Arabidopsis Phytochrome D Is Involved in Red Light-Induced Negative Gravitropism of Hypocotyles

The phytochrome gene family, which is in Arabidopsis thaliana, consists of phytochromes A-E（phyA to phyE）, regulates plant responses to ambient light environments. PhyA and phyB have been characterized in detail, but studies on phyC to phyE have reported discrepant functions. In this study, we show that phyD regulates the Arabidopsis gravitropic response by inhibiting negative gravitropism of hypocotyls under red light condition. PhyD had only a limited effect on the gravitropic response of roots in red light condition. PhyD also enhanced phyB-regulated gravitropic responses in hypocotyls. Moreover, the regulation of hypocotyl gravitropic responses by phyD was dependent upon the red light fluence rate.     

光对小麦叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶调节机理初探

以黄化小麦苗为材料 ,在无钙 (-Ca2 )和有钙 ( Ca2 )两种条件下 ,结合不同类型抑制剂以及红光、远红光和白光等不同光质处理 ,初步探讨了光调节小麦叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)活性的机理。结果表明 ,黄化小麦叶片经连续 72h光诱导后 ,其GS活性达到正常绿叶水平。有钙培养的小麦幼苗叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性高于无钙处理。光对GS活性的调节存在多级水平 ,首先是光对GS的直接激活作用 ,该过程有光敏色素的参与 ,而光敏色素可能是通过钙调系统而起作用的 ,其红光 /远红光逆转效应需要钙的参与 ;其次是光诱导GS的重新合成 ,短期调节主要是从翻译水平上起作用 ,受环己亚胺的抑制 ,长期调节则是在转录水平上发挥作用 ,受放线菌素D的影响     

光敏色素的生物学功能及其调控

光是影响植物生长发育的重要因素,植物为感受光而进化出光受体。光受体分为4类,其中光敏色素研究较为深入,它是红光和远红光受体,在光形态建成过程中发挥着重要作用。近年来的研究阐明了光敏色素的作用模式,以及由其介导的光信号转导途径和植物发育调节过程,如下胚轴延伸、茎分支、生物钟及开花时间控制等。基于目前的研究总结光敏色素的生物学功能及其介导的光信号转导途径,并展望其研究前景,以期为相关领域研究提供参考。     

Photosynthesis-associated gene families: differences in response to tissue-specific and environmental factors

The endogenous small subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene rbcS and the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene (LHCP) of pea are expressed in a light-inducible manner and are active mainly in green chloroplast-containing tissue. Chimeric genes under control of the 5'-flanking sequences of the rbcS ss3.6 or LHCP AB80 genes from pea were used to study the factors relating to the issue-specific and lightinducible expression of these nuclear-encoded genes in transgenic tobacco plants. The results show that plastid development plays a crucial role in the activation of expression of these chimeric genes. Particular members of each of the above gene families respond differently to tissue-specific and environmental factors. Furthermore, the light-inducible expression directed by the 5'-flanking sequence of ss3.6 rbcSgene is not exclusively mediated by phytochrome, but probably is controlledin large part by another photoreceptor.     

Phytochrome-mediated bioelectric potentials in mung bean seedlings

Excised root tips from dark-grown mung bean seedlings (Phaseolus aureus) that adhere to a negatively charged glass surface when irradiated with red light and release when irradiated by far-red light develop a positive bioelectric potential (about 1.0 millivolt) at the tip in red light and a negative bioelectric potential in far-red light. The sign of the bioelectric potential was repeatedly photo-reversible, and the adhesion and release kinetics were similar to those of the development of the bioelectric potentials. Photoconversion of the phytochrome holochrome perhaps changes permeability characteristics of the cell membrane, resulting in an induced localized electrochemical gradient manifested as a bioelectric potential. This supports the view that phytochrome in situ is membrane bound.     

