高粱田除草剂种类及施药方法筛选试验初报

为了筛选高效的高粱除草剂和适合的施药方式, 我们进行了高粱田间杂草化学防除药剂及施药方法筛选试验, 通过除草效果、产量和收益分析, 初步认为:施药方法上土壤封闭明显优于茎叶处理。土壤封闭剂中, 42%丁·异·莠去津SC、42%异丙草·莠SC除草剂对阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草防除作用优良, 鲜重防效均超过90%, 高粱产量虽低于人工除草, 但差异不显著, 减产幅度在1%以下; 使用这类药剂高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。茎叶处理剂中, 25%辛酰溴苯腈EC等除草剂对高粱生长影响较小, 对藜、反枝苋等阔叶杂草防效高, 高粱产量低于人工除草, 但高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。建议在高粱生产中使用这些除草剂。     

11种除草剂对小麦田恶性杂草阿拉伯婆婆纳的防除效果

针对我国黄淮海冬麦部分区域恶性杂草阿拉伯婆婆纳,开展了田间茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验,并比较了不同施药时期防效的差异.结果表明,防除阿拉伯婆婆纳,越冬前施用除草剂的防效优于返青期施药,可选择10％苯磺隆可湿性粉剂27.00 g/hm2,或56％2甲4氯钠可溶粉剂1 260.00 g/hm2,或40％唑草酮水分散粒剂36.0...     

12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效

采用田间小区试验方法,测定12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效。在玉米3~5叶期、鸭跖草3~7叶期进行茎叶喷雾处理,施药后观察鸭跖草的药害症状并定时调查除草效果。试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮以及含有以上成分的复配制剂对鸭跖草有较高防效。因此,防除玉米田鸭跖草可选择氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮等除草剂单剂或含有以上成分的除草剂混剂。     

20种茎叶处理除草剂对冬小麦田宝盖草的防效及安全性测定

为筛选防除冬小麦田宝盖草的高效茎叶处理除草剂,本试验连续两年选取20种除草剂进行冬小麦田宝盖草的防除研究。结果表明,在小麦返青期施药,200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油、50%吡氟酰草胺水分散粒剂和10%苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂有效成分用量分别为210、120和60 g/hm~2时,药后40 d对宝盖草的株防效和鲜重防效均达到90%以上,并且对冬小麦表现安全,可大面积示范推广。     

背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对2种玉米田除草剂的减量效应

为了明确背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对玉米田除草剂的减量效应,以土壤处理除草剂40%乙·莠SE和茎叶处理除草剂30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂作为参试除草剂,测定了背负式静电喷雾器在不同施药剂量下的静电喷施效果。结果表明:背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对40%乙·莠SE和30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂均有明显的减量效应。当40%乙·莠SE和30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂中90%莠去津WG的施用量分别降至2 850 mL/hm 2和825 g/hm 2时,较各自推荐施用量分别减少用药量36.67%和21.43%,对玉米田主要杂草仍有理想的控制效果,株防效超过64%,鲜重防效超过95%;并可最大限度地改善玉米茎、穗部性状,减轻对玉米产量的影响,较人工除草分别减产1.96%和0.29%。可见,背负式静电喷雾器在玉米田土壤处理除草剂和茎叶处理除草剂喷施中具有较大的应用价值。     

不同除草剂结合小麦秸秆还田对稻田杂草防除效果比较

为筛选出不同秸秆还田量条件下,对稻田杂草防效高、安全性好且施药量低的除草剂配方,在小麦秸秆定量还田条件下,采用封闭处理和茎叶喷雾进行田间药效试验。结果发现,水稻直播田中,选取双唑草腈+五氟磺草胺、呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺+氰氟草酯配方,综合防效可达95%以上;移栽田中,选取草酮、丙炔草酮进行封闭处理,综合防效也可达90%;而机插秧田中,呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺(封闭)+五氟磺草胺·氰氟草酯(点喷)综合防效可达95%以上,且这些配方的施药量与农民自防区相比均显著下降。说明秸秆还田条件下,不同耕作方式选择相应的除草剂可以达到减施增效的效果。     

