓度下,NO-2对嘧菌酯在水中的光解具有光敏化作用,而在10~20 mg/L时则表现为光淬灭作用;Fe3+及表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对嘧菌酯在水中的光解具有光敏化作用,而腐殖酸和Fe2+则对其表现为光淬灭作用。研究结果可为嘧菌酯的科学合理使用及其环境风险评估提供参考。     

嘧菌酯在人参和西洋参中的残留监测及其膳食风险评估

建立了气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定中药材人参和西洋参中嘧菌酯残留的分析方法。 样品经乙腈-水 [V (乙腈):V (水)=7 :1]提取,柱层析 [m(弗罗里硅土):m(中性氧化铝):m(活性炭)=5 :3 :0.15)及液-液分配净化,GC-ECD检测。结果表明,当嘧菌酯在人参和西洋参中的添加水平分别为1、0.5和0.01 mg/kg时,回收率分别为82.1% ～97.8%和90.9% ～92.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.6% ～6.2%和1.6% ～3.1%,均符合农药残留分析要求。仪器的最小检出量(LOD, S/N =3)为0.06 ng,方法的最低检测浓度(LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。采用所建立方法调查了2010年不同来源人参和西洋参样品中嘧菌酯的残留情况,并对其膳食风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,样品中嘧菌酯的最大残留量为0.1 mg/kg,计算得出的风险商(RQ)值很小,处于安全水平。     

嘧菌酯在武陵山区马铃薯及番茄晚疫病化学防控上应用研究

2011年研究结果表明：嘧菌酯（阿米西达）250g／L悬浮剂在武陵山区应用于马铃薯及番茄晚疫病化学防控,无论是速效性还是持效性,均显著优于甲霜灵锰锌58％可湿性粉剂,且对作物安全,可应用于大面积生产上替代产生抗性的甲霜灵系列杀菌剂。     

浙江省柑橘绿霉病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性研究

采用孢子萌发法和生长速率法测定了2000~2006年间采自浙江衢州、杭州、金华、丽水的65个柑橘绿霉病病菌Penicillium digitatum菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明:嘧菌酯对供试菌株 孢子萌发和菌丝生长的EC50值均呈单峰分布,分别介于0.020 1 ~0.260 0 μg/mL和0.005 3 ~0.079 4 μg/mL 之间,平均值分别为0.042 6 μg/mL 和0.025 0 μg/mL。敏感性频次分析结果表明,该65个菌株孢子萌发和菌丝生长对嘧菌酯的敏感性频率分布均符合正态分布,其EC50平均值0.042 6±0.030 4 μg/mL 和0.025 0±0.012 9 μg/mL可分别作为柑橘绿霉病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长对嘧菌酯的敏感基线。     

氟噻唑吡乙酮对马铃薯晚疫病最低有效防控剂量的研究

由真菌致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary引起的晚疫病是马铃薯的毁灭性病害。为使新型优异杀菌剂10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂发挥更好的作用,于2018—2019年开展了该药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的最低有效防控剂量 (防治效果等于大于80%对应的施药剂量) 田间试验。结果表明:10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂按有效成分9.75~14.6 g/hm2处理,于第二次施药后14 d防治效果达80%以上,此剂量即为最低有效防控剂量,比农药登记推荐低剂量少用药50.0%~25.0%。结果可为农药减施和精准施药提供依据。     

单嘧磺酯在土壤中的淋溶特性研究

建立了单嘧磺酯在土壤中的分析方法,并采用土壤薄层法研究了单嘧磺酯在我国具有代表性的3种土壤中的淋溶特性。结果表明,单嘧磺酯土壤中分析方法的回收率为77.7～105%,相对标准偏差为2.51～9.06%,最低检出浓度为0.218mg/kg。单嘧磺酯的土壤淋溶研究结果表明,单嘧磺酯在河南、内蒙古和云南土壤中的Rf值分别为0.75、0.75和0.59;在采集自河南和内蒙古的土壤中的移动性能为可移动;在采集自云南的土壤中的移动性能为中等移动。单嘧磺酯的土壤淋溶特性与土壤的理化性质密切相关。土壤pH越小、土壤粘粒含量越高,单嘧磺酯的土壤淋溶性越弱。     

