中山市常绿针叶林与阔叶林群落结构健康研究

以植物群系为评价单元,通过相关性检验和主成分分析,从森林生物多样性与群落结构数量特征的众多因子中提取出最重要的健康评价指标,利用层次分析法(AHP法)对中山市常绿针叶林与阔叶林群落结构健康进行综合评价。结果表明:建群种更新苗数、乔木种类、灌木层密度和草本层盖度是影响中山市常绿针叶林群落结构健康最主要的4个因子;5种常绿针叶林群系结构健康得分排序为:湿地松-马尾松林>杉木林>马尾松林>岗松-湿地松林>湿地松林。建群种更新苗数、草本层盖度和乔木株数是影响中山市常绿阔叶林群落结构健康最大的3个因子;8种常绿阔叶林群系结构健康得分排序为:粘木-凹叶红豆林>华鼠刺-粘木-凹叶红豆林>乌榄-樟树林>白颜树-红车林>降真香-白颜树林>荷木-台湾相思林>台湾相思林>银柴-小盘木-红车林。     

色季拉山长鞭红景天种群生境特征

采用野外样地调查与监测法对西藏色季拉山长鞭红景天种群的生境进行研究分析发现,长鞭红景天种群生境主要为4个类型:急尖长苞冷杉林、方枝柏林、硬叶柳灌丛和鳞腺杜鹃灌丛。4个生境中,硬叶柳灌丛内有41种植物,急尖长苞冷杉林内有33种植物,方枝柏林内有29种植物,鳞腺杜鹃灌丛内仅有17种植物。不同生境群落中长鞭红景天种群数量特征各异,重要值排序为鳞腺杜鹃灌丛方枝柏林急尖长苞冷杉林硬叶柳灌丛。4个生境群落中月平均气温排序为急尖长苞冷杉林硬叶柳灌丛方枝柏林鳞腺杜鹃灌丛,平均湿度排序为鳞腺杜鹃灌丛方枝柏林硬叶柳灌丛急尖长苞冷杉林,光照强度排序是急尖长苞冷杉林硬叶柳灌丛鳞腺杜鹃灌丛方枝柏林。不同生境土壤温度排序为硬叶柳灌丛方枝柏林急尖长苞冷杉林鳞腺杜鹃灌丛,而土壤湿度排序为硬叶柳灌丛方枝柏林鳞腺杜鹃灌丛急尖长苞冷杉林。不同生境群落中空气温度、湿度、光照强度,土壤温度、湿度等存在较大差异,对长鞭红景天种群也有相应的影响,结合数据特征来看,鳞腺杜鹃灌丛是其最适生境。     

秦岭山地濒危植物秦岭冷杉群落结构特征研究

采用样方调查法对秦岭山地5个具有代表性分布点的秦岭冷杉群落特征进行研究,结果显示:(1)在调查的15个样地中共有维管植物94种隶属于46科79属,其中蕨类植物1科1属1种。植物的科属组成较为分散,群落垂直结构分层明显,分为乔木层、灌木层及草本层3层,林下草本层优势种不明显。群落生活型谱显示以乔木层、灌木层和草本层在内的高位芽植物占绝对优势,占总数的61.6%。(2)通过对样方中物种重要值的分析,可将5个分布点秦岭冷杉群落划分为4个群丛。(3)对秦岭冷杉种群大小级分析显示,秦岭冷杉幼苗稀少仅占总数的13.5%,成熟林植株占76.9%,整个种群呈现衰退型。     

黑龙江大亮子河国家森林公园典型植物群落多样性

采用典型取样的方法,对大亮子河国家森林公园臭冷杉-红松林和以白桦为主的阔叶混交林植被群落物种多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明,在臭冷杉-红松林8块样地内共有维管植物66种,隶属34科56属,阔叶混交林6块样地内共有维管植物77种,隶属33科62属。从不同群落类型同一植被层看,臭冷杉-红松林草本层物种丰富度指数小于阔叶混交林,两种群落类型乔木层和灌木层各物种多样性指数差异不明显;而草本层差异明显,阔叶混交林物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数较高,仅臭冷杉-红松林的Pielou均匀度指数略高。从同一群落类型不同植被层看,两种群落类型的物种丰富度指数与Shannon-wiener多样性指数均表现为草本层乔木层灌木层;Simpson指数均为乔木层灌木层草本层;物种均匀度指数均表现为灌木层高于乔木层和草本层,其中臭冷杉-红松林草本层均匀度指数略高于乔木层,而阔叶混交林中正好相反。     

