内蒙古莎草科地理分布新记录植物

该文报道了内蒙古莎草科（Cyperaceae）扁莎属（Pycreus）、飘拂草属（Fimbristylis）和薹草属（Carex）新记录植物2种和1变种,分别为直球穗扁莎（Pycreus flavidus var. strictus）、烟台飘拂草（Fimbristylis stauntonii）和柔果薹草组（Carex sect.Molliculae）的匿鳞薹草（Carex aphanolepis）。这些报道将为后续内蒙古莎草科的分类学研究提供参考。     

福建省种子植物新资料

报道了在全国第四次中药资源普查中,福建普查队在福建省柘荣县采集到宽叶泽薹草(Caldesia grandis),该植物为福建省内首次记录,同时也是泽薹草属(Caldesia)植物在福建野生分布的首次记录;同时还采集了莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)、泽芹(Sium suave)、梁子菜(Erechtites hieraciifolius)、小朱兰(Pogonia minor)等植物的标本及图像资料,对植物志的相关记载进行补充与完善,所有凭证标本存放于福建中医药大学标本馆。     

莲都峰源自然保护区植物区系和地理成分

莲都峰源省级自然保护区位于中国南亚热带与中亚热带的交汇地带,植被构成以森林植被为主。在2016年科考的基础上,对保护区植物区系组成和地理成分进行统计分析。结果表明,保护区内共有野生维管束植物170科661属1370种,其中蕨类植物33科66属124种,裸子植物5科7属10种,被子植物132科588属1336种。保护区内大科有4科,分别为菊科(Asteraceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae);大属有3属,分别为薹草属(Carex Linn.)、悬钩子属(Rubus L.)和冬青属(Ilex L.),寡种科和单种科数量最多,分别有79科和49科,寡种属、单种属分别有214属、404属。保护区植物地理成分复杂,过渡性明显,区内170个科的地理成分可划分为8个分布区类型及其变型,661属的地理成分可划分为13个,区系表现为具有明显的热带性质。     

浙江种子植物资料增补(Ⅱ)

报道了19个浙江植物分布新记录,其中短果芥属HirschfeldiaMoench,短果芥H.incana,盘珠鹿药Maianthemum robustum和白花印度黄芩Scutellaria indica f. leucantha属中国分布新记录;黑种豇豆Vigna stipulata,大花鬼针草Bidens alba var. radiata和光茎飞蓬Conyza canadensis var. pusillus属中国大陆分布新记录;狭叶黄檀Dalbergia stenophylla,头序歪头菜Vicia ohwiana,密花薹草Carex confertiflora和白花鸭跖草Commelina communis f.albiflora属华东分布新记录;山桑Morusmongolicavar.diabolica,福建小檗Berberisfujianensis,少花桂Cinnamomum pauciflorum,红花截叶铁扫帚Lespedeza lichiyuniae,绒毛锐尖山香圆Turpinia arguta var. pubescens,刺毛柳叶箬Isachne sylvestris,多叶韭Allium plurifoliatum和小斑叶兰Goodyera repens属浙江分布新记录。     

广东省6种新记录植物

报道了采自粤东的6种广东省新记录植物,分别是秀丽四照花(Dendrobenthamia elegansFang et Hsich)、巴东荚(Viburnum henryiHemsl.)、细毡毛忍冬(Lonicera similisHemsl.)、褐冠小苦荬(Ixeridium laevigatum(Bl.)Shih)、拟穿孔苔草(Carex foraminatiformisY.C.Liang)和光脚金星蕨(Parathelypteris japonica(Bak.)Ching)。标本存放于华南农业大学林学院树木标本室(CANT)。     

蕨状苔草新变型——银边蕨状苔草

描述了苔草属(莎草科)蕨状苔草(Carex filicina Nees)的一个新变型即银边蕨状苔草(C.filicina Nees f.variegatum G.P.Li),该变型与原变型的区别在于新变型的各叶片两侧镶嵌黄白色条带。目前仅发现分布于福建武夷山大安地区。     

兴隆山青杄林模糊数学分类研究

本文用模糊数学截集的分类方法,对兰州附近兴隆山的青杄林群系(Piceaneoveitchii Formation)进行了分类研究,划分为Picea neoveitchii—Sinarundi-naria nitida—Carex sp.Association,Picea neoveitchii—Shrub Association,Picea neoveitchii—Sinarundinaria nitida Association,Picea neoveitchii—Carex sp.Association等四个群丛,为研究植物群落群系以下分类单位的划分,探索一种新的方法,同时,对群系以上分类单位用模糊数学方法进行分类,提出了讨论意见。     

猫儿山不同海拔森林群落草本植物高度的影响因素

高度是草本植物生长状况与环境适应性的重要指标。基于猫儿山不同海拔森林群落草本植物调查数据,分析林下草本植物物种组成和平均高度特征;采用多元线性逐步回归法,研究草本植物高度与环境因子的关系。研究发现,低海拔(1 100 m)常绿阔叶林草本层优势植物有狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)、里白(Diplopterygium glaucum)等,来自乌毛蕨科、里白科等;中海拔(1 500 m)常绿落叶阔叶混交林草本层植物主要有宽叶薹草(Carex siderosticta)、瘤足蕨(Plagiogyria adnata)、狗脊等,来自莎草科、瘤足蕨科、乌毛蕨科等;高海拔(1 900 m)常绿针阔叶混交林草本层植物主要有匙叶草(Latouchea fokiensis)、间型沿阶草(Ophiopogon intermedius)等,来自龙胆科、百合科等。随海拔升高,森林群落草本植物高度不断降低。草本植物高度在常绿阔叶林(1 100 m)和常绿落叶阔叶混交林(1 500 m)之间差异不显著,两者与常绿针阔叶混交林(1 900 m)差异显著。不同海拔森林群落草本植物高度与空气温度呈极显著正相关(P 0.01),且空气温度对草本高度有较高的解释率(R_(adj)~2=0.748)。综上,空气温度是影响不同海拔梯度森林群落草本植物高度的主要驱动力。     

7个杨树能源林无性系的初步选择

对7个杨树无性系(Y4、Y6、Y8、Y11、Y20、I-72、南林95杨)的生长量、生物量、光合速率、纤维素含量、C含量、热值和灰分进行了测定.结果表明:杨树Y11的生物量、光合速率较其他无性系为最高,Y20、Y4次之,Y8最低;各无性系生物量、光合速率、C含量和木材热值呈显著正相关;灰分含量和热值呈明显负相关.     

福建蔷薇属植物地理分布新记录

本文介绍了福建省蔷薇科蔷薇属植物地理分布新记录(变)种1个,即光果金樱子(Rosa laevigata Mich var.Leiocarpus Y.Q.Wang et P.Y.chen)。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.