不同林龄杉木根际与非根际土壤微生物群落特征

为探究中亚热带杉木土壤微生物群落随林龄变化特征,以中亚热带7,24,34 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析其根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和群落结构及驱动土壤微生物变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明：随着杉木林龄的增长,非根际土壤各类微生物数量不断减少,根际土壤微生物数量不断增加,34 a生杉木人工林细菌含量、革兰氏阴性菌含量、Cy∶MONO根际土壤显著高于非根际土壤,而其他各类微生物在根际和非根际土壤间均没有显著差异。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明：土壤环境因子对杉木土壤微生物群落有显著影响,其中有效磷和铵态氮含量对土壤微生物群落的影响较大,有效磷含量与土壤微生物群落呈正相关,土壤铵态氮含量与其呈负相关。因此,在杉木人工林管理过程中,可适当增加磷的输入,以增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤质量,促进杉木的生长。     

山药根际土壤微生物16S rRNA多样性及影响因素

通过采集山药连作2年的植株根际土壤及根茎,采用高通量测序技术研究根际土壤细菌多样性,分析7个样本中菌群的组成、丰度、α多样性、β多样性、菌群差异性。采用典型相关分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis,CCA)分析优势菌群与土壤化学因子、根茎糖类物质的关系,探讨根际土壤中细菌群落与土壤化学指标、根茎糖类物质的相关性。结果表明:山药根际土壤细菌优势群落为变形菌、绿弯菌、酸杆菌、放线菌;土壤pH是影响细菌群落结构及分布的重要因子;酸杆菌和硝化螺旋菌与土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶活性及总有机碳、碱解氮呈正相关,奇古菌和绿弯菌与土壤总有机碳、碱解氮呈正相关,土壤中碳、氮养分又与山药根茎中可溶性糖、粗多糖及淀粉呈正相关关系,说明这些微生态环境因子可能对山药根茎糖类物质积累有促进作用。     

杉木根际土壤微生物和酶活性初探

植物根际环境的研究中,对林木根际的研究较少,近年来,南方连栽杉木林地地力衰退,杉木生长不良现象日趋普遍,引起林业界的极大关注^[1]。     

秦岭火地塘林区主要树种根际微生态系统土壤性状研究

研究了秦岭火地塘林区油松,华山松,锐齿栎和华北落叶松４个树种根际微区土壤特性,结果表明,４个树种根际土壤的pH值均低于非极际土壤,其中华北落叶松影响最明显,pH值相差达１个单位,锐齿栎影响最小,有机质含量４个树种则均是根际土壤大于非根际土壤,锐齿栎根际土壤的有机质含量最高,全Ｎ,水解N必 Ｋ含量,在根际出现一定程度的富积,速效Ｐ则在根际土壤明显产生亏缺,全Ｐ在根际土壤和非极际土壤之间的差异不明显,土壤微生物总量和３种土壤酶活性均有根际土壤高于非根际土壤,说明极系的生理代谢活动能明显增根际土壤生物活性和物质转化速率。     

大气中臭氧浓度增加对根际和非根际土壤微生物的影响

在大田试验下,研究了冬小麦在不同的臭氧浓度下根际和非根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的动态变化。结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,微生物数量呈现规律性的变化,其中微生物总量在抽穗期达最大。根际、非根际土壤细菌和真菌数量均随着生育期的推进呈先增大后降低的变化趋势,分别在抽穗期和孕穗期达最大。根际、非根际土壤放线菌数量随生育期呈下降的趋势,整个生育期内臭氧浓度的升高降低了土壤微生物的数量,不同的臭氧浓度处理间细菌数量差异达显著性水平,真菌数量差异只在成熟期达显著,放线菌差异不显著。     

连作西瓜的根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性

以山东大鹏西瓜基地0,3,9,15 a的西瓜根和根际土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查和实验室分析方法分析连作对西瓜根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量递减,连作第15年有机质及有效氮磷钾含量最低。在同一生长时期内,连作年限越长,西瓜根系活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积最低,根际土壤酶活性呈现先递增后下降的趋势,并且根际土壤酶活力幼苗期 < 抽蔓期 < 结果期。在连作前期土壤中可培养微生物代谢活力递增,连作后期微生物代谢活力递减,且连作越久土壤中微生物群落多样性降低,均匀度先增加后降低。相关性分析表明,土壤中过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、磷酸酶（p < 0.05）、蔗糖酶（p < 0.01）、速效磷（p < 0.05）、速效钾（p < 0.05）与真菌具有正相关性;脲酶与细菌正相关（p < 0.01）,与碱解氮负相关（p < 0.01）;过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、碱解氮（p < 0.01）与放线菌具有显著正相关。综上所述,连作0～9 a,土壤微生物代谢活力和酶活性增强,养分流失较小;连作9 a后,土壤养分流失严重,土壤酶活性和微生物代谢活力显著降低,产生连作障碍,说明减少连作年限可使西瓜优质丰产并且可持续发展,反之影响西瓜正常生长生产,损害经济效益。     

