选择理想的饮水系统消毒剂

如果家禽饮水系统很脏(包括从水井到禽舍的管道、调整阀以及饮水系统的管线),而且管线内部已经生成了生物膜,那么我们将很难对饮水系统进行有效的消毒和清洁.即使有最好的日常饮水系统清洁方案,也不能完全消毒和清洁饮水系统,有时还会出现一些问题,不能有效的保护家禽.     

饮水系统中的生物膜问题常常受到忽视

在水管、水罐和饮水器中常常会形成很不容易清除的生物膜,构成多种病原茵的理想环境。     

关注饮水系统中的生物膜

在实际生产中,种鸡管理者很容易忽略饮水系统里面的生物膜(Biofilm)所带来的威胁。当水中的细菌接触、黏附到固体表面时,他们就会制造出一种粘性且富于营养的生物薄膜,虽然尚不清楚其主     

饮水系统不合理的清洗方式导致疫苗滴度下降

应用活疫苗,通过饮水进行群体免疫是一种最简易且经济的途径.不巧的是,这种方法的操作也很容易出现差错.疫苗在溶液中均匀融化和防止活毒被灭活是饮水免疫应注意的主要问题.迅速用完已配好的疫苗,以及通过在饮水和供水管道中添加保护剂来保护病毒粒子的方法,可以减缓病毒的失活.     

家禽饮水免疫注意事项

使用饮水法对家禽进行免疫具有省时、高效,简便易行和产生应激反应小等优点,因此深受广大家禽养殖户的欢迎。但是,由于受诸多因素的影响,免疫失败时有发生,对养殖户造成了严重的经济损失,因而饮水免疫必须注意以下几点:     

关注饮水系统中的生物膜

在实际生产中。种鸡管理者很容易忽略饮水系统里面的生物膜（Biofilm）所带来的威胁。当水中的细菌接触、黏附到固体表面时,他们就会制造出一种粘性且富于营养的生物薄膜,虽然尚不清楚其主要成分是否为胞外多聚糖层,但这种粘膜将继续吸附水里的细菌及其他杂质,然后迅速成为多种病原体的聚居地。如图1所示,细菌可以依靠这层生物膜或水里的其他营养存活下去,     

家禽饮水免疫应注意的几点事项

饮水免疫足家禽常用的免疫方法之一.为使饮水免疫达到理想效果.需汴意以下几点: 1 饮水免疫前应彻底清洗水槽,饮水器,注意不能用任何消毒剂和清沽剂冲洗饮水器.以免降低疫苗效价.     

消毒剂等因素对饮水免疫中鸡新城疫弱毒苗活力的影响

①LaSota株疫苗，VIR．EO公司生产，批号，6—16—042，规格，1000头份／瓶，有效期至2005年5月。②水样，包括城市自来水，鸡场自来水，孵化场水样，未加消毒剂的井水、纯化水及0．01M等渗PBS液(pH7．0)。     

猪舍简易自动饮水系统的探讨

由于“优良种、暖猪圈、配合料、生干拌、防好疫、半年栏”的猪直线育肥综合技术模式的推广,解决了北方寒冷地区“一年养猪半年长”的难题,大大提高了养猪效益。在利用暖圈直线育肥过程中,由于采用了生拌料的饲喂方式,猪舍自动饮水系统引起广大养猪生产者的关注。为了探讨适于北方寒冷地区小型猪场和养猪专业户采用的猪舍简易自动饮水系统设备,我们结合养猪生产实际进行了尝试。     

饮水免疫的效率如何

水是给家禽提供疫苗或液体饲料添加剂的理想媒介。研究证明,假如常用的乳头式或杯状饮水系统得到合理的生产、维护和使用,那么它将成为一种极为优秀的饮水系统。但是,在进行饮水投药时可能会出现很多错误。     

化学消毒剂与消毒

消毒是蜜蜂保护中重要的预防措施,在蜂病防治、检疫防疫中占有重要地位。通过辨析化学消毒剂的特点、影响效果,提出了养蜂生产应用的选择原则及发展方向。     

Optimal Placement of Off-Stream Water Sources for Ephemeral Stream Recovery

Uneven and/or inefficient livestock distribution is often a product of an inadequate number and distribution of watering points. Placement of off-stream water practices (OSWP) in pastures is a key consideration in rangeland management plans and is critical to achieving riparian recovery by improving grazing evenness, while improving livestock performance. Effective OSWP placement also minimizes the impacts of livestock use radiating from OSWP, known as the “piosphere.” The objective of this study was to provide land managers with recommendations for the optimum placement of OSWP. Specifically, we aimed to provide minimum offset distances of OSWP to streams and assess the effective range of OSWP using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values, an indicator of live standing crop. NDVI values were determined from a time-series of Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 20-m images of western South Dakota mixed-grass prairie. The NDVI values in ephemeral stream channels (in-channel) and uplands were extracted from pre- and post-OSWP images taken in 1989 and 2010, respectively. NDVI values were normalized to a reference imagine and subsequently by ecological site to produce nNDVI. Our results demonstrate a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the nNDVI values of in-channel vegetation within 1 250 m of OSWP following their implementation. The area of piospheres (n = 9) increased with pasture size (R² = 0.49, P = 0.05) and increased with average distance to OSWP in a pasture (R² = 0.43, P = 0.07). Piospheric reduction in nNDVI was observed within 200 m of OSWP, occasionally overlapping in-channel areas. The findings of this study suggest placement of OSWP 200 to 1 250 m from streams to achieve optimal results. These results can be used to increase grazing efficiency by effectively placing OSWP and insure that piospheres do not overlap ecologically important in-channel areas.     

