抗虫、抗病、高产棉花杂66的选育

杂66是利用海岛棉、陆地棉、野生棉三种间杂交后代与抗虫棉杂交而育成的,其突出表现抗棉铃虫、抗病、高产、优质.1996～1997年在河北省抗虫棉区域试验中,霜前皮棉较冀棉20号、33B分别增产73.0%和13.3%.     

陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状的鉴定与分析

【目的】深入研究棉花陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状杂种优势遗传规律,为培育高产优质陆海杂交种奠定理论基础。【方法】使用12份陆地棉材料和5份海岛棉材料配制陆海杂交种,对海南三亚和浙江临安种植的亲本及F_1进行纤维品质和产量性状测定。【结果】陆海杂交种纤维长度、纤维强度普遍具有显著的中亲优势,部分杂交组合具有较强的超亲优势,纤维长度性状在两地间变异系数较小,可以稳定遗传;在产量方面,部分陆海杂交种籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分等性状具有中亲优势,但仍显著低于陆地棉亲本。【结论】获得2个5A级优质长绒棉杂交组合T035和T044,筛选到1个海岛棉骨干亲本塔10-280,可为探讨陆海杂交种棉纤维品质杂种优势遗传规律提供有价值数据。     

半配合材料VSG快速稳定棉花远缘杂种后代的研究

用激素处理和染色体加倍的方法获得陆地棉与比克棉、色伯氏棉等野生棉种的远缘杂交后代，结合杂交、回交、聚合杂交的手段，使棉花远缘杂种后代的品质性状得到了显著的提高。为了克服棉属种间杂交后代疯狂分离的难题，使新品系的性状尽快稳定，通过半配合材料VSG作母本与之杂交，得到远缘杂种后代低代材料的单倍体，通过染色体加倍等手段得到了稳定的优质棉新品系。     

棉花远缘杂交创制抗黄萎病新种质

本研究通过陆地棉与异常棉、辣根棉、旱地棉、雷蒙德氏棉、黄褐棉等野生棉的远缘杂交和回交等,育成65份陆地棉背景的远缘种质系。农艺性状鉴定结果 ,这些种质系的株高平均值与陆地棉品种处于相同水平,单株果枝数、单株果节数、单株结铃数、铃重、衣分平均值均低于陆地棉品种,纤维长度、断裂比强度均高于陆地棉品种,马克隆值均低于陆地棉品种。落叶型黄萎病菌系V991人工病圃抗性鉴定结果,从65份陆地棉背景的远缘种质系中获得5份抗黄萎病的棉花新种质系,其中苏远040、苏远045、苏远061病情指数分别为8.33、4.35、7.79,高抗黄萎病;苏远030、苏远034病情指数分别为12.35、13.70,抗黄萎病。追踪陆地棉抗黄萎病新种质系的亲缘关系发现,苏远040和苏远045为陆地棉与雷蒙德氏棉杂交后代,苏远061为陆地棉与黄褐棉杂交后代,苏远030和苏远034为陆地棉与旱地棉杂交后代。这些优质、抗黄萎病新种质的育成,拓宽了陆地棉的遗传基础,为我国棉花抗病新品种选育提供种质材料。     

陆地棉与海岛棉杂交制种

新疆杂交棉制种越来越受到关注,我们利用陆地棉与海岛棉做亲本,培育的杂交种既具有陆地棉早熟、优质、高产、抗病性强等优点,又具备海岛棉优良品质的特性,现就其制种技术总结如下。     

陆地棉与海岛棉种间杂种产量品质优势的研究

本研究探讨陆地棉与海岛棉种间杂种在长江中游棉区的杂种优势表现。试验涉及１０个陆地棉亲本和１０个海岛棉亲本及其３３个杂种，分别于１９８９年（１６个杂种）、１９９１年（９个杂种）和１９９２年（８个杂种）进行。陆地棉种问杂种的产量、铃数、子指、株高和纤维品质的中亲优势十分明显，与双亲平均值比较，皮棉产量平均高出８３．８％，成铃数增加３９．９％。但与陆地棉对照品种比较；种间杂种产量严重降低，平均下降３２．８％。陆海杂种结铃性强，成铃数比对照高出８６．１％，但许多青铃在后期不能正常成熟。采用早熟陆地棉与适应性较好的海岛棉杂交，产量下降幅度小，在秋季雨水少、降温迟的年份甚至出现增产的少数组合。大多数种间杂种纤维长度＞３４ｍｍ，比强度＞２５ｇ／ｔｅｘ，麦克隆值＜３．７，中亲优势均超过１０％，大多数杂种竞争优势超过１５％，甚至优于海岛棉，表现超显性遗传，而纤维整齐度降低幅度很小（－１．２％）。     