嘧菌酯对三种蔬菜病害的毒力、防效及安全性研究

采集未施用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂地区的番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、辣椒炭疽病菌Collecterichum capsica、黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis,于室内测定嘧菌酯对该3种病菌的毒力,结果分别为:对早疫菌的EC50值为8.617 6 μg/mL,对炭疽菌的EC50值为5.634 5 μg/mL,对霜霉菌的EC50值为0.004 9 μg/mL;连续两年在田间使用3个不同剂量的嘧菌酯防治上述3种病菌,均得到了80%以上的良好防效;室内盆栽番茄、辣椒、黄瓜的不同品种,于不同的生长时期,喷施不同浓度的嘧菌酯,500 μg/mL浓度下未见药害。本研究表明,连续使用3次嘧菌酯即可有效控制病害的发展,而且对作物安全性高。     

气相色谱法测定嘧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的残留方法研究

报道了嘧菌酯在黄瓜及土壤中的残留分析方法。样品用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,硅胶和酸洗活性碳混合柱净化,用二氯甲烷：乙酸乙酯混合液（7∶3,V/V）淋洗,GC—FTD检测嘧菌酯的残留量。最小检出量为6.25×10-11g,最小检出浓度：黄瓜为0.00125mg·kg-1,土壤为0.00283mg·kg-1。当添加浓度在0.01～1mg·kg-1时,其回收率：黄瓜在89.26%～95.69%之间,土壤在86.65%～101.68%之间。     

嘧菌酯在我国登记情况以及抗性研究现状

嘧菌酯是先正达公司于1997年上市的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂,它具有广谱、高效、安全的特点,自上市以来占有较大的市场份额。随着国外产品专利保护到期,我国掀起一阵注册热潮。但由于其作用为点单一,在使用过程中抗性问题日益严重。本文对嘧菌酯近年来登记情况、抗性发展研究状况、抗性产生机制以及治理措施进行了简要论述。希望为以后嘧菌酯的登记注册以及合理使用提供全面客观的依据。     

Estimation of soybean rust uredospore terminal velocity,dry deposition,and the wet deposition associated with rainfall

Using models from atmospheric chemistry and physics, this study examined the wet deposition of single uredospores of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi associated with rainfall and its importance compared with dry deposition. First, a measurement of the terminal velocity of freshly collected P. pachyrhizi uredospores was conducted in Nanning, China. The observed terminal velocities associated with different sizes of the uredospore clumps were fitted by negative exponential models. The average terminal velocity of single uredospores (0.0187 m s⁻¹) determined by the fitted models was used to estimate the dry deposition. The wet deposition of single uredospores associated with different rainfall rates was determined numerically using coupled models, in which raindrop capture efficiency of uredospores was based on Slinn’s semi-empirical model. The results showed that at a rainfall rate of 0.5 mm h⁻¹, wet deposition can remove 50% of the single uredospores in the air within 1 h. If the rainfall rate is 5 mm h⁻¹, 10 min is sufficient to remove 50% of the uredospores. The dry deposition of the single uredospores was estimated with simplified scenarios: i.e., assuming the uredospore cloud was continuously from 1,000 to 2,000 m in height above a field with a uniform concentration. In the first 16 h, almost no uredospores reached the ground, while the wet deposition caused by 2 mm h⁻¹ rainfall within 30 min was even much greater than dry deposition of 24 h duration. The comparisons indicated that the wet deposition of soybean rust uredospores was much more efficient than the dry deposition.     