崇明西红花根际土壤和球茎微生物多样性分析

为研究崇明西红花栽培地根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其微生物群落组成进行了比对分析。结果表明,西红花根际土壤和球茎中细菌和真菌在门类水平上菌群类别差异不显著,但在丰富度和多样性方面根际土壤明显高于球茎;在属和种水平上差异显著;在种水平上,根际土壤或球茎均有各自特有的细菌或真菌,且具有较高的相对丰度。西红花致病真菌瓶霉(Phialophora)和背芽突霉(Cadophora)在崇明西红花球茎大量存在。因此,推测西红花病害发生,除与土壤菌群相关外,与其内生细菌和真菌也紧密相关。本研究结果初步分析了崇明栽培地西红花根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性及群落结构组成,为进一步筛选合适的崇明西红花栽培地土壤和种球杀菌剂提供了理论依据。     

基于高通量测序的两种植被恢复类型根际土壤细菌多样性研究

为研究库布齐沙地生态恢复过程中不同植被恢复类型土壤微生物细菌群落结构、多样性的变化特征,以流动沙地为对照,运用高通量测序技术,对自然恢复的油蒿群落、人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落根际和非根际土壤细菌多样性进行了研究,并分析了土壤理化性质对其分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型对细菌多样性产生了正效应,细菌群落丰度、多样性和均匀度明显增加。其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落土壤细菌丰度高于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落;(2)变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门为研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,其中变形菌门在各样地丰度比例最高,变形菌的4个亚群变化趋势一致,α-变形菌相对含量在油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落根际土壤中明显增加,尤其是自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤中α-变形菌得到了很好的恢复;(3)土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量和土壤含水量是影响土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性的主要土壤因子,典型相关分析表明土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、速效氮含量对于研究区土壤细菌群落遗传多样性的变化起着重要作用。     

南亚热带不同植被根际微生物数量与根际土壤养分状况

研究了包括尾叶桉、广东凤丫蕨、柳叶竹、大叶相思、青皮、木荷、湿地松在内的7种南亚热带不同植物植被下土壤根际微生物与根际养分状况及其相关关系。结果表明，根际环境对细菌有明显的正效应，对放线菌和真菌有正、负两方面的影响，但对根际微生物总量具有根际效应明显;在南亚热带森林生态系统中，在植物的某些生长季节，微生物的根际效应与土壤养分的根际效应一致。     

柑桔根际土壤微生物种群动态及根际效应的研究

在柑桔根际土壤微生物的种群结构中，细菌占优势，最高达76871×10⁷个每克干土；真菌次之，达17549个每克干土；放线菌最少，达12462个每克干土。三种菌的根际效应非常显著，根际细菌最高约为对照的67.6倍，真菌约为12.4倍，放线菌约为26.9倍，柑桔中，温州密柑根际土壤细菌最多，年平均为6490×10⁷个每克干土；红桔的放线菌及真菌最多，年均分别为1326个每克干土及1728个每克干土。柑桔根际土壤微生物区系的种群结构和数量变动，受土壤理化性质的影响，并随树种、树龄、砧木及季节而变化。柑桔根部及根颈部对脚腐病、根腐病及线虫病的感病性和耐病性同柑桔同柑桔根际土壤微生物区系中，有益微生物与有害微生物的种类、数量及分布有密切的关系。柑桔根际土壤有益微生物有促进生长发育和保护的作用。     

