威海市滨海公园的景观综合评价

文章以威海市5个滨海公园为代表,采用典型样方调查法对滨海公园的植被进行调查,并运用统计分析法对影响植被生态质量的指标进行计算。此外,通过风景照片评价与社会问卷调查,对滨海公园的美学质量和场所感受进行评价,并分析威海市滨海公园的景观质量状况,以及各公园之间的景观质量差异和影响因素。最后对滨海公园美学质量及其影响因子,以及美学质量、生态质量和场所感受进行相关分析,系统评价威海滨海公园的景观。     

基于行为心理感知的昆明市黑龙潭公园POE评价

以昆明市黑龙潭公园为研究对象,运用问卷法对其进行使用后状况评价(POE),通过总结使用者的行为偏好特征和空间特征,分析使用者对于公园的满意度评价情况。结果表明：(1)传统文化氛围和文化特色体现不够;(2)游憩功能和活动内容不够多样化;(3)活动设施和公共服务设施不够完善,植物配置缺乏层次感。最后从文化活动、植物配置、服务设施和文化景观4个方面针对性的提出优化策略,为拥有丰厚文化底蕴的城市公园的规划设计提供参考。     

湿地公园设施研究概述

对湿地公园设施的定义进行了完善,根据该定义概述了国内外湿地公园设施研究进展,继而归纳了湿地公园设施分类,根据湿地公园设施尺度的不同分为大尺度设施、中尺度设施和小尺度设施3类。分析了湿地公园设施功能:构成湿地公园的重要部分;充实观赏湿地景观;突出湿地主题;衬托湿地生态景观。展望了湿地公园设施的发展趋势。     

全民健身计划战略下城市公园运动空间优化研究——以昆明市为例

城市公园作为城市建设的重点之一,承载了全民健身场地设施供给的重要功能.为响应枟全民健身计划(2021-2025年)枠国家战略,加大全民健身场地设施供给,采用实地调查法,对云南省昆明市各大公园中运动空间规划进行了研究.结果表明:昆明市城市公园缺乏对运动空间的合理规划和设计.为此,从景观、布局与可达性、设施三个方面提出优化...     

城市公园防灾减灾体系建设研究——以昆明市中心城区公园为例

城市公园具有防灾减灾功能。昆明市中心城区公园,尚未建设统一的公园防灾减灾体系。这些问题归根结底与居民防灾意识淡薄、可用于防灾减灾的公园绿地面积不足、缺乏统一的应急避难设施、缺乏相应防灾减灾规划设计等现状密切相关。针对这些问题,提出昆明市中心城区公园防灾减灾体系建设意见。     

城市公园绿地边缘空间景观初探——以海口市白沙门公园为例

对城市公园绿地边缘空间研究现状进行梳理,对边缘空间的作用进行初步研究;并以海口市白沙门公园为例,对其边缘空间以相邻用地类型为依据进行分类,提出如何设计和塑造正效应的公园绿地边缘空间。     

广州市荔湾湖公园活动设施使用问题及对策研究

以广州市荔湾湖公园为例,对公园活动设施现状及使用情况进行问卷调查和实地观察,归纳出公园设施设置和使用存在的问题,分析活动设施配置与游人使用之间差距原因,提出改进管理措施、增加资金投入、调整功能分区等解决方法。     

基于共词分析方法的国外口袋公园研究热点

通过科技文献数据库(Web of Science)检索出2011—2021年国外城市口袋公园相关文献122 篇,借助共词分析法归纳分析其研究热点。结果表明,当前国外口袋公园热点研究领域为步行到访与 身体质量指数、可持续发展、环境效益、社会健康和体育活动设施5个方面,研究领域更加多元化;口 袋公园步行到访研究与居民身体质量指数呈正相关;环境公平与生态环境是衡量口袋公园可持续性 的重要指标;口袋公园内环境布局与社会心理、生理健康呈正相关;口袋公园内各类设施配置与促进 体育活动频率呈正相关。基于上述结论并结合我国目前口袋公园发展状况,对未来我国口袋公园建 设提供了适老化优化设计、可持续环境效益评价、园内健康性活动区域及文化设施设计等研究启示。     

福建出台滨海湿地旅游及湿地公园地方标准

近期,省质量技术监督局发布了《滨海湿地旅游资源分布、调查与评价》（DB35／750-2007）、《滨海湿地公园等级评定》（DB35／751-2007）和《滨海湿地公园总体规划技术规程》（DB35／753-2007）三个地方标准。标准的出台,为规范福建省滨海湿地旅游资源分类、调查与评价技术,滨海湿地公园等级评定工作和总体规划技术,有效保护和合理开发利用滨海湿地资源,促进滨海湿地旅游业可持续发展提供了技术保障。     

广西北海滨海国家湿地公园红树林植物群落调查与分析

红树林植物群落是红树林湿地生态系统的重要组分。红树林是广西北海滨海国家湿地公园内典型的湿地植被。为全面掌握广西北海滨海国家湿地公园内红树林植物群落类型与特征,根据遥感影像及无人机拍摄影像获取公园内红树林分布岸线及分布面积数据,并结合现场调查,判断红树林中不同植物群落类型的边界;布设6条调查断面,设置样方进行红树林植物群落调查,分析红树林植物群落分布与特征。结果表明,广西北海滨海国家湿地公园内共有19种红树植物,包括5个群系15种群丛类型;白骨壤（Avicennia marina）群系分布面积最大,具有原生性、典型性和代表性;公园兼具河口型和开阔海岸型环境,形成了相对独特的红树林群落和演替结构。该研究结果可为红树林湿地资源保护及合理利用提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.