塔里木河流域胡杨群落特征分析

为进一步保护塔里木河流域胡杨林,对该流域胡杨群落物种种类及数量组成特征、群落高度级物种组成性状进行研究,结果表明:胡杨群落中具有明显的分层性,其结构较简单,最主要的分层为乔木层、灌木层、草本层。塔里木河上游胡杨群落物种数量特征为灌木层>乔木层>草木层,中游为草本层>灌木层>乔木层,下游为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。中游群落中所含的物种个体最多,密度最大;其次是上游;下游所含物种最少,密度最小。     

岷江上游人工油松林群落空间结构:物种丰富度和盖度

在岷江上游油松人工林中调查了1hm^2群落空间垂直结构上的乔木、灌木和草本层的盖度和物种丰富度，以及2个100m长样带上的林窗斑块和油松斑块(冠幅相互连接的油松个体被合并为同一斑块)内部的群落水平结构变化。结果发现：群落的垂直空间结构上，乔木层(油松)盖度与灌木层盖度、林下总盖度(灌木和草本层的盖度和)，以及林下物种丰富度(物种数量)成显著负相关，灌木层盖度与草本层成显著负相关。林下物种丰富度与总盖度呈显著正相关，但在灌木层和草本层内部，物种丰富度与盖度间没有显著相关性。水平空间结构上，随油松斑块增大，斑块内灌木层盖度下降，草本层盖度上升；物种丰富度约在油松斑块直径为12～15m时达到最大。在林窗内部，物种丰富度和灌木层盖度在林窗边缘高于林窗中央，而草本层盖度在林窗边缘较高。考虑到不同斑块大小支持不同物种的生存，岷江上游油松人工林应建立由不同大小的斑块(林窗和油松斑块)组成的镶嵌式群落.     

黑河桥湿地植物群落组成与多样性研究

采用样带结合样方法,对临泽县平川镇黑河桥北岸、南岸2块样地分别按灌木层、草本层2个层次进行群落植物组成及其物种多样性特征调查,结果表明:该湿地植物群落中,共有高等植物22种,其中灌木层植物4种和草本层植物18种,隶属14科21属。对各群落根据植物重要值进行群落类型划分,可以将黑河桥北岸植物群落类型确定为沙枣+柽柳—假苇拂子茅+芦苇+滨麦群丛,将南岸植物群落类型确定为柽柳+黑果枸杞—滨麦+芦苇群丛。2个植物群落的2种物种丰富度均表现出草本层>灌木层的特点;Shannon-wiener多样性指数在各样地中总的趋势均为草本层>灌木层;Pielou均匀度指数在各层间表现出草本层的均匀度偏低的规律。     

原始阔叶红松林植物群落多样性研究——不同森林群落类型及环境因子对物种丰富度的影响

选取丰林保护区原始阔叶红松林中7个森林群落类型,通过比较研究,群落中物种丰富度指数、物种个体总数乔木层和亚乔木层较低,灌木层和草本层较高,物种丰富度及物种总个体数的垂直结构是草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.根据阔叶红松林基本林型生态序列排序,建立丰富度指数SR1、R2R3拟合数学模型,拟合普遍较好为多项式数学模式.物种丰富度和个体数是不同森林群落类型的表现,环境因子决定了森林群落的分布,群落类型、环境因子、丰富度三者具有相关性.     

外来树种的引种对百山祖自然保护区原生植被植物物种多样性的影响

为了研究引栽日本冷杉、北美香柏、日本花柏、日本扁柏等外来树种对百山祖自然保护区原生植被植物物种多样性的影响,采用相邻格子样方法对以外来树种为优势种的百山祖主峰植物群落和原生的锅帽尖植物群落进行了野外调查,并对其植物群落的植物物种多样性作了分析比较.结果表明:百山祖主峰自引栽外来树种后,形成了以外来树种为优势种具乔木层、灌木层和草本层的植物群落结构,其各层次物种多样性的次序是灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层;与之相比的锅帽尖原生植物群落没有形成乔木层,其草本层的盖度较高,各层次的植物物种多样性的次序是灌木层＞草本层.两者植物的物种多样性比较是百山祖主峰＞锅帽尖;草本植物的物种丰富度比较是锅帽尖＞百山祖主峰.说明外来树种的引栽提高了引栽点植物群落的木本植物物种多样性,降低了草本植物的物种多样性.值得关注的是随着引种的外来树种树高的增长,林分的郁闭,对本土植物生长所造成的影响性.     

小五台山褐马鸡繁殖期生境植被类型选择研究

该文采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北小五台山自然保护区褐马鸡繁殖期的生境植被类型的选择。主要研究结果如下:褐马鸡繁殖期的活动范围较为固定,主要选择针阔混交林和针叶林植被带;活动范围与乔木种类、乔木密度、灌木种类、灌木均高、草本密度、草本均高、草本盖度差异不显著,与灌木密度、草本种类差异达到显著水平,与乔木均高、乔木胸径、灌木层盖度、乔木层盖度达到极显著水平差异。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。