套作大豆高产优质育种的灰色关联分析

通过模拟"玉米-大豆"带状套作,采用灰色关联分析法分别分析了高产材料(≥1 500 kg·hm-2)的产量、高蛋白材料(≥50%)的蛋白质含量、高脂肪材料(≥20%)的脂肪含量与农艺性状的相关性。结果表明:3种类型大豆材料中,有6个农艺性状的变异系数都大于10%,特别是高脂肪材料的底荚高、分枝数和单株荚数的变异系数均大于30%,说明通过农艺性状的选择,提高大豆产量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量的潜力较大。套作下高产材料、高蛋白材料和高脂肪材料与农艺性状的关联顺序分别为:生育期株高分枝数底荚高单株荚数百粒重主茎节数;生育期主茎节数株高底荚高分枝数百粒重单株荚数;生育期底荚高百粒重株高主茎节数分枝数单株荚数。套作下,高产材料的产量与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.873**),与脂肪含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.709*);高蛋白材料的产量与蛋白质含量、高脂肪材料的产量与脂肪含量相关均不显著。以上结果表明,选择生育期长的品种可提高套作大豆产量、蛋白质及脂肪含量;选择分枝数、单株荚数较多和株高适中的品种可以同时提高套作大豆产量与蛋白质含量;加强对底荚高和百粒重的选择有望提高套作大豆脂肪含量。     

黄淮海大豆高产优质育种的灰色关联分析

应用灰色关联分析法分别分析了黄淮海地区选育且通过审定的高产品种(≥3000 kg·hm-2)的产量、高蛋白品种(≥45%)的蛋白质含量和高脂肪品种(≥22%)的脂肪含量与农艺性状的相关性.结果表明:高产品种、高蛋白品种和高脂肪品种与农艺性状的关联顺序分别为:生育期>单株荚>株高>分枝>百粒重;株高>单株荚>分枝>生育期>百粒重;生育期>分枝>株高>百粒重>单株荚数.高产品种产量与脂肪含量呈极显著正相关(r= 0.95**),与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关(r＝-0.77*);高蛋白品种产量与蛋白质含量、高脂肪品种产量与脂肪含量相关均不显著.     

湖北栽培大豆产量及蛋白质含量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联度分析法,对湖北省近年来推广种植的8个大豆栽培品种的产量、蛋白质及主要农艺性状进行分析,结果表明:大豆品种产量与有效分枝、单株粒重、单株荚数、株高和主茎节数的关联度高,与百粒重、生育期、蛋白质含量关联度小;大豆蛋白质含量与百粒重的关联度最大,与株高的关联度最小。     

1987—2022年湖北省审定籽粒型大豆品种主要性状演变分析

为指导湖北省籽粒型大豆新品种选育，分析了1987—2022年湖北省审定的60份籽粒型大豆品种试验数据，研究审定品种的重要农艺性状、产量、品质性状及抗病性的变化规律与相互关系。结果表明：审定品种的遗传变异中，品质性状变异较小，产量及相关农艺性状变异较大。审定品种的株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒重、百粒重、产量和脂肪含量随年份更替呈上升趋势，全生育期、蛋白质含量呈下降趋势，蛋脂含量的变化趋势不明显。2015—2022年湖北省审定的籽粒型大豆品种对SMV的抗性主要为中间型，在今后育种过程中对SMV抗性的选择仍需加强。相关性分析表明，产量与单株粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.277),单株粒重与有效分枝数和单株荚数呈极显著正相关(r=0.554, 0.646)。因此，在今后湖北省籽粒型大豆品种选育过程中，应着重关注有效分枝数、单株荚数和单株粒重的协同改良，以达到提高产量的目的。     

河南大豆主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省大豆的6个主要数量性状与产量进行相关分析,结果表明:生育期与产量达极显著正相关;百粒重、单株粒数与产量达显著正相关;株高、单株荚数、总分枝数与产量相关性不显著。通径分析结果表明:6个主要数量性状与产量的直接通径系数顺序依次为:生育期>百粒重>单株粒数>有效分枝>株高>单株荚数。大豆育种,应注重选育生育期适中、百粒重大、单株荚数、粒数、有效分枝多的大豆新品种。     

