Solar particle tracks in glass from the surveyor 3 spacecraft

A glass filter from Surveyor 3 has a surface density of approximately 1 x 10(6) tracks per square centimeter from heavy solar flare particles. The variation with depth is best fitted with a solar particle spectrum dN/dE = 2.42 x 10(6) E(-2) [in particles per square centimeter per year per steradian per (million electron volts per nucleon)], where E is the energy and N is the number of particles, from 2 million electron volts per nucleon to approximately 7 million electron volts per nucleon and dN/dE = 1.17 x 10(7) E(-3) at higher energies. Not much difference is observed between 0.5 and 5 micrometers, an indication that there is a lack of track-registering particles below 0.5 million electron volts per nucleon. The Surveyor data are compatible with track results in lunar rocks, provided an erosion rate of approximately 10(-7) centimeter per year is assumed for the latter. The results also suggest a small-scale erosion process in lunar rocks.     

Luxus Consumption: Wasting Food Resources Through Overeating

In this paper, we redefine the term luxus consumption to mean food waste and overconsumption leading to storage of body fat, health problems, and excess resource utilization. We develop estimates of the prevalence of luxus consumption and its environmental consequences using US food supply, agricultural, and environmental data and using procedures modeled after energetics analysis and ecological footprint analysis. Between 1983 and 2000, US food availability (food consumption including waste) increased by 18% or 600 kcal (2.51 MJ) per person. This luxus consumption required 0.36 hectares (ha) of land and fishing area per capita, 100.6 million ha for the US population, and 3.1% of total US energy consumption. Luxus consumption increased more for particular foods, such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 22% of which was used in carbonated beverages. As an example, the luxus consumption of sweetened soda, 31.8 l per capita, used 0.8% of the US corn crop (230,555 ha of land); 33.6 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer; 175,000 kg of Atrazine herbicide; 34 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer; 2.44 trillion kcal (10.2 PJ) for production inputs and post-harvest handling; and led to 4.9 million metric tons of soil erosion. Diet soft drink luxus consumption was 43.9 l/capita. Assuming half of US soft drink luxus consumption was bottled in plastic, the energy cost for plastics would have been 2.49 trillion kcal (10.4 PJ) in 2000. Total HFCS availability above baseline in 2000 required 4.6 times the resources used for soft drinks alone. This analysis suggests the utility and applicability of the concept of luxus consumption to environmental analysis and for estimating the effects of excess food utilization. Dorothy Blair, PhD, received her master’s and doctoral degrees in Human Nutrition from Cornell University and is currently a faculty member in the Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Science, Technology, and Society Program at Pennsylvania State University. Her research and teaching focus on food ecology, food and culture, and the food system both nationally and internationally. She has published articles on obesity, energy expenditure, agriculture and food system issues, and community food security. Jeffery Sobal, PhD, earned a doctorate in Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania and a master’s in Public Health from Johns Hopkins University. He is currently a faculty member in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. His research and teaching focus on the application of social science theories and methods to food, eating, and nutrition. He has published material on social patterns and consequences of body weight, the conceptualization of the food and nutrition system, and the process of making food choices.     

Insular erosion, isostasy, and subsidence

Organic reefs and shore erosion record the intersection of sea level with islands. From this record it is possible to reconstruct the history of vertical movement of the islands and the adjacent deep sea floor, including midplate swells. As judged by coral thickness, islands with barrier reefs sink as though they were on thermally youthful crust regardless of the actual age. Reefless islands do not sink until truncated by erosion. Apparently, thermal subsidence is balanced by isostatic uplift in response to erosion. Barrier reefs prevent wave erosion of encircled volcanoes and capture products of stream erosion so that isostatic uplift is eliminated. Insular shelves widen initially at rates of 0.6 to 1.7 kilometers per million years; the rates decrease with time. Thus the subsidence of islands depends on the size of the is land and the presence of reefs, and it may not always be the same as that of the surrounding oceanic crust.     

