Fabrication and use of nanometer-sized electrodes in electrochemistry

Electrodes with electrochemical dimensions as small as 10 angstroms have been fabricated and used for electrochemical studies. These nanometer-scale electrodes have enabled the measurement of electron-transfer rate constants, k(het), that are two orders of magnitude faster than k(het) values accessible with any other electrochemical method.     

Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model(SEBAL) and crop information for assessment of regional crop(summer maize and winter wheat) actual evapotranspiration(ET a) in Huang-Huai-Hai(3H) Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and the land surface temperature(LST). A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.     

不同灌溉水平下石竹的水分蒸散研究

为了评测园林常用宿根花卉石竹在北京地区的水分需求,2006年利用蒸散量反馈式灌溉原理,采用小型蒸渗仪研究了石竹一年生苗在100%ETc、75%ETc、50%ETc、25%ETc 4个灌溉水平下的水分蒸散。结果表明,6—10月石竹的蒸散量随灌溉量减少而降低,不同灌溉水平间蒸散量差异显著;同一灌溉水平下各月之间蒸散量差异显著。4个灌溉水平下石竹6—10月的总蒸散量分别为432.6、315.5、220.6、118.0 mm。利用Penman-Monteith蒸散量经验模型计算潜在蒸散量ET0,得出石竹6—10月的作物系数Kc为0.63～1.12。根据实测蒸发皿的蒸发量计算出石竹6—10月的需水系数α为0.93～1.77。随着植物的生长,Kc和α值在9月达到高峰。测量石竹在8—10月的日蒸散,在12:00时蒸散量最大,为单峰曲线;但在水分胁迫情况下会出现蒸腾午休现象,表现为双峰曲线。4个灌溉水平下石竹的蒸散量均低于北京地区的自然降雨,总降雨量可以满足石竹的水分需求,但鉴于降雨季节性分布不均衡,春秋季节适当灌溉可以延长观赏期。      

Effect of observation scale on remote sensing based estimates of evapotranspiration in a semi-arid row cropped orchard environment

Understanding in detail the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) in row cropped fruit production areas with diverse water requirements is vital for monitoring water use and efficient irrigation scheduling. Spatially distributed ET for these environments can be estimated using remote sensing (RS). However, the computation of RS based ET under such conditions is complicated because of the complex parameterizations that are required to derive ET for the mixed pixels comprising of bare soil and well-watered plants typical of row cropped areas. Also, the parameterization of these processes is not scale invariant, owing to change in the percentage of vegetation cover in the mixed pixels across remote sensing observation scales. In this study, our main objectives were (1) to isolate and evaluate the effect of varying spatial scales (comparable to canopy sizes and larger) of the remote sensing data on ET estimates; and (2) provide an operational method for estimating remote sensing based ET for row cropped conditions. ET was computed using an empirical technique (S-SEBI: Simplified-Surface Energy Balance Index Algorithm) for almond and pistachio orchards from remote sensing imagery collected at a scale comparable to the canopy sizes of the trees (5.8 and 7.2 m) and a scale that was much larger than the canopy size (120 m) using the MASTER and Landsat sensors, respectively. In order to account for the effect of mixed pixels, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based correction factor was applied to the derived ET values and the results averaged for different fields were validated with Penman–Monteith based ET estimates. It was found that the corrected mean ET estimates at 120 m were in agreement with the Penman–Monteith based ET estimates (RMSE_average = 0.12 mm/h), whereas they were underestimated at the finer resolutions. Our results indicated that a remote sensing pixel resolution comparable to the row spacing and smaller and comparable to the canopy size overestimated the land surface temperature and consequently, underestimated ET when using operational models that do not account for vegetation and soil temperature separately. The results of the application of the NDVI correction factor indicates that good spatial estimates of crop ET can be made for crops growing in orchards using simple ET models that require minimal data and freely available Landsat imagery. These findings are very encouraging for the regular monitoring of crop health and effective management of irrigation water in highly water stressed agricultural environments.     

