Pulsars and high density physics

In outlining the physics of neutron stars, and my good fortune in stumbling upon them, I hope that I have given some idea of the interest and rewards of extending physics beyond the confines of laboratories. These are good times in which to be an astrophysicist. I am also deeply aware of my debt to all my colleagues in the Cavendish Laboratory. Firstly to Sir Martin Ryle for his unique flair in creating so congenial and stimulating a team in which to work. Secondly to Jocelyn Bell for the care, diligence, and persistence that led to our discovery so early in the scintillation program, and finally to my friends who contributed so generously in many aspects of the work.     

Ethics for an international health profession

These thoughts about an ethic of international health can be summarized in a very free revision of the Hippocratic Oath: I will share the science and art by precept, by demonstration, and by every mode of teaching with other physicians regardless of their national origin. I will try to help secure for the physicians in each country the esteem of their own people, and in collaborative work see that they get full credit. I will strive to eliminate sources of disease everywhere in the world and not merely set up barriers to the spread of disease to my own people. I will work for understanding of the diverse causes of disease, including the social, economic, and environmental. I will promote the well-being of mankind in all its aspects, not merely the bodily, with sympathy and consideration for a people's culture and beliefs. I will strive to prevent painful and untimely death, and also to help parents to achieve a family size conforming to their desires and to their ability to care for their children. In my concern with whole communities I will never forget the needs of its individual members.     

网络环境下用户获取信息的障碍研究

伴随《第27次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》的发布,我国网民数量已成为全球之最,互联网普及率已攀升至34.3%。如何使这么多的网民,这么多的用户有效地获取网络信息资源是必须要面对的问题。文章从用户自身因素、网络信息资源障碍、网络环境障碍、网络服务的障碍、网络检索工具的障碍5个方面,对网络环境下影响用户获取信息的障碍进行了研究和分析,并提出了改进建议。     

生物能源:一个不断更新的老概念

与今天所用的生物能源相比,新一代的生物能源将会是成本较低,能量较高并且多样化。但是要达到这些目标将面临着许多挑战。目前,世界上许多优秀的科学家和工程师正在不断地创造新的技术突破。笔者用自己的研究作为例子描述了一些新的挑战和解决方法。然而对有关生物能源的经济、政策和法律的研究还相对落后。     

Shanxi Agricultural University Visitor Professor Donald Grierson

正Nihao!My name is Don Grierson.I am an Emeritus Professor at the University of Nottingham and a visiting professor at Zhejiang University and Shanxi Agricultural University.I am writing this message to introduce myself to you,so that you know who I am if you see me walking around the Campus.I retired from full-time work in the UK in 2010and now I visit China twice each year with my wife     

RECENT DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF MAN

Let us therefore conclude with consideration of the ancestry of man according to the modified concept of "dawn men," not "ape-men." In the first place, over an incredibly long period of time the Dawn Men have been tool-makers, of high adaptability and wonderful technique. We have then a biped, a being with a hand capable of grasping and controlling tools, a tool-maker with as fine a sense of touch as that of any of the present-day etchers, engravers and artists. In my opinion, the pro-man psychology, leaving out the evidence of anatomy and morphology, is certainly that of a Dawn Man and not of an "ape-man." I agree with my colleagues that man passed through an arboreal stage, but I believe that this stage did not progress so far as to carry man into a stage approaching that of the anthropoid apes. Dollo has stated the law of the irreversibility of evolution. The brachiating hand of the ape was used as a hook-apes do not grasp a branch with the fingers and thumb but hook the whole hand over the branch, as trapeze workers do to-day-and the thumb was therefore a grave danger. If man had gone through a prolonged period of brachiating in the branches of trees he would have lost his thumb. I agree to putting our arboreal ancestors back to Eocene time, but I predict that even in Upper Oligocene time we shall find pro-men, and if we find Oligocene pro-man-in Mongolia, for example-that he will have pro-human limbs, not proanthropoid ape limbs.     