河南省审定大豆品种产量、品质及主要农艺性状的演变

对河南省1985—2012年审定的74个大豆品种的产量、品质及主要农艺性状演变趋势进行分析。结果表明,区域试验平均产量呈上升趋势,蛋白质含量略有下降,脂肪含量略有上升;大豆主要农艺性状的演变是株高增高,单株荚数增多,生育期延长,有效分枝数先增后减,百粒重稍有下降,变化不大。分析表明,河南省当前夏大豆产量水平为2 700 kg/hm2左右,蛋白质含量42%左右,脂肪含量19%~20%;理想株型应是株高在80 cm左右,有效分枝数2个左右,单株荚数50个左右,百粒重18~19 g,生育日数在109 d左右。     

山东间作大豆产量与主要农艺性状关联分析

为明确间作大豆的性状表现,筛选适宜间作的高产、稳产性大豆品种,本研究在玉米大豆间作模式下,对50份大豆材料在两年的产量与11个主要农艺性状进行相关性及灰色关联度分析,并采用GGE双标图法进行品种适应性及稳产性分析。结果表明：50份材料的主要农艺及产量性状的变异系数在6.87%~77.32%,广义遗传力为0.62~0.97,且生育期、营养生长期、百粒重等9个性状的广义遗传力均大于0.8;相关性分析表明,单株产量与茎粗(0.75**)、生育期(0.76**)呈极显著正相关,其次为株高、主茎节数、分枝数、底荚高、营养生长期、百粒重、单株荚数、单株粒数;灰色关联度分析表明,单株产量与各农艺性状的关联顺序为茎粗>生育期>营养生长期>单株荚数>百粒重>底荚高>单株粒数>分枝数>主茎节数>株高>生殖生长期;GGE双标图法表明汾豆79、中作J7018和皖豆30为适宜间作的高产、稳产性较好的品种。     

高油大豆杂交F_2代品质性状与农艺性状的通径分析

选择5个高油大豆品种(系)作为亲本,配成4个杂交组合.对杂交F2代进行品质性状与主要农艺性状的相关分析和通径分析.结果表明:脂肪含量与蛋白质含量、主茎节数、单株产量、百粒重呈极显著负相关;蛋白质含量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数和单株粒数的相关性达到显著或极显著水平.单株产量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重达极显著正相关.单株产量对脂肪含量的直接负效应最大,单株粒数对蛋白质含量的直接负效应最大,单株荚数对蛋脂总量的间接负效应最大,单株粒数对单株产量的直接正效应最大.     

高蛋白大豆农艺性状与产量的相关及通径分析

应用多元统计方法对黑龙江省审定的10个高蛋白大豆品种的农艺性状与蛋白、产量之间的关系进行相关及通径分析。结果表明:高蛋白大豆品种的主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重与产量呈极显著正相关,茎粗与产量呈正相关,底荚高度与产量呈显著负相关,大豆蛋白含量和百粒重呈显著正相关。株高、主茎节数、单株粒重对产量的影响力最大。对于高蛋白大豆育种,应考虑选择株高中等偏高、主茎节数多、单株粒重大,同时百粒重较大、生育期为中晚熟的品种。     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状的遗传变异、相关及主成分分析

以黄淮海地区87个大豆常规栽培品种为材料,对12个产量相关的农艺性状进行了遗传变异、相关及主成分分析。结果表明:在所有供试品种中,变异系数最大的是有效分枝数,最小的是生育期;亚有限型夏大豆底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重的变异系数(18.38%～27.56%)较大;有限型夏大豆株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数(21.02%～28.04%)较大。在亚有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与有效分枝数呈极显著负相关,与生育期呈显著负相关。在有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与茎粗呈极显著正相关,与底荚高度呈显著正相关,与其它农艺性状相关性不显著。亚有限和有限结荚习性的大豆性状主成分分析中,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率分别为79.92%和79.50%。对以亚有限和有限型为主的黄淮海地区夏大豆在进行单株选择时,应根据其不同的结荚习性而有所侧重。对于亚有限型品种,应选择株高和生育期适中,有效分枝数较少,而每荚粒数、百粒重均较大的品种。对于有限型品种,应选择茎基部较粗,株高和底荚高度较高,主茎节数较多,单株荚数、单株粒数较多的品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.