Impact of tricyclazole and azoxystrobin on growth,sporulation and secondary infection of the rice blast fungus,Magnaporthe oryzae

BACKGROUND: Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch sp. nov., is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide, causing substantial yield losses every year. In Italy, its management is based mainly on the use of two fungicides, azoxystrobin and tricyclazole, that restrain the disease progress. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of the two fungicides on the growth, sporulation and secondary infection of M. oryzae. RESULTS: Magnaporthe oryzae mycelium growth was inhibited at low concentrations of azoxystrobin and relatively high concentrations of tricyclazole, while sporulation was more sensitive to both fungicides and was affected at similarly low doses. Furthermore, infection efficiency of conidia obtained from mycelia exposed to tricyclazole was affected to a higher extent than for conidia produced on azoxystrobin‐amended media, even though germination of such conidia was reduced after azoxystrobin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents for the first time detailed azoxystrobin and tricyclazole growth–response curves for M. oryzae mycelium growth and sporulation. Furthermore, high efficacy of tricyclazole towards inhibition of sporulation and secondary infection indicates an additional possible mode of action of this fungicide that is different from inhibition of melanin biosynthesis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

浙江省果蔬灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗药性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,连续监测了2010—2012年间浙江省果蔬灰霉病菌对QoI类杀菌剂嘧菌酯的敏感性变化。 结果表明:病菌群体中的低敏感性亚群体的比例明显上升,EC50值>5 mg/L 菌株的比例分别为12.5%、15.8%和28.3%;在菌丝生长阶段和孢子萌发阶段,旁路氧化在灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性中的平均相对贡献值(F)分别为2.91±0.89和5.72±2.82;嘧菌酯抗药性菌株的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、产菌核数和致病力与敏感菌株相比无显著差异。抗药性分子机制研究表明,灰霉病菌中存在2种类型的cyt b基因:Ⅰ型cyt b基因在第143位密码子后紧跟内含子;Ⅱ型cyt b基因在第143位密码子后没有紧跟内含子。大多数的灰霉病菌菌株属于Ⅱ型。Ⅰ型菌株均为嘧菌酯敏感菌株,Ⅱ型菌株为嘧菌酯敏感菌株或抗性菌株。抗性菌株的cyt b 基因的第143位密码子由甘氨酸(GGC)突变为了丙氨酸(GCC),抗药性机制为G143A。     

嘧菌酯·丙环唑悬乳剂气相色谱分析方法研究

本文介绍了采用气相色谱法用HP-5毛细管柱,以邻苯二甲酸二异戊酯为内标物,氢火焰离子化检测器对嘧菌酯·丙环唑悬乳剂进行定量分析。结果表明,嘧菌酯、丙环唑的线性相关系数为1.0000、1.0000平均回收率为100.15%、99.95%;标准偏差为0.03、0.007;变异系数为0.42%、0.06%。     

Influence of allocation and detoxification of metribuzin in Chenopodium album on the reliability of prediction of the minimum lethal herbicide dose rate

A new method for application of minimum lethal herbicide dose (MLHD) rates is based on the assumption that a MLHD for a photosystem (PS) II herbicide can be predicted for weeds when the developmental stage of seedlings, herbicide uptake and herbicide action are taken into account. Chenopodium album     

Metribuzin degradation in soil: I—effects of soybean residue amendment,metribuzin level,and soil depth

Plant residue and soil depth effects on metribuzin degradation were investigated. Dundee silt loam soil collected at depth increments of 0–10 cm (SUR) and 10–35 cm (SUB) was treated with labeled [5^?14 C]metribuzin. Samples were assayed at several time points up to 140 days after treatment. Soybean residue was added to half of the SUR samples (RES), with remaining SUR unamended (NORES). None of the SUB samples were amended with soybean residue. Metribuzin mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ proceeded more slowly in RES and SUB than in NORES and SUR, respectively. Extractable components in SUR samples included polar metabolites, plus deaminated metribuzin (DA) in the RES, and parent metribuzin in the NORES. Deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK) and metribuzin comprised major ¹⁴C components extracted from SUB, while in SUR, faster degradation of metabolites resulted in metrizubin as the primary identifiable compound. Unextractable ¹⁴C increased until day 35 for both RES and NORES, after which it remained constant for NORES. but declined for RES. A corresponding rise in RES polar ¹⁴C suggested that as soybean residue decomposed, ¹⁴C bound in the residue was released as extractable polar material. Soil with soybean residue accumulation may alter metabolite degradation patterns, but does not impede initial metribuzin degradation. Depth differences in metribuzin degradation were attributed to reductions in microbial activity with increasing soil depth.