National institute on aging: new focus on growing old

Though the leaves are many, the root is one; / Through all the lying days of my youth / I swayed my leaves and flowers in the sun; / Now I may wither into the truth.-W. B. YEATS, "The Coming of Wisdom with Time"     

THE OUTLOOK FOR APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY

I have thus touched, gentlemen, upon a few of the many subjects that crowd upon the mind for consideration on an occasion like this, - a few gleanings from a field which is passing rich in promise and possibility. It is a field that some of us have cultivated for many years, and yet have only scratched the surface ; and, if I have ventured to suggest or admonish, it is with the feeling that my own labors in this field are ere long about to end, and that I may not have another occasion. At no time in the history of the world has there, I trow, been gathered together such a body of devoted and capable workers in applied entomology. It marks an era in our calling, and, looking back at the progress of the past fifteen years, we may well ponder the possibilities of the next fifteen. They will be fruitful of grand results in proportion as we persistently and combinedly pursue the yet unsolved problems, and are not tempted to the immediate presentation of separate facts, which are so innumerable and so easily observed that their very wealth becomes an element of weakness. Epoch-making discoveries result only from this power of following up unswervingly any given problem or any fixed ideal. The kerosene emulsion ; the cyclone nozzle ; the history of Phylloxera vastatrix, of Phorodon humuli, of Vedalia cardinalis,- are illustrations in point: and, while we may not expect frequent results as striking or of as wide application as these, there is no end of important problems yet to be solved, and from the solution of which we may look for similar beneficial results. Applied entomology is often considered a sordid pursuit ; but it only becomes so when the object is sordid. When pursued with unselfish enthusiasm born of the love of investigation and the delight in benefiting our fellow-men, it is inspiring ; and there are few pursuits more deservedly so, considering the vast losses to our farmers from insect injury and the pressing need that the distressed husbandman has for every aid that can be given bim. Our work is elevating in its sympathies for the struggles and sufferings of others. Our standard should be high,- the pursuit of knowledge for the advancement of agriculture. No official entomologist should lower it by sordid aims. During the recent political campaign the farmer must have been sorely puzzled to know whether his interests needed protection or not. On the abstract question of tariff protection to his products, we, as entomologists, may no more agree than do the politicians, or than does the farmer himself ; but ours is a case of protection from in- jurious insects, and upon that there can nowhere be division of opinion. It is our duty to see that be gets it with as little tax for the means as possible. Gentlemen, I thank you.     

应对金融海啸,破解新问题,实现新突破——探析宁夏固原市马铃薯产业问题

通过典型走访、调查研究、参考资料,个案研究、经验总结与理性探讨,既从马铃薯产业发展趋势、发挥资源优势和推进产业化的高度,又从面临问题、机遇和挑战的角度,通过对宁夏固原马铃薯产业的历史、现状、地位、内部组织形式运行机制与利害关系、国内外市场环境的辩证分析,探讨发展的前景、战略对策、途径和措施,以期为当地政府、科研、推广、企业、产业协会等有关部门的决策、运作提供可资借鉴的意见和建议。     

Electromagnetic Separation of Isotopes at Oak Ridge: An informal account of history, techniques, and accomplishments

In 1960 I attended a European conference on isotope separation, after which I visited the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. A staff member there ventured the opinion that the separation of isotopes will be first on the list of important contributions to the peaceful uses of the atom when the Atomic Energy Commission's memoirs are written in the year 2000. In 1968 the AEC Division of Research contracted with the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a review of the AEC program for the separation of stable isotopes by electromagnetic and thermal diffusion methods. This ad hoc panel comprised seven scientists from the fields of chemistry, classical physics, geochemistry, geophysics, medicine, and physics. In their final report on national uses and needs for separated stable isotopes (9), they referred to the store of separated isotopes as a "real national asset that attains increasing value as science and technology develop" and recommended "continuation of the program as a national resource of great value to the United States." Later, in a discussion of this report with A. M. Weinberg, J. Koch, himself a pioneer in electromagnetic isotope separation and member of the Danish Atomic Energy Program, said he would correct the statement that the Oak Ridge electromagnetic facility is a "national asset" to read "international asset." From my narrow viewpoint after an extended and complete engrossment with this program for so many years, it is gratifying to learn that such men as those mentioned above share my belief that the work has indeed been worthwhile.     

The spread of Western science. A three-stage model describes the introduction of modern science into any non-European nation

There is no need to summarize the features of this simplified model, which describes the manner in which modern science was transmitted to the lands beyond Western Europe. The graph of Fig. 1 and the examples drawn from science in various lands should have made them clear. It may be in order, however, to reiterate that there is nothing about the phases of my model that is cosmically or metaphysically necessary. I am satisfied if my attempt will interest others to go beyond my crude analysis and make a systematic investigation of the diffusion of Western science throughout the world. Such an investigation would include a comparative appraisal of the development of science in different national, cultural, and social settings and would mark the beginnings of truly comparative studies in the history and sociology of science. The present lack of comparative studies in these disciplines can be attributed to the widespread belief that science is strictly an international endeavor. In one sense this is true.As Sir Isaac Newton remarked in his Principia (49), "the descent of stones in Europe and in America" must both be explained by one set of physical laws. Yet, we cannot ignore the peculiar environment in which members of a national group of scientists are trained and carry on their research. While I do not hold with the Nazi theorists that science is a direct reflection of the racial or national spirit (50), neither do I accept Chekhov's dictum (51) that "there is no national science just as there is no national multiplication table. . . ." In emphasizing the international nature of scientific inquiry we have forgotten that science exists in a local social setting. If that setting does not decisively mold the conceptual growth of science, it can at least affect the number and types of individuals who are free to participate in the internal development of science. Perhaps the effect is more profound; only future scholarship can determine the depth of its influence.     