两用核不育水稻光敏与温敏分类的探讨

采用红光－远红光逆转效应，光温控制及等位性测验等方法。探讨了Ｎ５８ｓ及其转育的光不曙敏核不育系Ｗ６１５４ｓ，Ｗ７４１５ｓ，３３００１ｓ和３１１１１的光敏衣温敏特性。结果表明，光敏色素参与了Ｎ５８ｓ３１１１ｓ和３３００１育性诱导过程，红光间断长暗期导可条件下，其育度显著降低，远红光能部分逆转红光的诱导效应。Ｗ７４１５ｓ育性受光敏色素的调节，Ｗ６１５４ｓ育性基本不受光敏色素调节控制。Ｗ６１５４ｓ育性在     

SPA1, a WD-repeat protein specific to phytochrome A signal transduction

The five members of the phytochrome photoreceptor family of Arabidopsis thaliana control morphogenesis differentially in response to light. Genetic analysis has identified a signaling pathway that is specifically activated by phytochrome A. A component in this pathway, SPA1 (for "suppressor of phyA-105"), functions in repression of photomorphogenesis and is required for normal photosensory specificity of phytochrome A. Molecular cloning of the SPA1 gene indicates that SPA1 is a WD (tryptophan-aspartic acid)-repeat protein that also shares sequence similarity with protein kinases. SPA1 can localize to the nucleus, suggesting a possible function in phytochrome A-specific regulation of gene expression.     

光强和光质对大豆幼苗形态及光合特性的影响

【目的】玉米大豆带状套作种植模式下荫蔽是影响大豆生长发育的重要因素之一,而荫蔽包括光强的降低和光质的改变,通过分析不同光环境下大豆形态、光合生理参数,以期为揭示光强和光质对大豆生长发育的调控提供理论依据。【方法】以南豆12为试验材料,在人工气候室盆栽种植条件下,设置4个光环境：A1处理（正常光照+远红光;光强不变,红光和远红光比值降低）,A2处理（弱光+远红光;光强降低,红光和远红光比值降低）,A3处理（弱光;光强降低,红光和远红光比值不变）,CK对照（正常光照;光强不变,红光和远红光比值不变）,分析大豆幼苗形态及光合生理参数对不同光环境的响应。【结果】在光强不变,红光和远红光比值降低条件下,与CK相比A1处理大豆株高和生物量增加,根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积下降,类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,净光合速率增加,实际光化学量子效率降低,而非光化学猝灭系数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;与A3处理相比A2处理大豆株高降低,茎粗增加,生物量增加9.8%,叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量分别增加了5.68%和2.83%,而叶绿素b含量降低了6.48%,净光合速率最大光化学量子产量、非光化学猝灭系数、有效光化学量子产量显著增加,根系特征差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在光质不变,光强降低的条件下,与A2处理相比,A1处理大豆株高显著降低,根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积显著增加,生物量增加了62.87%,其中A1处理下叶片生物量占整个植株的54.96%,而A2处理下茎秆生物量占整个植株的52.08%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量增加,净光合速率增加了16.22%,叶绿素荧光参数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;与CK相比,A3处理大豆株高显著增加,而茎粗、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积显著降低,生物量显著减少了61.09%,其中A3处理下茎秆生物量积累增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别增加了29.41%、4.17%、41.51%,净光合速率和实际光化学量子效率显著下降（P＜0.05）。【结论】光强直接影响大豆形态建成和物质积累,而低的红光和远红光比值显著提高大豆光合速率,促进物质的积累。     

光照和渗透胁迫对枸杞离体叶片花青苷积累的影响

为研究不同光照和渗透胁迫条件对枸杞离体叶片花青苷积累的影响，该研究使用萌发后25 d的‘宁杞7号’红枸杞和黑果枸杞无菌苗离体叶片进行不同光照（白光、红光、蓝光、远红光）和渗透胁迫（蔗糖浓度梯度）处理7 d，然后测定枸杞离体叶片中花青苷含量。结果表明:1）枸杞离体叶片中花青苷积累受培养基中不同浓度蔗糖影响差异显著，花青苷积累随培养基中蔗糖浓度的升高先升高再降低，在白光（15 000 lx）下蔗糖浓度500 mmol/L时，‘宁杞7号’红枸杞和黑果枸杞离体叶片花青苷的积累均达到最大值；2）相同浓度蔗糖的渗透胁迫下，不同波长单色光对枸杞离体叶片中花青苷积累的影响差异显著:蓝光（450 nm）下，黑果枸杞离体叶片中花青苷的积累显著高于‘宁杞7号’红枸杞，黑果枸杞离体叶片中花青苷积累量最高值超过相同渗透胁迫白光处理时花青苷积累量的3倍；红光（650 nm）和远红光（730 nm）下，‘宁杞7号’红枸杞离体叶片中花青苷的积累显著高于黑果枸杞，且远红光下2种枸杞离体叶片花青苷积累差异更显著，但绝对值较低。结果表明，蔗糖浓度400~500 mmol/L的渗透胁迫条件下可适于诱导枸杞离体叶片中花青苷积累，短波长的蓝光较适合黑果枸杞离体叶片中花青苷诱导，而长波长的红光更适合红枸杞离体叶片中花青苷诱导。该研究结果为后续以枸杞离体叶片或悬浮细胞作为生物反应器低成本大规模生产花青苷提供了重要依据。     