郑州地区各气象要素与参考作物腾发量的相关性研究

根据郑州地区1980—2000年的气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算21 a间参考作物腾发量ET0,分析了ET0的月际变化和年际变化特征.结果表明,ET0值呈现为逐年减少趋势,说明气候变化对ET0的影响较大;并分析了各气象要素与ET0的相关性,在郑州地区ET0与平均相对湿度相关性最好.     

不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式适用性研究

为比较不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式的适用性,利用哈尔滨市气象台48年的逐日气象数据,应用Penman-Monteith公式和Hargreaves公式计算了哈尔滨市参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)的日、旬、月值,基于两公式计算的ET0数据,采纳FAO推荐的方法建立了Hargreaves公式修正式模型,通过分析...     

基于支持向量机优化粒子群算法的作物生育期ET_0预测

ET0是计算作物需水量、进行农田灌溉管理及区域水资源优化配置的重要依据。为了提高ET0的预测精度,将粒子群(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法引入到ET0预测中,并用支持向量回归机(support vector machine,SVM)优化参数。PSO-SVM将最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速与日照时数输入到SVM中学习,将SVM参数作为PSO中的粒子,把ET0值作为PSO的目标函数,然后通过粒子之间相互协作得到SVM最优参数,对ET0进行预测,并采用PM模型计算值验证。该文以新疆喀什地区为例,通过采用粒子群耦合支持向量机(PSO-SVM)算法训练得到模型,并用10组数据进行预测;最后引用BP神经网络算法和PSO-SVM算法进行了对比,其结果表明,PSO-SVM算法预测准确率较高,预测值与实测值间相关系数达0.682,平均相对误差为3.19%。     

总氨态氮和pH对菲律宾蛤仔“斑马蛤2号”品系幼贝潜沙的影响

为研究总氨态氮(TAN)和pH对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum“斑马蛤2号”(简称“Zebra 2”)品系幼贝潜沙的影响,在实验室内以天然海水为对照,研究了不同TAN质量浓度(0.12、0.51、1.03、1.64、2.93、5.93、12.30、28.00、54.90 mg/L)和pH(7.00、7.31、7.55、7.77、8.15、8.27、8.54、8.81、9.09)对“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝(壳长为4.78 mm±0.60 mm)潜沙的影响。结果表明:TAN胁迫试验显示,在水温20.7℃、盐度29和pH 8.12条件下,ρ(TAN)≤54.90 mg/L时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),对竖壳ET50和潜沙ET50的最大毒物允许浓度(MATC)为28.00~54.90 mg/L,对潜沙ET100的MATC为0.51~1.03 mg/L,对24 h潜沙率的MATC为5.93~12.30 mg/L;pH胁迫试验显示,在水温27.1℃、盐度22.8及pH 7.00~9.09条件下,幼贝均能潜沙,但不同pH条件下潜沙速度有差异,pH为7.00~9.09时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),pH为7.55~9.09时对竖壳ET50无影响,pH为7.31~9.09时对潜沙ET50无影响,pH为7.31~8.27时对潜沙ET100无影响,pH为7.00~9.09时对24 h潜沙率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明:适宜“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝潜沙ET100的TAN为0.12~0.51 mg/L或pH为7.31~8.27;pH为7.00~9.09时对蛤仔幼贝24 h潜沙率无影响,而TAN≥28.00 mg/L时导致其24 h潜沙率明显下降。     

Carbon-14: direct detection at natural concentrations

The (14)C atoms naturally present in a piece of 19th-century wood have been detected directly by means of a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator used as a high-energy mass spectrometer. The (14)C ions were easily resolved from interfering ions with the use of a DeltaE-E detector telescope (this telescope consists of a pair of detectors; one of them measures the specific ionization, DeltaE, and the sum of the signals from both detectors gives the total energy for each ion, ET). The technique offers a number of practical advantages.     

Spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in Hebei Province,China

Evapotranspiration(ET)is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere,and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resource cycles.The time-series data set from the remote sensing MOIDS product(MOD16)was used to study the spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in salinized areas during 2000–2014 by analyzing the variability,spatial patterns and Mann-Kendall(MK)nonparametric trends for the time series.The results indicate that inter-annual and intra-annual variations of ET across various vegetated areas show seasonal changes,with the abnormal months identified.The cultivated land displays a greater degree of spatial heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of ET in the area covered by broadleaved deciduous forests corresponds to a higher ET rate and increased water consumption.A widespread decline of ET is observed only in cultivated areas.However,agricultural cultivation doesn’t worsen water shortage and soil salinization problems in the region,and water shortage problems are worsening for other vegetated areas.This research provides a basis of reference for the reasonable allocation of water resources and restructuring of vegetation patterns in salinized areas.     

Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis

Major epidemic outbreaks of viral hepatitis in underdeveloped countries result from a type of non-A, non-B hepatitis distinct from the parenterally transmitted form. The viral agent responsible for this form of epidemic, or enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH), has been serially transmitted in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) and has resulted in typical elevation in liver enzymes and the detection of characteristic virus-like particles (VLPs) in both feces and bile. Infectious bile was used for the construction of recombinant complementary DNA libraries. One clone, ET1.1, was exogenous to uninfected human and cyno genomic liver DNA, as well as to genomic DNA from infected cyno liver. ET1.1 did however, hybridize to an approximately 7.6-kilobase RNA species present only in infected cyno liver. The translated nucleic acid sequence of a portion of ET1.1 had a consensus amino acid motif consistent with an RNA-directed RNA polymerase; this enzyme is present in all positive strand RNA viruses. Furthermore, ET1.1 specifically identified similar sequences in complementary DNA prepared from infected human fecal samples collected from five geographically distinct ET-NANBH outbreaks. Therefore, ET1.1 represents a portion of the genome of the principal viral agent, to be named hepatitis E virus, which is responsible for epidemic outbreaks of ET-NANBH.     

基于APSIM 模型的宁夏半干旱区苜蓿 灌溉模拟验证和应用

基于宁夏4 个试验点的试验数据和同期气象资料,对APSIM 模型进行了充分地校准和验证。结果表明, APSIM 模型达到了较高的精度,各验证项模拟值和实测值均表现出良好的相关性,决定系数R2在0.6~1.0 之间,D 值 在0.78~0.99 之间。在此基础上,利用APSIM 模型模拟了不同灌溉情况下不同灌溉量对苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的 干草产量尧蒸发蒸腾量和水分利用效率的影响。认为灌溉是宁夏半干旱地区苜蓿增产的重要因素。200 mm 的灌溉 量是苜蓿干草产量由增加到减少的转折点。苜蓿不同生育阶段对水分的敏感度不同。分枝期和现蕾期最大灌水量 为50 mm,超过50 mm 会引起产量降低。蒸发蒸腾量（ET）与灌水量呈线性显著相关,决定系数R2达到0.826,P< 0.01。苜蓿水分利用效率与灌溉量不成正比,当灌溉量增加到100 mm 时,水分利用效率达到最大尧为54.2 kg/hm2窑 mm,随后逐渐降低。较大的灌溉量不利于苜蓿水分利用效率的提高。     

Strategies for increasing the capture,storage, and utilization of precipitation in semiarid regions

Crop production in semiarid regions is always challenging because of the high variability of amount and distribution of precipitation.These regions become more important each year, however, because the rapidly increasing and more prosperous world population seeks greater consumption of animal products(meat, milk and eggs) that requires additional grain to that consumed directly.The dry areas of the developing world where approximately 40% of the world population lives comprise about 40% of the earth's land area.Crop production, particularly cereal grains, must increase in these areas to meet these growing demands.Grain yield of cereal crops is a function of the amount of water used for evapotranspiration(ET), the portion of ET used for transpiration(T), the units of water as T to produce 1 unit of biomass, and the harvest index(HI).The most important factor is the amount of evapotranspiration not only because it is closely proportional to grain yield, but because it tends to also make the other factors more favorable.Therefore, even small increases in ET can be significant.Strategies for manipulating soil and plant conditions for increasing ET, and how additional ET affects the other factors, are discussed for water deficient areas.The use of crop residues as mulch is highly beneficial but often insufficient in dryland regions or is required for animal feed and fuel.Plastic mulch, mainly restricted to China, has significantly increased grain yields in dryland areas by decreasing evaporation from the soil surface.     