复种马铃薯田间除草剂的优选及安全性评价

为解决复种马铃薯田间次生油菜、次生小麦及杂草对马铃薯的危害,筛选高效安全的除草剂及施药模式。除草剂在播种后第3天喷施,茎叶除草剂在马铃薯植株8～10 cm后喷施,采用随机区组设计进行田间药效试验。除草剂施用70%嗪草酮WP 30 g/667 m²+10.8%精喹禾灵EC 30 mL/667 m²+33%二甲戊灵EC 35 mL/667 m²,施药后25 d对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达84.61%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达69.69%;茎叶除草剂施用3%砜嘧磺隆WP 33 g/667 m²+12%烯草酮EC 30 mL/667 m²效果最佳,施药后15 d对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达84.36%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达86.86%;2种处理在规范使用剂量下对马铃薯安全。复种马铃薯土壤封闭除草剂推荐选用70%嗪草酮WP+10.8%精喹禾灵EC+33%二甲戊灵EC,在马铃薯播种后3～5 d于地表面喷施;茎叶除草剂推荐选用3%砜嘧磺隆WP+12%烯草酮EC,在马铃薯苗后8...     

氰氟草酯·氯氟吡氧乙酸18%乳油水稻田间药效试验

氰氟草酯.氯氟吡氧乙酸18%乳油(试验中)是丰乐农化公司新开发的水稻田两元复配除草剂,主要用于水稻田间茎叶处理。氰氟草酯为内吸传导型茎叶处理除草剂,具有优良的选择性,对禾本科杂草具有强力的杀伤作用,对阔叶作物安全。药剂主要通过茎叶吸收,通过根也能吸收,在植物体内水解成酸,经筛管、导管传导至生长点、节间分生组织,干扰ATP(三     

防除大豆田铁苋菜的茎叶处理除草剂筛选

铁苋菜（Acalypha australis L.）在黑龙江省大豆田的种群数量及其危害日益严重,农民已将其列为难防杂草。采用盆栽试验方法,筛选了防治铁苋菜的茎叶处理除草剂。结果表明,灭草松、噻吩磺隆、异噁草松、咪唑乙烟酸对2～6叶期铁苋菜无防除效果;防除2叶期铁苋菜,可以施用氟磺胺草醚300 g/hm2、乳氟禾草灵90 g/hm2、乙羧氟草醚60 g/hm2;防除4叶期铁苋菜,氟磺胺草醚施药量需高于300 g/hm2,乙羧氟草醚的施药量需高于90 g/hm2;防除6叶期铁苋菜,仅能施用氟磺胺草醚,且施药量需高于300 g/hm2。     

4种茎叶处理除草剂对半夏田杂草的防除效果

为有效解决半夏田草害问题, 选择4种茎叶除草剂进行半夏田杂草防除田间药效试验。结果表明:10%乙羧氟草醚EC 50~60 mL/667m2 (制剂用量,下同)处理与240 g/L乳氟禾草灵EC 20~30 mL/667m2处理能有效防除半夏田金腰箭、辣子草、土荆芥、金荞麦、紫花香薷、针筒菜、尼泊尔蓼等阔叶杂草, 且对半夏安全, 药后21 d对阔叶杂草株防效、鲜重防效均达90%以上, 与禾本科除草剂8.8%精喹禾灵EC 40 mL/667m2或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 30 mL/667m2搭配使用对半夏田大部分杂草能实现较好防除。但两种阔叶除草剂持效期较短(30 d左右), 生产上可根据施药后期田间杂草发生情况, 采用人工拔除或进行第2次化学防除; 施药应避开中午高温时刻, 以免造成此类阔叶除草剂药害。研究结果可为半夏田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

Prevalence of herbicide‐resistant weed species in Malaysian rice fields: A review

The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action.     