高产、优质抗虫杂交棉冀优杂69的选育及应用

冀优杂69是利用海岛棉、陆地棉种间杂交转基因后代与常规棉杂交育成,其突出表现抗棉铃虫、高产、抗病、优质。2003-2004年在河北省棉花品种区域试验中,霜前皮棉较对照品种新棉33B、DP99B分别增产25.4%和33.9%,适宜冀中南棉区及黄河流域同类生态区春播种植。     

优质高产陆地长绒棉对比试验总结

我国现阶段适于纺高支纱的棉花品种资源除新疆的海岛棉外，陆地棉品种还基本上没有，纺高支纱的优质棉主要靠国外进口。济宁市任城区棉办高级农艺师张家友通过用陆地棉品种间杂交，对后代经过6a的定向选育，培育出了优质、高产的陆地长绒棉新品系15136和中长绒棉94-43B。为了探索这两个优质棉新品系的适宜密度、打顶时间和施肥量及产量水平，1999年济宁市棉办在济宁市农科所设置了这项试验。……     

海岛棉与陆地棉杂种一代优势利用的研究

1959—1962年试验证明,海陆杂种一代具有早熟、丰产、优质的特性。海陆杂种一代的籽棉产量接近陆地棉,而显著高于海岛棉。成熟期较海岛棉早,比陆地棉偏迟。生育特性一般介于两亲之间,不同程度的偏向于海岛棉,有的特性超过两亲范围以外。纤维细长,强度高,可以制成高挡纺织品。在江苏各地示范试种结果良好。在制种技术方面研究证明,采用具有某一隐性指示性状,进行不去雄杂交(人工辅助授粉),杂交率达70%,每工作日可制种6—8斤。     

棉花品种分子标记遗传多样性检测

利用9对引物对46个品种或品系的DNA进行扩增,共得到39条多态性谱带,以相似系数和遗传距离矩阵,采用类平均法进行聚类分析,46份材料在相似系数0.33时,被分为两大类,I类为海岛棉,II类为陆地棉。II类组中陆地棉在相似系数0.568时,被分为2个亚组。亚组1为海陆杂交低代材料,具有陆地棉和海岛棉综合特征较多,从DNA扩增的谱带看,多是海陆杂合带,并有较多海岛棉带型。亚组2除品系冀031823和冀04425为纯陆地棉外,具有海岛棉优质基因的陆地棉渐渗系被分成不同的小组。扩增结果表明渐渗系主要遗传背景为陆地棉,个别性状来源于海岛棉。由于渐渗位点和基因不同,从而造成一定的差异,被聚类到不同小组。该研究为这些品系利用和新品种、杂交种培育的亲本选择提供了初步的理论依据。     

Identification and Analysis of Fiber Quality and Yield Related Traits of Interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) Hybrids

[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F₁ in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F₁ (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.     

陆海种间杂交纤维品质性状的遗传及其F1群体优势分析

 以4个陆地棉品种（系）和3个海岛棉品种为亲本配制不完全双列杂交组合12个,采用包括基因型×环境互作的加性-显性（AD）遗传模型,通过对亲本和F₁的2年随机区组试验数据分析,结果为：纤维整齐度受环境的影响较大,纤维长度、强度、麦克隆值及伸长率受环境的影响较小,纤维品质性状的遗传主要受遗传因素控制;所有的性状都存在显著或极显著的显性效应;麦克隆值只受显性效应控制,其它4个性状还存在极显著的加性效应;强度以加性效应为主,长度、整齐度和伸长率的显性效应值分别大于相应的加性效应值;所有性状的加性效应和显性效应与环境之间的互作效应都很小。长度、强度、麦克隆值和伸长率的广义遗传率都非常高,整齐度的广义遗传率较小。这些结果表明,除纤维强度外陆海杂种纤维品质性状的遗传中显性遗传效应明显,与陆陆杂种及海海杂种以加性遗传效应为主的结果不同。长度、强度、整齐度和伸长率具有明显的正向群体平均优势;麦克隆值有显著的负向群体平均优势和群体超亲优势。通过陆海杂交利用海岛棉的优质纤维性状时,强度宜早代选择,而其它性状的选择不宜太早。     

