黑龙江省冷季型草坪养护管理要点

草坪业的兴起是人类文明和社会进步的标志。黑龙江省草坪业起步较晚,但近十几年以来,已步入了大规模发展的新时期。我省由于地处高纬度高寒地区,在草坪品种选择上多选用冷季型草坪草。冷季型草坪草原产北欧和亚洲,生长适温为15-25℃,耐寒性较强,耐热性相对较弱,分类上多属羊茅亚科的剪殷颖属、羊茅属、黑麦草属和早熟禾属。由于栽培条件的变化,冷季型草品质有不同程度下降。原因有两个方面：一是品种选择与环境因子不适合;二是草坪养护管理不到位。人们常说“三分栽,七分管”,可见养护管理对草坪建设是十分重要的。     

我国桉树领域授权有效专利分析

为了解我国桉树领域授权有效专利的分布规律和特征,本文通过国家知识产权局专利检索及分析平台,共检出有效专利168件,并对这168件专利的年份授权量、类型、专利权人、地区分布和技术领域进行了统计和分析。结果表明:桉树领域授权有效专利始于2003年,其中以2014年度的数量最多,达35件;类型以发明专利为主,所占比例达77.38%;专利权人主要以个人和企业为主,所占比例分别达36.62%和35.46%;广西壮族自治区国有东门林场是授权有效专利的主要持有人,其拥有量为9件;有效专利主要集中在桉树资源丰富地区,其中数量最多的是广西,其次是广东;技术领域以农林业为主。     

报刊文摘

日前在江苏省句容农校结束的’96国际草坪养护与园林机械演示研讨会显示,草坪业已成为世界一门新兴的产业.人工草坪起源于英国,后传到西欧和美国,现正在向世界各地扩展。由于人工草坪的发展,带动起草种业、草机械、草肥、草药业的蓬勃兴起。美国的草坪业已成为国内10大支柱产业之一。我国草坪业近几年来发展也很快,已逐渐形成产业。按照用途,草坪一般可分为动草坪、水土保持草坪、交通安全草坪、游憩草坪和观赏草坪五大类。它在美化城市环境、净化空气、保持水土方面发挥越来越重要的作用。会上,来自世界各地和国内的70多名草坪专家、园林管理部门和机械销售公司的代表,对如何采用机械和技术养护草坪,从理论和实践的结合上进行了探讨。这次研讨会是由中国林业机械北京公司和江苏星大草坪公司联合主办的。     

湖北地区适生优质草坪草品种简介

观赏草坪在现代园林绿化中所占比重急剧增大，已成为园林绿化的主要材料之一。我国发展草坪所用草种主要依靠从草坪业发达的国家引进，选择适生、观赏价值高的草坪草，做到适地适草，是防止盲目引进产生不良后果的关键。为此，笔者根据自己多年来从事草坪草引种、草坪建造的实践经验，介绍几种适于湖北地区种植，观赏价值高的优良草坪草品种如下：1马尼拉结缕草（zoysiamatella）属禾本科结缕草属中半细叶类型。1981年从日本引入，我国定名为“马尼拉草”，目前已成为我国长江流域以南区域主要的当家品种。主要优点：草坪低矮、致密、纯正，…     

贵州冷,暖季型草之比较

通过对目前贵州主要的几个冷、暖季型草坪草的生长情况及管理过程进行优、劣比较，为贵州草坪业发展提出一些建议。     

湖北省草坪业发展现状及对策

该文从湖北省草坪业发展简史,主要建坪用草种(品种)及分布、草坪建植技术和特点及管理技术、各类草坪草类在湖北省的表现、存在的问题等方面对湖北省草坪业发展情况进行了论述,对今后的工作提出了建议。     

国内首创草坪草添彩技术浙江大学彩色草坪草获肯定

浙江省科技厅在杭州主持召开了“纯天然彩色系列草坪草新品种选育及产业化开发”的项目验收会。以中科院陈子元院士为首的专家组对该项目给予了肯定。该项目是在国家自然科学基金委和浙江省科技厅的共同资助下．由浙江大学具体实施完成的。据负责该项目的研究人员介绍，他们以当前主栽的绿色草坪草为研究材料，以实现同一品种多种颜色为目的。采用生物技术和诱变技术有机结合的方法．在我国首创草坪草添彩技术，申请了有关彩色草坪草选育方法的发明专利两项，其中1项已授权．创造了100多份彩叶草坪草新资源。     

草坪的建植与管理

据草坪业界人士分析:我国今后草坪业的总体产值将以30%～40%的速度增长,会有一批综合性草坪企业产生。开发草坪业,是个赚钱的好机会。一、草种的选择要结合当地的气候和土壤条件。坪草可根据其对气候因素的适应性分为冷季型和暖季型。冷季型坪草的最适宜生长温度15～25℃,大多种植在长江以北,包括东北、西北、华北和西南的部分地区。主要品种有匍地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、剪股颖、粗茎早熟禾、白三叶等;暖季型坪草最适宜生长温度为26～35℃,适合华南、华东、华中和西南部分地区。主要品种有:结缕草、马尼拉草、天鹅绒草、野牛草、狗…     

如何防除草坪杂草

防除草坪杂草的措施有以下几个方面:以草制草,生物控制适应性强的草坪草,在良好的管理条件下杂草是很难生长或代替草坪草的。因此当草坪杂草大量出现时,就应检查并改善以下条件:现有草坪草种是否适应建设地的生态环境;土壤的PH值;不完整的表面和内部排水系统,水的渗透性是否抑制了草坪草的生长活力;在目标草坪草取得最大效益的季节,施肥量是否保证了整个季节的连续供应;草坪草的修剪高度及修剪频率是否符合目标草种的生长特性;其它物体的荫蔽是否成为抑制草坪正常生长的因素;灌水量及灌水方法是否保证或限制了草坪草生长的环境条件;草坪草…     

草坪业与生态环境建设初探

通过对草坪业的发展史及草业在生态环境建设中的作用的探讨，唤起人们对草的认识，从而爱草、种草、护草，“立草为业”，充分发挥草坪业在生态环境建设中的屏障作用，以实现生态环境建设的可持续发展。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.