山区粮食安全的耕地“红线”及其对策措施体系——以云南省为例

在评析云南省耕地资源基本态势的基础上,探讨云南省2020年总人口规模、人均粮食需求量、粮食自给率、耕地年粮食平均单产和粮播比例5个指标的合理取值问题,进而预测云南省2020年基于粮食安全目标的耕地需求量。结果表明,省域2020年基于粮食安全的耕地需求量可以确定为500万～510万hm^2,其中500万hm^2为保障云南粮食安全的耕地“红线”。并构建云南坚守500万hm^2耕地“红线”的对策与措施体系。     

N'-nitrosonornicotine in tobacco

N'-Nitrosonornicotine, a potential carcinogen, has been positively identified in unburned tobacco. The amount in commercial U.S. tobacco products is between 1.9 to 88.6 parts per million, one of the highest values of an environmental nitrosamine yet reported. The amount in food and drink rarely exceeds 0.1 part per million. This compound is the first example of a potential organic carcinogen isolated from tobacco.     

Rapid glacial erosion at 1.8 Ma revealed by 4He/3He thermochronometry

Alpine glaciation and river incision control the topography of mountain ranges, but their relative contributions have been debated for years. Apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry tightly constrains the timing and rate of glacial erosion within one of the largest valleys in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Five proximate samples require accelerated denudation of the Klinaklini Valley initiating 1.8 +/- 0.2 million years ago (Ma). At least 2 kilometers of overlying rock were removed from the valley at >/=5 millimeters per year, indicating that glacial valley deepening proceeded >/=6 times as fast as erosion rates before approximately 1.8 Ma. This intense erosion may be related to a global transition to enhanced climate instability approximately 1.9 Ma.     

Age and evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems

The age and evolution of the Grand Canyon have been subjects of great interest and debate since its discovery. We found that cave mammillaries (water table indicator speleothems) from nine sites in the Grand Canyon showed uranium-lead dating evidence for an old western Grand Canyon on the assumption that groundwater table decline rates are equivalent to incision rates. Samples in the western Grand Canyon yielded apparent water table decline rates of 55 to 123 meters per million years over the past 17 million years, in contrast to eastern Grand Canyon samples that yielded much faster rates (166 to 411 meters per million years). Chronology and inferred incision data indicate that the Grand Canyon evolved via headward erosion from west to east, together with late-stage ( approximately 3.7 million years ago) accelerated incision in the eastern block.     

基于粮食安全的云南省2020年耕地需求量预测

依据1996～2008年耕地面积与粮食产量数据,采用基于粮食安全的耕地需求量预测方法,选取耕地面积、粮播比例、耕地年粮食单产、总人口和人均粮食产量5个指标,分析预测了2020年云南省耕地需求量。各指标预测结果表明,2020年云南省总人口达5146.40万人,显著高于控制数（5000万人）;2020年云南省人均粮食需求量为400kg,处于小康型下限;粮食自给率按100%、95%和90%3个方案进行;耕地年粮食单产的年均增长率按2.5%和3.0%2个方案进行预测;将2020年粮播比例确定为66%。耕地需求量预测结果表明,通过分析得到云南省耕地需求量共计6个方案,方案Ⅰ是很难达到的目标,方案Ⅳ、方案Ⅴ和方案Ⅵ的预测结果偏低,不符合国家保护耕地的政策规定,也不利于保障粮食安全目标;方案Ⅱ和方案Ⅲ较为接近,但方案Ⅲ预测结果最佳,并将基于粮食安全的云南省2020年耕地需求量确定为590万hm2,以保障云南省粮食安全、实现省域粮食基本自给的耕地＂红线＂。     

Very heavy solar cosmic rays: energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion

The energy spectrum of solar cosmic-ray particles of the iron group has been determined for the first time over the energy range from 1 to 100 million electron volts per nucleon by the use of glass removed from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. The difference between the observed (energy)(-3) spectrum and the limiting spectrum derived previously from tracks in lunar rocks gives an erosion rate of 0 to 2 angstroms per year. High-energy fission of lead, induced by galactic cosmicray protons and alpha particles, has also been observed.     

