Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents

During the cycling of seawater through the earth's crust along the mid-ocean ridge system, geothermal energy is transferred into chemical energy in the form of reduced inorganic compounds. These compounds are derived from the reaction of seawater with crustal rocks at high temperatures and are emitted from warm (相似文献   

Growth of bivalves at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the galapagos rift

Direct measurements of shell growth of an unclassified mussel from active hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift reveal growth rates of approxmately 1 centimeter per year for mature specimens. The largest mussel collected (with shell length of 18.4 centimeters) was estimated to be 19 +/- 7 years old at the time of sampling. Recorded growth rates are among the highest documented for deep-sea species.     

Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents

Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni?o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.     

Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents

Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.     

Biogeological mineralization in deep-sea hydrothermal deposits

Oriented drill cores retrieved from active massive sulfide edifices at the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge contain an abundance of fossilized tube structures associated with vestimentiferan and annelid worms. The petrological evolution of these biogeological structures and their presence deep inside the edifice walls demonstrate that an initial, worm-mediated texture directly affects the subsequent steps of inorganic precipitation, wall infilling, and outward growth of these black smoker deposits. The presence of fossilized structures in hydrothermal discharge sites that are 2 kilometers apart and their similarity to structures observed in other modern and ancient deposits suggest that these biogeological processes are general phenomena.     

Larval dispersal and species longevity in lower tertiary gastropods

Species longevity in Lower Tertiary volutids (Gastropoda) is primarily controlled by a combination of developmental type and environmental tolerance. Larval dispersal may be an important factor in molluskan evolutionary rates.     

Subtidal gastropods consume sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: evidence from coastal hydrothermal vents

The black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), a commercially important shallow-water gastropod common off White Point, Southern California, is found frequently at subtidal hydrothermal vents within mats of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Foraging vent abalones actively consume the bacteria and confine their nightly feeding forays to bacterial mats surrounding the vents. The growth of abalones consuming the sulfur bacteria exceeds that of control individuals consuming microalgae and is comparable to reported growth rates of abalones consuming macroalgae. Thus, off White Point, the black abalone may derive a portion of its nutrition from the subsidy of geothermal energy.     

Galapagos hydrothermal mounds: stratigraphy and chemistry revealed by deep-sea drilling

The Galápagos mounds sea-floor hydrothermal system is at least 300,000 years old and once produced manganese-poor sediments, which nearly blanketed the area of the present mounds field. Present-day mound deposits are limited manganese-rich exposures, suggesting that the system has changed from rock-to water-dominated and has diminished in intensity with time.     

In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field

Large changes in the concentration of sulfide around a hydrothermal vent in the Galápagos Rift provide direct evidence for the consumption of sulfide by the organisms of the vent community. These changes were detected with a new chemical analyzer capable of measuring silicate, sulfide, oxygen, and temperature on the sea floor at depths of 2500 meters. More than 10,000 measurements showed systematic variations in the sulfide and oxygen concentrations due to biogenic oxidation of sulfide in the hydrothermal solutions. Silicate concentration was highly correlated with temperature, but different trends were observed at different locations.     

Functional characteristics of the blood of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab

Hemocyanin in the whole blood of the hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab, Bythograea thermydron, has a moderate oxygen affinity (P(50) = 6.6 millimeters of mercury at 2.6 degrees C; pH 7.5), which unlike that of other hemocyanins is independent of temperature over the range 2 degrees to 30 degrees C; carbon dioxide and pH have independent effects on the oxygen affinity of this pigment. The pH effect on affinity is moderate (Deltalog P(50)/DeltapH = -0.34), whereas increased carbon dioxide, which can act both directly and by changing pH, has a much larger effect (Deltalog P(50)/DeltapH = -0.81). This blood has a moderately high degree of cooperativity (Hill cooperativity coefficient, n, was 2.8) and a large oxygen-carrying capacity for a crustacean (4.5 milliliters of oxygen per 100 milliliters of blood). These properties characterize an oxygen transport system whose function appears to be largely independent of the wide range of environmental conditions encountered around the vents.     