光学干涉膜下生菜的生理指标变化及品质分析

生菜因其生长期短、产量高、易于生食等特点,已经成为设施栽培的一种重要叶菜。传统的光伏发电占用大量的土地资源,而光伏农业在满足农作物生长的光照需求下,进行光伏发电。为此,本研究以蒙黛和克里斯汀两个生菜品种作为供试品种,研究不同光学干涉薄膜(红蓝光透过膜及远红光截止膜)对生菜的抗氧化酶、营养品质及叶片超微结构等的影响。结果表明,蒙黛在红蓝光透过膜及远红光截止膜下的CAT活性、SOD活性及丙二醛含量都呈现下降的趋势;克里斯汀在两种膜覆盖下的CAT活性上升,而SOD活性及丙二醛的含量则呈现下降趋势,但两种生菜在两种膜覆盖下,后期的酶活性大多较对照的高。红蓝光透过膜下,两种生菜可溶性糖的含量先升高后降低,远红光截止环境下则呈现上升的趋势。随着覆盖时间的延长,两个品种在两种光环境下,维生素C的累积量都明显增加;蛋白质及叶绿素含量随着覆盖时间的延长,较前期有所下降,但大多比对照的高。叶片超微结构分析表明,红蓝光透过膜下,蒙黛的叶绿体聚集增大,而远红光截止环境下叶片的部分细胞破坏,叶绿体基粒分层不明显。研究结果可为光学干涉膜的技术改进、光学干涉膜的大田推广应用以及光伏农业的未来发展走向提供参考和依据。     

暗期间断对光敏感雌性不育苎麻活性氧代谢的影响

在短日照(10 h/d)处理的光敏感雌性不育苎麻的暗期进行红光和远红光间断暗期的处理,并对叶片和雌性花器官的活性氧相关酶的活性和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量测定。结果表明,红光处理诱导雌性败育,远红光处理则雌性可育。败育株叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均高于可育株,但败育节位的MDA含量较低;败育株各节花蕾中POD活性较高,正在发育雌蕾的SOD和CAT活性亦高于可育株,但在败育节位下降到可育株水平,MDA含量则升高并超过可育株。暗示光敏色素调节了雌花活性氧代谢的失衡,而且与诱导雌性败育相关。     

耐辐射奇球菌光敏色素基因缺失突变株的构建及其功能研究

利用PCR和体内同源重组技术，对耐辐射奇球菌（Deinococcus radiodurans R1）中光敏色素基因诱导缺失突变，构建了突变株bphP^-。对突变株分别进行不同剂量电离辐射（IR）和不同浓度过氧化氢（H2O2）处理，并以野生株R1做对照。结果表明：与野生株相比，突变株bphP^-对过氧化氢的敏感性明显上升，而对电离辐射的抗性野生型基本不变。不同性质的光照试验显示，强白光对野生菌株和光敏色素突变的耐辐射奇球菌都具有显著的抑制菌落生长作用，两者差异不明显。红光和蓝光对野生株和突变株的生长都没有明显的抑制作用。强白光照射对没有光敏色素调控体系的大肠杆菌K12菌株抑制不明显。因此，耐辐射奇球菌中光敏色素可能主要是作为氧化环境信号传递和调控的蛋白。     

黄瓜幼苗Rubisco与Rubisco活化酶对光强的响应

以津优3号幼苗为试材,研究弱光(LL:100 μmol· m-2·s-1)、亚弱光(SL:300 μmol·m-2·s-1)下黄瓜幼苗光合速率(Pn)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)、Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其基因表达量的变化.结果表明,11d弱光处理后,黄瓜幼苗叶片的Pn、Rubis...     