三个转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉杂种优势的解剖学分析

选取湘杂棉3号、南抗3号和鲁棉研15等3个大面积推广的强优势转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉及其亲本为材料,剖析盛花期主茎功能叶（倒4叶）的叶片结构、叶表皮气孔特征以及主茎功能叶的叶脉、叶柄、铃柄和对应的果枝叶叶柄等器官的维管束组织结构。结果表明,3个F1及亲本共9个材料的主茎功能叶（倒4叶）主叶脉中的维管束形态有三分支型、两分支型和无分支型3种,杂种及亲本之一的维管束都为三分支型,说明三分支型的维管束是显性遗传。F1功能叶主叶脉、功能叶叶柄、果枝叶叶柄、铃柄的维管束性状（导管总数、单个导管面积、维管束总面积、维管束组织比）和叶片厚度、叶片栅栏细胞大小的优势表现因组合而异。主叶脉、功能叶叶柄、果枝叶叶柄、铃柄的维管束以及叶片厚度、叶片栅栏细胞大小的优势与杂种的产量优势可能没有关系或相关性较小。3个F1的下表皮单位叶面积气孔总面积均表现超亲优势。果枝叶可能比主茎功能叶对铃的发育影响更大。     

细胞质雄性不育海岛棉与陆地棉三交种的杂种优势表现

 以海岛棉和陆地棉不育系及其恢复系为杂交亲本,配制了10个海岛棉与陆地棉种间三交种（简称海陆三交种）和4个单交种。经两年田间试验表明,海陆三交种相对于海海单交种产量极显著提高,与海陆单交种无显著差异,但比陆陆单交种显著减产;纤维品质接近于海陆单交种,显著高于陆陆单交种;制种产量虽然不及陆陆单交种,但比海海单交种显著增产。选育海陆三交种应注重选择早熟的海岛棉不育系,高衣分的陆地棉临时保持系,大铃的陆地棉恢复系,且叶型和株型相对一致的亲本配制组合。     

Chlorophyll Content, Hill Reaction and PEPcase Activity in Relation to Hybrid Vigour in Pearl Millet during Early Seedling Growth

Three hybrids of Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke were analyzed for growth and photosynthetic components during early growth and compared with their respective parents. Growth in terms of shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight along with the chlorophylls, and Hill activity revealed better parental and/or mid parental heterosis in all the hybrids over their respective parents. However, PEPcase activity displayed heterosis only in BJ-104. In other two hybrids no heterosis over the parents could be observed indicating thereby that the activity of this enzyme may not be rate limiting in parental lines.
Nevertheless, it appears that in pearl millet hybrids improved photosynthetic apparatus as observed in chlorophyll contents and Hill reaction may be one of the early expressions of hybrid vigour.     

棉花杂种优势与几种生理生化指标的相关性

对８个陆地棉杂种及其亲本的四种生理生化指标进行了测定，并研究了这些指标与杂种产量优势的相关性，结果表明：幼芽匀浆互补法对Ｆ１皮棉超亲优势、中亲优势的预测相符率分别为８７．５％和７５．０％；杂种萌动种子ＡＴＰ含量普遍高于双亲平均值。超亲优势、中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量及双亲ＡＴＰ含量的平均值均呈正相关，且中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量相关显著（ｒ＝０．７１８８，Ｐ〈０．０５）；杂种产量优势与盛蕾期、盛花期的     