压水堆稳态系统程序开发

针对一体化压水堆的具体结构,建立合理的系统模型,利用FORTRAN90语言开发了系统稳态计算程序。利用本程序对满功率强迫循环和30%功率自然循环稳态运行工况下的热工水力特性进行了分析,得到了蒸汽发生器套管段一二次侧冷却剂和换热管内温度沿轴向高度的分布,冷却剂及燃料元件温度沿堆芯轴向的分布等结果,并利用RELAP5程序进行验证,证明了本程序的可靠性。本程序可以作为一体化压水堆系统的热工水力方案设计,也可用于系统的运行和安全管理。     

齐口裂腹鱼饲料中适宜脂肪需要量的研究

本试验旨在研究齐口裂腹鱼饲料中脂肪的适宜添加量,以鱼粉、豆粕为蛋白源,菜油作为添加的脂肪源,分别添加0、2%、4%、6%、8%和10%的菜油,配制成6组等氮(蛋白质含量为40%)和等能(总能为15.67 MJ/kg)的饲料.对平均体重(1.45±0.12)g/尾,平均体长(5.09±0.33)cm的齐口裂腹鱼进行为期60 d的养殖试验.结果表明,饲料中脂肪含量为8.21%时,试验鱼的特定生长率最大(3.92%/d)、蛋白质效率最大(2.91%),饵料系数最低(1.31),均与饲料脂肪含量为7.18%时无明显差异(P＞0.05),但与其余各试验组差异显著(P＜0.05).本试验齐口裂腹鱼饲料中适宜的脂肪水平为7.18%～8.21%.     

Manipulated Mouse Embryos as Bioassay System for Water Quality Control

Mouse pronuclear stage embryos with intact slit zona pellucida (manipulated) were cultured in vitro until the hatched blastocyst stage in simplex optimized medium with higher K⁺ concentration (KSOM) prepared with three different water types: tap, deionized reverse osmosis (D‐O) water and Milli‐Q system (M‐Q) water. The culture media were supplemented with or without protein and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, disodium salt). The rates of hatched blastocysts were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by micromanipulation, protein supplement and water source. The water source has no influence (p > 0.05) on development in EDTA‐supplemented protein‐free culture media, whereas in EDTA‐ and protein‐free culture media, the water quality significantly (p < 0.001) affected the rates of development, with higher rates in media prepared with M‐Q water. The micromanipulated embryos showed higher sensitivity to the water quality (p < 0.01). It worth mentioning that the rates of hatched blastocysts in protein‐free culture media were very low (0–7.5%). Furthermore, the three different water types were analysed by measuring the electrical conductivity, inorganic ions, total organic carbon and endotoxins to evaluate the purity. M‐Q water showed the lowest levels of inorganic ion, total organic carbon and endotoxin concentrations. We concluded that manipulated mouse embryos are good system to evaluate the quality of water used in biological system.     

农村水柜无线监控系统的设计与实现

缺水是农村地区的一个普遍现象,为了解决农村的缺水问题,保证农村生活的质量,为此研究农村水柜无线监控系统是很有意义的。本文研究的农村水柜无线监控系统主要分成四大模块:以ZIGBEE为核心的无线传输模块、以STM32为核心的控制模块、以WINFORM为上位机监控中心模块以及传感器模块。通过传感器采集水柜的数据,利用ZIGBEE网络把数据传输到STM32,STM32对信息进行处理以及显示后再把数据通过串口发送给上位机。用户也可利用上位机检测和控制水柜的状态。     

水质管理及饮水系统清洗

1水质对家禽营养的影响1．1水是最关键的营养物质家禽的摄水量几乎是采食量的2倍，水在家禽代谢中的作用举足轻重。水有调节家禽体温、促进食物消化和废物的排泄作用，是家禽有效生产的最基本因素之一。     

浅析电力系统最优潮流的最新应用

本文通过介绍最优潮流的算法及其数学模型、不同目标函数下的最优潮流模型及其应用场景,来阐述它们在相关领域中的最新应用。     

压水堆核电厂非能动余热排出系统对比研究

绝大部分先进压水堆都采用非能动方式导出余热,以提高反应堆的固有安全性。根据非能动余热排出系统的布置方式,一般可分为一次侧余排(S-PRS)和二次侧余排(T-PRS)。本文以AP1000核电厂全厂断电事故为例,分析这两种非能动余排在事故下的响应,为系统设计提供相应的参考。     

Optimal diets for egg production

1. The Reading model for the egg production of a flock as determined by the intake of a single amino acid is based on the assumption that other amino acid intakes are not limiting egg production. This can result in an overestimation of the optimum intakes of each amino acid considered.

2. In this paper a model is introduced and an optimisation procedure presented that will allow the calculation of the optimal amounts of each of a number of amino acid intakes.

3. The method is illustrated by an example and the sensitivity of the results to different methods of calculation and different values of the parameters investigated.

4. A computer program, available from the authors, calculates optimal amino acid intakes for a flock defined in terms of the distribution of body weight and potential maximum egg production of the birds; the costs of the amino acids, and the value of a unit of extra egg production. The program also allows the flock to be divided into 2 sub‐flocks according to body weight and optimal diets calculated for each sub‐flock.