光受体的研究进展

光是植物生活中最重要的环境因子之一,它不仅给植物提供辐射能,而且可作为信号调节植物生命周期中的各种生理过程。植物的光周期反应主要是通过光受体接收或传递光信号来完成。介绍了植物光周期和几种光受体红光或远红光受体光敏色素、蓝光受体隐花色素、向光素、紫外光受体UV-B的研究进展。     

Potassium Channels in Samanea saman Protoplasts Controlled by Phytochrome and the Biological Clock

Leaflet movement in legumes depends on rhythmic, light-regulated ion fluxes in opposing regions of the leaf-moving organ. In flexor and extensor protoplasts from Samanea saman Merrill, opening and closing of K(+) channels were rhythmic in constant darkness. When channels were open in flexor protoplasts they were closed in extensor protoplasts, and vice versa. The rhythms were shifted by a delay in the onset of constant darkness, a response typical of endogenous circadian rhythms. During the light period, the channels in flexor protoplasts were sensitive to red light that was followed by premature darkness; phytochrome was implicated as the photoreceptor.     

Photoperiodism in Lemna: Reversal of NightInterruption Depends on Color of the Main Photoperiod

With main photoperiods of red or white light, the inhibition of flowering in Lemna perpusilla 6746 caused by interruptions of the night with red light cannot be reversed by far-red light, since far-red light itself is highly inhibitory. However, with a main photoperiod of blue light, far-red light is much less inhibitory and partially reverses the effect of red night-interruptions. If the main blue photoperiod is terminated by a brief red exposure, reversibility is abolished, as the far-red light is again fully inhibitory. This latter effect can be reversed by far-red light. These results add light quality to the already known characteristics of the main light period which affect reversibility in the dark period, and are consistent with the idea that the effects of blue light on photoperiodism in L. perpusilla are mediated exclusively by phytochrome.     

2个玉米光敏色素C基因的转录丰度对多种光质处理的响应

【目的】通过NCBI数据库获得2个玉米PHYC及相关数据,并进行相关生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)分析2个玉米PHYC在玉米各器官的转录丰度,以及其转录丰度对多种光质处理、黑暗到各种光质转换和光周期处理(长日照和短日照)的响应,为研究玉米PHYC在玉米幼苗去黄化与开花期的调控机制奠定基础。【方法】采用玉米B73自交系为研究材料,通过RT-PCR分别对Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF序列进行克隆;借助相关软件对其进行生物信息学分析,利用q RT-PCR分析这两个基因在玉米各器官中的转录丰度,及其转录丰度对各种光照处理的响应。【结果】Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF均为3 408 bp,编码1 135个氨基酸基序,分子量分别为126.14和126.07 k D。生物信息学分析表明,玉米phy C蛋白可以分为6个功能区段:节奏周期蛋白—Ah核转运接受蛋白—专一蛋白区段(Per-Arnt-Sim,PAS)、c GMP受激磷酸二酯酶区段(GAF)、色素区段(PHY)和PAS相关区段(PRD,包含2个PAS区段)、组氨酸激酶A区段和组氨酸激酶ATP酶区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅有一个PAS区段。氨基酸水平的系统发育树分析表明,Zmphy C1和Zmphy C2与禾本科物种phy C有很高的一致性,且与甘蔗和高粱phy C的亲缘关系较近。q RT-PCR分析表明,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达在根和叶中的转录丰度均较高,同时对持续蓝光和白光响应强烈;在黑暗到各种光质转换处理中,这两个PHYC的表达模式相似。在黑暗转到远红光、红光、蓝光和白光的0.5 h,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的转录表达均急剧上升,随后迅速下降到自身起始黑暗时的水平以下,并上下波动。这两个基因对长日照和短日照的光周期处理也能积极响应,在长日照条件下,2个Zm PHYC出现了极其相似的表达模式,均在光照和黑暗阶段各出现1个峰值;在短日照条件下,这两个基因的表达模式差异较大,Zm PHYC1的峰值出现在进入黑暗后6 h,而Zm PHYC2的峰值出现在进入光照阶段2 h。【结论】玉米phy C蛋白可以分成6个功能区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅具有一个PAS相关区段。2个玉米PHYC转录丰度具有组织特异性。在各种光质处理中,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达模式相近,可能二者存在功能冗余,在转录水平上前者的丰度高于后者,推测Zm PHYC1在玉米中起更重要的作用,并且可能二者在功能上存在分工。Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2对各种光质和光周期处理均有较强的响应,推测二者在调控玉米光形态建成和开花中具有重要作用。