生态系统尺度水汽通量分配——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例

目的蒸散发(ET)包括蒸发(E)和蒸腾(T), 是生态系统降雨(P)返回大气的最主要形式, 在气候变化背景下, 了解大兴安岭北部多年冻土区的寒温带兴安落叶松林的ET特征及其分配状况, 有助于进一步理解北方森林对气候变化的响应模式。方法在2015年7月10日至8月10日期间, 利用模型与野外实测的方法对寒温带兴安落叶松林蒸发(E)、蒸腾(T)及蒸散发(ET)进行研究。E包括林地蒸发(E_f)和林冠截留(E_c), 而林分蒸腾总量(T_tot)则为优势木(T_d)、中等木(T_i)、劣势木(T_s)蒸腾量之和。分析非降水和降水日的ET及其组分特征和分配, 探讨水汽通量对气象因子的响应。结果非降雨和降雨日的ET及其组分的日变化均呈单峰格局, 且非降雨日曲线的日峰值均高于降雨日。非降雨日, E_f、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET分别为10.3、25.6、15.2、10.8和66.3mm; 降雨日, E_f、E_c、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET则分别为2.2、24.3、11.2、5.1、3.8和47.8mm。非降雨日, E_f/ET为15.5%, 而T_tot/ET为78.0%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别贡献38.7%、23.0%和16.4%;降雨日, E_f/ET低至4.6%, E_c/ET则可以达到50.9%, 而T_tot/ET降低至42.2%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别为23.5%、10.6%和8.0%;表明非降雨日ET以T为主(具体为T_d), 降雨日则以E(具体为E_c)为主。观测期间94.7%的P主要以ET形式返回大气, 其中由T贡献57%, E贡献38%。总体上, 无论降雨与否, ET与23m处净辐射(R_n)的相关性均高于其与水汽压亏缺(VPD)的相关性, T_tot与二者的相关性则差异不大, 而E_f的表现则与ET相反, 说明R_n是生态系统能量循环和物质交换的最主要驱动力, T_tot同时主要受到R_n和VPD的约束, 而E_f优先受VPD的限制。结论兴安落叶松优势木的蒸腾能力强于中等木和劣势木, 以往研究多采用T_d(或包括较大径级的T_i)为林分尺度上推计算过程的基准值的方法会高估林分整体的蒸腾能力, 实际误差的大小取决于林分的分化程度以及是否降雨等因素。非降雨日的气象条件更有利于植被-大气界面的水汽交换, 降雨的发生会影响生态系统ET的分配模式。      

北京山区侧柏林生长旺季蒸散组分δ18O日变化及其定量区分

侧柏是北京山区分布范围较广的典型针叶树种,研究侧柏林生长旺季蒸散过程及蒸散组分变化特征对了解该区陆地生态系统水汽交换、植被耗水需求具有重要意义。本研究利用稳定同位素技术于生长旺季(2016年8月)对侧柏林大气水汽δ18O进行原位连续观测,同时选取4个典型晴天采集枝条和土壤样品并测定样品水中的δ18O。结果表明:日尺度上,利用Craig-Gordon模型计算的土壤蒸发水汽氧同位素组成(δ_E)在4个测定日中均先增大后减小,δ_E>介于-5.968%~-2.689%,最大峰值出现在12:00—14:00,而近地面大气相对湿度(h)先减小后增大,二者关系为δ_E=-0.03h2+4.85h-209.5(R2=0.55,n=32),表明h＞75%时,环境相对湿度越大,同位素分馏效应越明显;基于稳态假设估算的植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δ_T)和Keeling曲线拟合的侧柏林蒸散水汽氧同位素组成(δ_ET)分别介于-1.210%~-0.951%、-1.599%~-1.004%,日变化趋势复杂,日间变化差异大,但同一观测日内δ_T和δ_ET变化趋势基本一致,表明植物蒸腾非稳态可能对δ_T的估算产生偏离,δ_ET变化主要受δ_T影响;4个测定日中蒸腾量占总蒸散量的比例(F_T)介于90.14%~92.63%,说明研究区侧柏林生态系统生长旺季蒸散发绝大部分来自植物蒸腾。研究结果确定了基于日尺度的生长旺季植被蒸腾对蒸散的贡献率,为研究陆地生态系统水汽交换机制提供了有益参考,为区域森林生态建设和管理提供了科学依据。      