基于食物安全的耕地需求分析与预测

为在耕地资源短缺与食物消费结构改变的大背景下合理分析用地需求，保障食物安全，以河南省居民的食物消费情况为研究对象，采用构建时间序列预测模型的方法，基于经济发展和食物结构对河南省未来15~30年的食物需求进行分析，并结合推算结果对不同食物类型所需土地分别计算，得出基于食物安全的耕地需求量。结果表明:1)2000—2019年河南省居民食物消费结构变化显著，植物类食物始终占据较大比重，动物类消费的所占比例呈增长趋势；2)河南省城乡居民耕地需求变化存在一定差异，农村居民的人均耕地需求由城镇居民的1.2倍下降至占城镇居民人均耕地需求的82%。耕地总需求变化趋势为缓慢减少后逐步上升且保持上升趋势，最高约508万hm²；3)河南省人口规模、作物单产水平和食物消费结构均对河南省耕地需求产生着重大影响。其中，主要影响因素是食物消费结构的改变，单产水平提高对缓解人口增长带来的耕地需求压力有重要作用；4)预测发现河南省现有耕地虽能够满足2035—2050年该省人民食物需求，但是河南省作为食物输出大省，无法在满足本省人民食物需求的同时，保持现有的食物供应比例。最后，根据预测结果与河南省耕地保护现状，基于食物安全以市场需求为导向提出相关建议。     

东北中低产田现状与综合治理对策

就东北黑土区中低产田的等级、类型划分以及治理措施进行了简要综述。东北黑土区中低产田可划分为高中低三个等级,其划分标准为高产田：粮食产量〉6000 kg·hm^-2,中产田：粮食产量4000-6000 kg·hm^-2,低产田：粮食产量〈4000 kg·hm^-2。中低产田包括7种类型：侵蚀型、易涝型、干旱型、盐碱型、风沙型、瘠薄型和低温及其它类型。提出了中低产田的治理对策与措施,分析了中低产田的增产潜力为112.4亿kg（2010年）-161.8亿kg（2030年）。     

DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks

Eggshell thickness after exposure to DDT was reduced by 21.7 percent in Alaskan tundra peregrines, by 16.8 percent in taiga peregrines, by 7.5 percent in Aleutian peregrines, by 3.3 percent in rough-legged hawks, and not at all in gyrfalcons. Tundra peregrine eggs contain an average of 889 parts of DDE per million (lipid basis); taiga peregrine eggs contain 673 parts per million; Aleutian peregrine eggs contain 167 parts per million; rough-legged hawk eggs contain 22.5 parts per million; and gyrfalcon eggs contain 3.88 parts per million. These changes in eggshell thickness and the pesticide residues reflect different degrees of exposure to contamination. There is a highly significant negative correlation between shell thickness and DDE content in peregrine eggs. Tundra and taiga peregrines have fledged progressively fewer young each year since 1966.     

福建省粮食需求量预测研究

为了实现资源的效用最大化、提供福建省粮食安全新的数据支持,分析了2003—2012 年福建省粮食消费的特点,预测未来年份的粮食需求量。结果表明：第一,福建省粮食消费总量呈现递增的趋势,粮食消费结构也有较大幅度调整;第二,人均粮食消费量增加了44 kg,人均口粮消费量减少了12 kg,人均饲料粮消费量增加了55 kg,饲料用粮大幅增加,是导致福建省人均粮食消费量大幅增长的主要原因;第三,比较不同经济发展水平下和平衡膳食模式下的人均粮食需求量,发现差异明显,实际人均消费量远高于合理人均需求量,不合理的食物消费结构造成了不合理的粮食浪费现象;第四,按照高、中、低3种不同的人均粮食需求量分别预测全省的粮食需求量,基于平衡膳食模式的粮食需求量能较真实地反映福建省的实际需求量,即2020、2025年全省粮食需求量分别为1222万t、1243万t。     

Ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide: lethal and reproductive effects on pheasants

Ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide (active ingredient of Ceresan M) at a dietary concentration of 30 parts per million (12.5 parts of mercury per million) was lethal to adult ring-necked pheasants. Egg production and survival of third-week embryos were sharply reduced when breeders were maintained on feed containing 10 parts of this compound per million (4.2 parts of mercury per million).     