近年我国农田杂草防控中的突出问题与治理对策

我国田园杂草有1 400多种,严重危害的130余种,恶性杂草37种。我国杂草发生面积约9 246.7万hm2次,防治面积1.04亿hm2次,挽回粮食损失2 699万t,每年主粮作物仍有近300万t产量损失。杂草防控中的突出问题是:杂草群落演替,难治杂草种群增加;除草剂单一使用,杂草抗药性发展迅速;除草剂对作物药害频发,影响种植结构调整;新除草剂创制能力不足,难以满足不同作物田除草需求;农村劳动力短缺,杂草防控更依赖于化学防治。解决上述问题,应实施以下对策:加强杂草发生危害的监测预警,科学轮换使用除草剂,推广除草剂减量与替代技术,加快新除草剂研制及推广应用,加速耐除草剂作物商业化进程,推进统防统治及农民培训。     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

Herbicide options for weed control in papaya

This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production     

Precision farming for weed management: techniques

Site-specific weed control techniques have gained interest in the precision farming community over the last years. Managing weeds on a subfield level requires measuring the varying density of weeds within a field. Decision models aid in the selection and adjustment of the treatments, depending on the weed infestation. The weed control can be done either with herbicides or mechanically. A site-specific herbicide application technology can save large amounts of herbicides. Mechanical weed control techniques adapting to the weed situation in the field are applicable to a wide spectrum of crops. Site-specific techniques for the detection and management of weeds are presented. A system for the discrimination of different weed species and crops from images is described, which generates weed maps automatically. Models for the yield effect of weeds are developed and applied in on-farm-research experimental setups. Economic weed thresholds are derived and used for a herbicide application with a patch sprayer.     

新型酰胺类除草剂NC1的除草作用及对水稻的安全性

为了明确新型除草剂NC1的杀草谱、施药时期、使用剂量及对水稻的安全性,采用种子生物测定法测定34.5％ NCI悬浮剂对稗草的生物活性,并与30乡丙草胺乳油进行比较;采用室内整株生物测定法测定34.5％NC1 SC不同时期处理对禾本科杂草的控制作用和对水稻的安全性,并进行田间验证.结果 表明:NC1对稗草种子的生物活性优...     

耐草甘膦杂草的研究现状

草甘膦是目前世界上用量最大、应用范围最广的农药,因为在转基因抗草甘膦作物田中过度依赖其除草,耐草甘膦杂草将演替成优势种群。耐受性杂草不但增加了杂草防除难度和成本,而且还会导致在农田生态系统中因过量使用草甘膦而出现一系列生态风险问题。本文通过对草甘膦特性、耐草甘膦杂草现状和耐受机制等进行较系统的总结和分析,以期为我国未来抗除草剂作物商业化种植后制定杂草治理策略奠定基础,也为草甘膦在转基因作物田高效安全地使用提供理论依据。     

春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替

作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。     

抗药性杂草与治理

抗药性杂草对农田杂草治理和农业生产构成严重威胁,成为备受全球关注的严重问题。随着长期、大量使用相对有限的化学除草剂,全球抗药性杂草发展迅猛,目前已有217种杂草对化学除草剂产生了抗药性,我国抗药性杂草发展也十分迅猛。本文在介绍杂草抗药性基本概念、抗药性杂草发展过程、抗药性杂草现状的基础上,重点描述了抗药性杂草治理策略,以期为我国抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。     

Development of chemical weed control and integrated weed management in China

More than 200 species of weeds are infesting main crop fields in China, among which approximately 30 species are major weeds causing great crop yield losses. About 35.8 million hectares of crop fields are heavily infested by weeds and the annual reduction of crop yields is 12.3–16.5% (weighted average). Along with rural economic development, approximately 50% of the main crop fields undergo herbicide application. Chemical weed control has changed cultural practices to save weeding labor in rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and cotton. At the same time, continuous use of the same herbicides has caused weed shift problems and weed resistance to herbicides. Consequently, integrated weed management in main crops is being developed.