食品安全的技术性贸易壁垒问题及其规制

食品安全问题上的监管措施,在国际食品贸易中表现为进口国对进口食品采取的技术性贸易措施,限制与阻止不符合该国食品安全要求的食品进入。这样的措施在不同程度上造成食品贸易壁垒。在世界贸易组织规则体系下,符合世贸规则的关于食品安全的技术性贸易壁垒被视为是合法、合理的,但也造成食品贸易壁垒。即使是符合世贸规则的食品安全方面的技术性贸易壁垒,其合理性也是相对的。因此,对食品安全上的技术性贸易壁垒要予以约束和规制,以防止技术性贸易壁垒在食品安全方面的滥用。     

土壤抑制烟草黑根腐病的机制

 能抑制植物病害的土壤称为抑病土.抑病土在世界上分布广泛,已报道了多种植物土传病害可被土壤抑制.在烟草黑根病抑病机制的研究方面也有许多报道,本文根据这些作者及自己的研究资料加以综述.     

My decision to sell the family farm

This paper presents a discussion of my personal experiences of selling a family farm and analyses those experiences using the layered account form of autoethnographic writing. I describe how the cultural influences from family farming led me, a farmer’s son, to also become a farmer, why farmers may choose to continue in their occupation sometimes against increasingly negative economic pressures, why I continued farming for as long as I did, and the thoughts and feelings associated with my decision to sell my farm and exit the industry. I discuss the emotions that I experienced and place them in a theoretical context that makes them more understandable to others. Because this paper examines the effects from my decision to retire from farming it makes a contribution to the limited literature on farmers’ retirement.     

Does certified organic farming reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production? Reply to Muller et al

In this comment I respond to the criticisms put forth by Muller et al. It is my assessment that the authors’ make useful suggestions for future analyses. However, their conclusion regarding the invalidity of my results are based on a misconception of the goals and data used in my article.     

茶旅扬四海 英魂耀五洲——深切缅怀陈文华同学

机缘巧合,得以先期拜读施由明主编的图文并茂的《中国茶文化旅游开拓先锋陈文华先生》一文草稿,获益良多,心潮澎湃。回想我与陈文华同学半个多世纪的友情及他对发展中国茶文化旅游的贡献,感触颇多,述之以文,以表怀念。     

成功的编辑应养成六方面的习惯

As a writer, I know the apprehension and dread that can fill the heart upon receipt of anote or an e - mail from an editor. Is she going to try to second - guess my ending? Does hethink he knows my characters better than I do? Now that I'm sitting on the other side of thefence with my big red editing pen, I see that what I once thought were strange arbitrary judg-     

安徽省高中学生生物伦理现状调查研究

科学的发展和技术的应用尤其是生物科技的应用,会带来一些伦理问题,因此加强生物伦理教育已成为解决科学、技术、社会关系的一条重要途径。在对我省部分中学生的生物伦理知识水平现状进行抽样调查及综合、分析的基础上,本文认为绝大多数中学生能持有正确的生物伦理观,新闻媒体在学生的生物伦理观形成过程中起着非常重要的作用,并且中学生物教学在生物伦理教育中的作用有待加强。     

Green chemistry: science and politics of change

The chemical industry plays a key role in sustaining the world economy and underpinning future technologies, yet is under unprecedented pressure from the effects of globalization and change in many of its traditional markets. Against this background, what will be needed for the industry to embrace efforts to make it "greener"? We explore some of the issues raised by the development of "green chemistry" techniques and identify potential barriers to their implementation by industry.     

液化天然气在我国的应用前景

介绍了液化天然气(LNG)的一般商业性质和在国际上的应用情况，对我国LNG的应用现状进行了分析，认为我国LNG的应用虽然刚刚起步，但以西气东输管道工程建设和缺乏清洁能源的沿海地区正在规划或建设大型LNG接收站为标志，我国应用天然气的步伐是比较快的。鉴于LNG自身及其在众多领域里的重要作用，对我国近期内LNG的发展和应用提出了几点设想。