DDT residues and declining reproduction in the Bermuda petrel

Residues of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] averaging 6.44 parts per million in eggs and chicks of the carnivorous Bermuda petrel indicate widespread contamination of an oceanic food chain that is remote from applications of DDT. Reproduction by the petrel has declined during the last 10 years at the annual rate of 3.25 percent; if the decline continues, reproduction will fail completely by 1978. Concentrations of residues are similar to those in certain terrestrial carnivorous birds whose productivity is also declining. Various considerations implicate contamination by insecticides as a probable major cause of the decline.     

浙江人口和粮食的历史回顾和展望

本文对浙江人口增长和粮食生产的关系作了农业发展史的回顾和前瞻,指出浙江人粮关系的转折时期在宋代,当时采取扩大耕地和提高单产并进的途径,成功地缓和了人口压力,成为东南首富的粮区。到清末因各种原因人口迅长,生产条件恶化,使浙江转陷于缺粮省份。建国以来,在二千万的人口基数上起步,由于前期失控,致使短期内人口加倍。但因依靠现代农业科学和传统农业结合,在耕地渐减的情况下,不断提高单产和总产,实现了人民生活水平的提高。但因人地比下降,人粮的紧张关系仍未解除。今后必须大力加强农业科学研究、提高农民文化水平,才能应付未来的挑战。     

侵蚀及土地利用管理方式改变对土壤有机碳的影响

土壤侵蚀是重要的环境公害,侵蚀造成土壤有机碳的大量迁移、转化和流失,产生严重的环境问题,相关机理研究尚不清楚。阐述了水蚀和风蚀两种主要方式对土壤有机碳库的影响,侵蚀和二氧化碳温室气体排放的关系。介绍了林地转为农田、草地以及草地转为农田等土地利用方式的改变对土壤有机碳库的影响,免耕提高土壤固碳能力。提出了控制侵蚀,减少土壤碳流失的措施。     

石马河流域水土保持型生态农业体系建设及效益分析

在分析小流域的自然条件及水土流失特点的基础上，提出了流域水土保持型生态农业体系建设的原则及其配置措施。通过建立水土保持型生态农业体系，流域实现了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益有机统一的良性生态经济系统。植被覆盖率由1985年的30．7％提高到89．0％，侵蚀模数连年减少；粮食总产量由1985年931．2万kg提高到1998年的1424．6万kg；人均纯收入1998年达到3406元，是1985年的18．4倍。     

Iridium abundances across the ordovician-silurian stratotype

Chemostratigraphic analyses in the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype section, bracketing a major extinction event in the graptolitic shale section at Dob's Linn, Scotland, show persistently high iridium concentrations of 0.050 to 0.250 parts per billion. There is no iridiumn concentration spike in the boundary interval or elsewhere in the 13 graptolite zones examined encompassing about 20 million years. Iridium correlated with chromium, both elements showing a gradual decrease with time into the middle part of the Lower Silurian. The chromium-iridium ratio averages about 10(6). Paleogeographic and geologic reconstructions coupled with the occurrence of ophiolites and other deep crustal rocks in the source area suggest that the high iridium and chromium concentrations observed in the shales result from terrestrial erosion of exposed upper mantle ultramafic rocks rather than from a cataclysmic extraterrestrial event.     

炼山的杉木幼林地水土肥流失动态及预测模型

连续四年定位研究结果表明：炼山过程中土壤有机质和氮素以高温挥发和细粒尘埃的飞扬形式而损失，０～１０ｃｍ土层有机质损失７．１％，全氮损失１０％；炼山后１～２年内林地水土肥流失极其严重，年土壤流失量超过本区土壤容许流失量（１０ｔ·ｈｍ－２．ａ－１），随后炼山林地水土肥流失呈明显递减趋势，至第４年才与不炼山的基本趋于一致．应用混合数量化模型Ⅰ对影响炼山林地水土肥流失的因素进行分析，建立单次降雨水土肥流失量预测模型．