菌肥对青稞根际土壤理化性质以及微生物群落的影响

应用化学分析、聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术和DNA测序技术,研究了西藏棕色砂壤土中微生物肥料不同施用量和施用期对青稞根际土壤理化性质和细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明,施用谷特菌肥能显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的水平,如播前施用菌肥浓度750 ml hm-2的处理较不施用菌肥的处理上述指标分别提高13.32%、28.42%、16.20%、9.81%、21.36%、39.35%和30.48%,拔节期施用菌肥浓度2 250 ml hm-2的处理较不施用菌肥的处理分别提高7.25%、29.35%、18.04%、12.86%、15.90%、43.27%和53.99%。DGGE分析表明,相同施用方式中不同施用量土样中微生物的DGGE图谱相似。非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析将DGGE图谱分为2大类群。Shannon-Wiener指数表明,施用菌肥的土壤细菌多样性先增加后逐渐降低,播前以喷施谷特菌浓度750 ml hm-2时的细菌多样性最高;拔节期则以喷施谷特菌浓度2 250 ml hm-2处理的细菌多样性最高,且两种施用方式土壤养分的释放与Shannon指数的变化规律均为播前﹥拔节期。测序结果表明,不同施肥浓度土样微生物种群分布较为广泛,其中Actinobacteria纲细菌种类略多,少数菌种为未经培养菌种(Uncultured bacterium)。典型对应分析(CCA)表明,DGGE图谱条带分布与土壤理化性质密切相关,碱解氮、全磷和全氮是影响微生物群落的主要环境因子。研究结果表明,施用谷特菌肥可明显改善青稞根际土壤理化性状,提高土壤细菌多样性。     

2-Phenylethylisothiocyanate concentration and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere of canola

Canola crops have been shown to inhibit soil-borne pathogens in following crops. This effect is mainly attributed to the release of low molecular S-containing compounds, such as isothiocyanates, during microbial degradation of the crop residues. We have assessed the effect of low concentrations of phenylethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) on soil microbial communities as well as its rate of degradation in soil and determined the concentration of PEITC and the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of canola. PEITC was degraded within 96 h by soil microorganisms. PEITC added to the soil daily for 5 d affected both bacterial and eukaryotic community structure, determined by PCR-DGGE. Community structures of bacteria and eukaryotes changed at PEITC concentrations between 1300 and 3790 pmol g⁻¹ soil fresh weight but was unaffected at lower concentrations. The PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere of living canola roots was greater in first order laterals than in second order laterals. The maximal PEITC concentration detected in the rhizosphere was 1827 pmol g⁻¹. Redundancy analysis of the DGGE banding patterns indicated a significant correlation between the PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere and the community structure of the active fraction of eukaryotes and bacteria in the rhizosphere. Other important factors influencing the microbial community structure were soil moisture and plant dry matter. It is concluded that canola may affect the soil microbial community structure not only after incorporation of canola residues but also during active growth of the plants.     

黑土农田施加AM菌剂对大豆根际菌群结构的影响

为揭示在黑土农田条件下施加丛枝菌根(AM)菌剂对作物根际微生物群落的影响,试验以大豆为研究对象,田间播种时分别施加根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)两种AM菌剂,以单施化肥处理(F)和不施加AM菌剂及化肥处理(CK)作为对照,采用传统与现代分子生物学手段,研究大豆根际土壤中菌群结构及根系内AM真菌多样性。结果表明:GI、GM处理的大豆菌根侵染率最高达到78.3%和86.6%;GI、GM、F处理的大豆根际土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌三大菌群的数量与CK处理相比显著提高(p0.05)。分离大豆结荚期根际土壤中AM真菌孢子,共获得Acaulospora属真菌3种,Glomus属真菌7种,孢子密度均较低,G.intraradices和G.mosseae均为各自处理的优势种群。对大豆结荚期根系和根际土壤PCR-DGGE图谱条带的丰度及优势条带测序分析,结果表明根际土壤中的AM真菌菌群数明显高于根系中AM真菌的菌群数量,GI处理的大豆根际土壤中AM真菌丰度值最大,GM处理大豆根系里的AM真菌丰度值最大,F处理的根际土壤中总AM真菌的数量最少;施加AM菌剂处理的大豆根系及根际土壤中的优势菌群分别为外源施加的两种AM真菌。     

盐地碱蓬根际土壤细菌群落结构及其功能

盐地碱蓬作为生物改良盐碱地的理想材料,其根际土壤微生物对土壤改良发挥着重要作用。为了深入探索环渤海滨海盐碱地碱蓬根际土壤细菌群落结构组成及其功能,采用Illumina Misep高通量测序平台对环渤海地区滨海盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际土壤和裸地土壤进行测序。从16个样本中获得有效序列734 792条, 4 285个OTUs,归属于41门、100纲、282目、400科、892属、1 577种。盐地碱蓬根际土壤细菌群落由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯曲门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、髌骨细菌门(Patescibacteria、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)组成。Alpha多样性计算结果表明,盐地碱蓬根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性高并与裸地土壤间差异显著;LEfSe(LDAEffectSize)分析发现,盐地碱蓬与裸地差异指示种明显不同。PCoA与相关性Heatmap表明,盐地碱蓬、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷、电导率是影响土壤细菌目类水平群落组成的主要因子。PICRUSt(Phylogenetic InvestigationofCommunitiesbyReconstructionofUnobserved States)分析表明微生物群落在新陈代谢等40个功能方面盐地碱蓬根际土壤比裸地土壤高。本研究表明盐地碱蓬覆盖能够降低土壤盐分,增加土壤养分,对土壤细菌群落多样性及其功能有积极作用。     

Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management

This study describes the effects of balanced versus nutrient-deficiency fertilization on soil microbial biomass, activity, and bacterial community structure in a long-term (16 years) field experiment. Long-term fertilization greatly increased soil microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity, except that the P-deficiency fertilization had no significant effect. Organic manure had a significantly greater (P<0.05) impact on the biomass C and the activity, compared with mineral fertilizers. Microbial metabolic activity (dehydrogenase activity per microbial biomass C) was significantly higher (P<0.05) under balanced fertilization than under nutrient-deficiency fertilization. General bacterial community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting eubacterial 16S rRNA gene. Mineral fertilization did not affect the DGGE banding pattern, while specific DGGE band was observed in organic manure-fertilized soils. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the change of bacterial community in organic manure-fertilized soil might not be because of the direct influence of the bacteria in the compost, but because of the promoting effect of the compost on the growth of an indigenous Bacillus sp. in the soil. We emphasize the importance of balanced-fertilization, as well as the role of P, in maintaining soil organic matter, and promoting the biomass and activity of microorganisms.     

Changes in microbial community structure in soil as a result of different amounts of nitrogen fertilization

The changes in size, activity and structure of soil microbial community caused by N fertilization were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. The rates of N fertiliser applied (KNO₃) were 0 (control), 100 and 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil. Despite no extra C sources added, a high percentage of N was immobilized. Whereas no significant increase of microbial C was revealed during incubation period, microbial growth kinetics as determined by the substrate-induced growth-response method demonstrated a significant decrease in the specific growth rate of microbial community in soil treated with 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil. Additionally, a shift in microbial community structure resulting in an increase in fungal biomarkers, mainly in the treatment with 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil was visible.     

Rapid changes in the rhizosphere bacterial community structure during re-colonization of sterilized soil

Diversity has been shown to be pivotal in ecosystem stability and resilience. It is therefore important to increase our knowledge about the development of diversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal dynamics of the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere of wheat plants growing in a soil in which the initial conditions for bacterial re-colonization were modified by mixing different amounts of sterilized with native soil at ratios of 19:1, 9:1, 4:1 and 1:1. Additional treatments comprised sterilized soil or native soil. Plant dry weight at day 20 decreased with increasing percentage of native soil in the mix. The bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) at days 3, 14 and 20 after planting. The bacterial community in the sterilized soil had a lower diversity and evenness than the native soil. Both diversity and evenness increased with time in the sterilized soil. Community structure in the different mixes changed over time and the changes were mix-specific. Principal component analyses of the DGGE banding patterns showed clear differences between the treatments particularly at day 3 and day 14 and revealed changes in community structure within a few days in a given treatment. The results of the present study show that bacterial communities rapidly re-colonize sterilized soil. During re-colonization, the community structure changes rapidly with a general trend towards higher diversity and evenness. The changes in community structure over time are also affected by the amount of sterile substrate to be re-colonized.     

Experimental warming effects on the microbial community of a temperate mountain forest soil

Soil microbial communities mediate the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). The amount of carbon (C) that is respired leaves the soil as CO₂ (soil respiration) and causes one of the greatest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. How soil microbial communities will respond to global warming, however, is not well understood. To elucidate the effect of warming on the microbial community we analyzed soil from the soil warming experiment Achenkirch, Austria. Soil of a mature spruce forest was warmed by 4 °C during snow-free seasons since 2004. Repeated soil sampling from control and warmed plots took place from 2008 until 2010. We monitored microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N). Microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of ribosomal RNA genes. Microbial metabolic activity was estimated by soil respiration to biomass ratios and RNA to DNA ratios. Soil warming did not affect microbial biomass, nor did warming affect the abundances of most microbial groups. Warming significantly enhanced microbial metabolic activity in terms of soil respiration per amount of microbial biomass C. Microbial stress biomarkers were elevated in warmed plots. In summary, the 4 °C increase in soil temperature during the snow-free season had no influence on microbial community composition and biomass but strongly increased microbial metabolic activity and hence reduced carbon use efficiency.