亚洲百合与大花卷丹杂种F_1重要性状的遗传分析

为了探讨百合杂交后代重要性状的遗传变异规律,以亚洲百合品种Nello、Benfica和野生种大花卷丹杂交获得的210株F_1群体为研究对象,对亲本和F_1植株株高、叶部性状和花部性状等共13个表型性状进行统计分析。结果表明,杂种F_1的株高、叶长和内、外花被片长表现出减小趋势;杂种F_1平均花朵数量、花朵直径、叶宽、叶片数和内、外花被片宽分别占中亲值的116.2%,118.6%,115.2%,106.4%,113.9%,122.3%,表现出一定的杂交优势,但2个杂交组合杂种优势不同;株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数量和花朵数量变异系数较大,均达15%以上,具有丰富的变异性。杂交F_1花色分布比较集中,多呈现不同深浅的橙色,也有少量黄色个体;2个杂交后代群体在斑点性状上发生了分离,斑点分离比(无斑∶有斑)分别为47∶78和24∶61,且有斑个体之间斑点数量不同;F_1花型多为碗型,表现出偏母性遗传的特点;各性状之间具有极显著的相关性。Nello、Benfica和大花卷丹杂交F_1表型性状发生广泛分离,并且出现大量超亲和低亲个体,有利于选择大花、多花、矮生的优良单株。     

Heterosis in growth and photosynthetic rate in hybrids of cotton

Summary The intraspecific (Gossipium hirsutum) and interspecific (G. hirsutum x G. barbadense) F₁ hybrids of cotton were found to exhibit a high degree of heterosis in the production of fruiting branches, number of bolls (fruits), yield of seed cotton and photosynthetic rates over the parent plants. The developing bolls of the hybrids had significantly higher weights than their parents until the 20th day after anthesis. The patterns of leaf area development among interspecific hybrids differed when compared with the parent plants. The photosynthetic rates of the hybrids were comparable with those of maize and sorghum and much higher than the average rate reported so far for the cotton plant.     

玉米杂交种及其亲本苗期性状对低氮胁迫的动态响应

以玉米杂交种先玉335及其亲本（PH6WC、PH4CV）和豫玉22及其亲本（综3、87-1）为试验材料,通过水培方法,设置低氮（0.04mmol/L,LN）和正常氮素（2mmol/L,CK）水平2个处理,分别在培养3、7和14d后,对其幼苗生物量积累、叶片和根系表型、叶绿素及氮素含量等进行分析,探究低氮胁迫下玉米杂交种及其亲本幼苗性状的动态变化。结果表明,玉米苗期根系对低氮的响应要早于地上部,且杂交种对低氮的响应比亲本更为迅速。在CK和LN处理下,杂交种幼苗的多个性状均存在中亲和超亲优势,豫玉22的根尖数、根系氮积累量占比和先玉335的总根长、根表面积及根尖数的杂种优势在3个时间点与CK处理相比均有较大幅度提高。通过耐低氮指数分析发现,杂交种的耐低氮能力介于2个亲本之间或与其中1个亲本接近。     

Heterosis in yield, endotoxin expression and some physiological parameters in Bt transgenic cotton

Although heterosis in cotton has been studied for many decades, very little is known about the performance of hybrids derived from Bt transgenic cotton parents. In order to known better the heterosis performance, yield and endotoxin expression in 20 hybrids (F₁) and their Bt transgenic parents were examined from 2002 to 2003 (Experiment 1), and the dynamics of source, sink and their ratios in a well‐performing hybrid H01 were investigated in 2004 and 2005 (Experiment 2). Results in Experiment 1 showed an average mid‐parent heterosis of 21.3% and an over check heterosis of 7.6% in lint yield. Considerable heterosis was also detected in boll numbers, boll size and Bt protein content. Of the 20 hybrids, H01 (K0215 × K643) exhibited the greatest heterosis in yield and Bt protein content in 2002 and 2003, while lint yields of H01 were increased 12.6% and 9.1% in 2004, and 11.7% and 8.9% in 2005, compared with K0215 and K643 in Experiment 2, respectively. Significant heterosis for dry matter accumulation and dry matter allocation to reproductive organs and ratio of fruiting forms/total plant (w/w) were also detected in H01. Sources (leaf area, leaf area index, leaf dry weight per plant and diurnal performance of photosynthesis), sinks (number of fruiting nodes, fruiting forms and dry weight of fruiting forms per plant) and the flow from source to sink were significantly enhanced in H01 relative to its parents. Both total N and Bt protein in H01 were higher than those in its parents. Significant correlation was also found between total N and Bt protein in the main‐stem leaves (R² = 0.877**). It is concluded that there existed considerable heterosis in yield, yield components and endotoxin expression in some Bt transgenic hybrids. Yield advantage of hybrid cotton (F₁) over parents can be attributed to improved source, sink and flow, while the enforced expression of Bt genes in hybrid cotton appeared to be due to the enhanced nitrogen level in plants.