一株深海热液口超嗜热古菌的分类鉴定及高温酶活性研究

对一株分离自深海热液口古菌HJ21进行了分类鉴定及高温酶活性的研究.该菌株是极端嗜热的厌氧球菌,直径为1.0～1.2 靘.菌株最适生长温度88 ℃;菌株生长pH为5.0～9.0,最适pH为6.5～7.0;菌株生长NaCl质量浓度为10～50 g·L-1,最适为20 g·L-1.根据其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析结果,确定HJ21菌株为热球菌属(Thermococcus).该菌株能产生高热稳定的高温α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶,这些酶的最适作用温度分别为95、95、100和100 ℃,α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶在90 ℃的半衰期分别为5、5和2 h;蛋白酶在100 ℃保温2.5 h后仍具有84%的酶活性.     

Membrane lipid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen: a new macrocyclic glycerol diether

The membrane lipid of a new deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen, Methanococcus jannaschii, has been structurally characterized. The hydrolyzed polar lipid of this archaebacterium is primarily (95 percent) a macrocyclic glycerol diether, which has not been described previously. The structure was elucidated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques. An initial survey of selected methanogens failed to indicate the presence of this membrane lipid in any microorganism other than Methanococcus jannaschii.     

中华虎头蟹幼体发育的初步观察

对中华虎头蟹Orithyia sinica幼体发育过程进行观察。结果表明:幼体发育分为4个主要时期,包括3期溞状幼体和1期大眼幼体。当海水盐度为28,水温为(25.1±0.8)℃时,Ⅰ期溞状幼体历时4～5 d发育至Ⅱ期溞状幼体,Ⅱ期溞状幼体历时4～5 d发育至Ⅲ期溞状幼体,Ⅲ期溞状幼体历时5～6 d发育至大眼幼体,大眼幼体经过5～6 d发育至Ⅰ期仔蟹,幼体自然孵化完成全部发育过程共需18～22 d。幼体大小、第1和第2颚足外肢羽状刚毛数目、尾叉棘刺数目、腹部肢芽大小是区分各时期溞状幼体的主要形态特征。     

中华虎头蟹幼体发育的初步观察

对中华虎头蟹Orithyiasinica幼体发育过程进行观察。结果表明：幼体发育分为4个主要时期,包括3期潘状幼体和1期大眼幼体。当海水盐度为28,水温为（25．1±0．8）℃时,Ⅰ期潘状幼体历时4～5d发育至Ⅱ期潘状幼体,Ⅱ期溢状幼体历时4～5d发育至Ⅲ期潘状幼体,Ⅲ期潘状幼体历时5—6d发育至大眼幼体,大眼幼体经过5～6d发育至Ⅰ期仔蟹,幼体自然孵化完成全部发育过程共需18—22d。幼体大小、第1和第2颚足外肢羽状刚毛数目、尾叉棘刺数目、腹部肢芽大小是区分各时期潘状幼体的主要形态特征。     

口虾蛄幼体的早期形态发育特征

对大连沿海口虾蛄Oratosquilla oratoria在人工培育条件下幼体的发育过程及形态特征进行了观察。结果表明：在水温为23—26℃、盐度为36的条件下,口虾蛄从Z1期假蚤状幼体开始,历时33d出现第1期仔虾;大连沿海口虾蛄Z1期假蚤状幼体第2触角羽状刚毛数、Z4期假蚤状幼体第2触角羽状刚毛数及尾节侧小齿、中间小齿、亚中间小齿数及头胸甲长与日本口虾蛄存在差异。     

Mammalian dispersal at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary

A profound faunal reorganization occurred near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, when several groups of mammals abruptly appeared on the Holarctic continents. To test the hypothesis that this event featured the dispersal of groups from Asia to North America and Europe, we used isotope stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and quantitative biochronology to constrain the relative age of important Asian faunas. The extinct family Hyaenodontidae appeared in Asia before it did so in North America, and the modern orders Primates, Artiodactyla, and Perissodactyla first appeared in Asia at or before the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results are consistent with Asia being a center for early mammalian origination.     

Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at lost city hydrothermal field

Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in natural hydrothermal fluids have been attributed to abiogenic production by Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) reactions, although clear evidence for such a process has been elusive. Here, we present concentration, and stable and radiocarbon isotope, data from hydrocarbons dissolved in hydrogen-rich fluids venting at the ultramafic-hosted Lost City Hydrothermal Field. A distinct "inverse" trend in the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of C1 to C4 hydrocarbons is compatible with FTT genesis. Radiocarbon evidence rules out seawater bicarbonate as the carbon source for FTT reactions, suggesting that a mantle-derived inorganic carbon source is leached from the host rocks. Our findings illustrate that the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons in nature may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks, water, and moderate amounts of heat.     

烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead生物学研究——Ⅰ.发育过程和幼期形态

烟蚜茧蜂是寄生于桃蚜等蚜虫的一种重要寄生蜂。幼虫期4龄。在19℃恒温,14h 光照,10h 黑暗,相对湿度70%～90%的条件下,烟蚜茧蜂的发育历期为卵期2～3d,幼虫期6～7d(其中Ⅰ龄幼虫48～60h,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄幼虫为24～36h)预蛹期和蛹期3～4d。对烟蚜茧蜂由卵发育到成蜂的各期形态、量度大小和发育情况进行了详细的描述。对这一昆虫在不同的恒温和变温组合下的发育历期进行了测定。试验证明无论恒温和变温,烟蚜茧蜂的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。发育完成的僵蚜于2～3℃冰箱中保存180d 后仍有30%可正常羽化。     

Paleoceanographic events and deep-sea ostracodes

Eight recognized or theorized paleoceanographic events during the past 70 million years were tested against changes in the global deep-sea benthic ostracode fauna. Two events, the sudden Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event at 66 million years ago and the more gradual 40-million-year event (formation of the psychrosphere), show up most dramatically. Before the 40-million-year event, ostracodes freely radiated into the deeper water regions but were provincial. The development of thermal stratification isolated these deep-water taxa, mostly the survivors of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event, which adapted to a new, free-flowing but more frigid ecosystem and spread rapidly throughout the world.     

Zodiacal dust and deep-sea sediments

The recent detection of radioactive Al(26) in marine sediments has led to the conclusion that it is brought into the earth's atmosphere by micrometeorites which have been exposed, in interplanetary space, to solar high-energy protons. The Al(26) method is not precise enough to yield directly a reliable value for the mass accretion rate to the earth to better than about 3 orders of magnitude, but is sufficiently accurate to allow a crucial decision between two widely differing of interplanetary dust which have been proposed to explain observations of the zodiacal light. The two models lead to Al(26) concentrations which would differ by about 5 orders of magnitude. Thus, the presence of Al(26) is consistent with the zodiacal dust model with particles of some tens of microns rather then with submicron particles. From this model a mass accretion to the earth then be calculated which is set at 1250 (upper limit, 2500; lower limit, 250) tons per day, or 2.8 x 10(-15) g/cm(2) sec, or 4.5 x 10(11) g over the earth per This value does not depend on the flux of the solar high-energy particles, which may be uncertain by an order of magnitude or more. The presence of Al(26) supports the idea that an important fraction of the dust is stony in composition material density, and thus eliminates some more exotic dust models, as such one consisting entirely of carbon grains. We may also conclude that the accreted dust particles have been in the solar system and exposed to protons from solar high-energy particles for a time interval which is greater than a significant of the Al(26) half-life (0.74 x 10(6) years).