拉萨参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的长期年际变化规律及小波分析

根据拉萨气象站1955～2006年逐日气象资料计算出的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）的逐年距平值时间序列资料作为分析基础数据,小波分析数据延拓采用对称延拓边界法。结果表明,拉萨年ET0均值年代际距平百分率1950、1970、1980年代为正,1960、1990、2000年代为负,其中最大值在1950年代、最小值在1960年代,说明它们属于异常年代;年ET0均值总体变化趋势呈现递减;在整个时间域内,拉萨年ET0均值变化的年际特征非常明显,主要以3～5年左右周期振动最强,而年代际周期变化非常微弱。     

作物蒸发蒸腾量的人工神经网络模型研究

采用盆栽试验,利用BP-人工神经网络模拟作物的蒸发蒸腾量,分别构建ET1(气象因子)、ET2(气象因子与播种天数)、ET3(气象因子、播种天数和含水率)3种人工神经网络模型,并将预测结果与称重法得到的实际值ET进行比较,结果表明,所构建的ET3模型的计算精度较高,是一种最优的计算作物蒸发蒸腾量的BP-人工神经网络模型。     

紫花苜蓿碳水通量日变化对土壤水分处理的响应

采用透明通量箱连接Li-6400光合作用系统的方法,研究了不同土壤水分处理条件下(自然降水+人工灌溉(PRAW)、自然降水(PRCP)和干旱(DROU))紫花苜蓿群体水平上碳水交换特征变量(生态系统净碳交换(NEE)、生态系统蒸散(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)、生态系统呼吸(Rec)o)的日变化特征及其与环境因子(光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T)s、冠层温度(T)c、空气温度(T)a和相对湿度(RH))之间的关系。结果表明:PRAW和PRCP之间的WUE(NEE,ET)日变化差异不显著;PRCP和DROU之间的WUE(NEE)日变化差异显著;PRAW和DROU之间的WUE(ET)日变化差异显著;3种土壤水分处理之间,Reco日变化差异均达显著水平。与PRCP相比,PRAW明显增大了植物对光能的利用效率(初始表观量子效率α),使得Ts成为影响ET日变化的主要因素,且减小了Ts对Reco的影响;与PRCP相比,DROU条件下,NEE与ET显著正相关,在PAR和Tc一定的条件下,随Ta增加ET呈显著线性减小趋势,另外,Reco仅与Tc呈极显著指数增长关系。     

作物蒸发蒸腾量的人工神经网络模型研究

利用BP-人工神经网络考虑气象条件、土壤水分条件以及作物的生物学特性3方面因素，构建作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET）模型。     

不同水分处理对两种机采种植模式棉花蒸散发、产量及品质的影响

为明确不同水分处理对两种机采种植模式棉花蒸散发特征、产量形成及品质变化的影响，于2020-2021开展田间小区试验，设4个灌溉处理3 600 m³/hm²(D1)、4 500 m³/hm²(D2)、5 400 m³/hm²(D3)、6 300 m³/hm²(D4),2种机采模式等行距种植(R1)和宽窄行种植(R2)。结果表明：2种机采种植模式土壤蒸发量(Es)、蒸散量(ET)、Es/ET均随灌水量的增加而增加；不同灌水处理土壤日蒸发量在灌溉后1～4 d处于较高水平，R1较R2分别高6.98%、7.55%、8.53%、7.19%。年均蒸散量4个灌水处理R1分别为397.6 mm、465.2 mm、547.2 mm、665 mm, R2分别为412.5 mm、482.1 mm、563.5 mm、684.5 mm, R2较R1分别高3.76%、3.64%、2.96%和2.94%。4个灌水处理Es/ET比值R1为27.4...