高架喷雾机底盘的结构设计

针对目前玉米等高秆农作物生长中后期病虫害防治困难的问题,对新疆玉米种植模式和生长中后期病虫害发生规律进行调研,设计出了一种高架喷雾机底盘装置。运用经典等腰梯形四连杆机构的转向运动学理论,设计了高架喷雾机基于前轮轮距可调机构的双液压缸转向系统、底盘平衡装置及其他关键零部件。在Solid Works软件中建立了关键部件的三维模型,对底盘装置进行装配并检验了各个零部件结构和尺寸设计的合理性。     

交叉变轮距底盘连杆机构的失效分析

提出一种交叉变轮距的底盘结构。该结构通过一系列连杆机构实现车辆的机械式转向,所以连杆机构运动的稳定性成为交叉变轮距底盘转向和改变轮距的关键。简述失效分析和失效分析的方法,分析各种方法的特点;针对多杆机构杆多稳定性差的缺点,运用故障树模糊分析法分析了导致连杆机构失效的主要因素,推导出顶事件模糊发生概率的公式;对该连杆机构中铰接连杆、销轴和轴齿轮失效的原因进行分析。为交叉变轮距底盘结构的开发与优化提供了参考。     

如何调整手拖轮距及注意事项

农用拖拉机在不同的作业情况下 ,为保证作业质量应调整驱动轮轮距。一、几种作业情况的轮距调整1 .运输作业 :将驱动轮轮距调整到最大位置 ,车辆行驶稳定。2 .旋耕作业 :旱地旋耕时 ,如果采用橡胶轮胎 ,轮距应偏小 ,可以用 63 0ｍｍ轮距。水田旋耕时应采用最大轮距 ,保证转弯时轮不与旋耕机相互刮碰。3 .犁耕作业时 ,根据犁铧的总耕作幅宽 ,重新调整轮距 ,一般采用最大轮距。但为避免漏耕 ,需将右侧驱动轮内移。内移方法 :拆下车轮毂 ,驱动轮按大轮距位置先套入半轴 ,而车轮毂按小轮距位置安装。4.其他作业时 ,按照作业要求及农作物行距适当…     

基于连杆控制机构的自走式大棚小型农用底盘的研究

针对我国农用底盘适用性差、操作不灵活及姿态可调性差等问题,设计了一种姿态可调并可四轮独立转向的小型农用底盘。该底盘主要由机架、高度调整机构、行走机构等组成。底盘上的两套电推杆装置可对各自底盘一侧的行走机构进行姿态上的调整,令整套装置能够根据地面高度进行实时姿态调整以保证机架的水平,同时可根据底盘承重的变化进行装置姿态的调整令装置具有变刚度的特点。其四轮独立转向机构可令底盘实现原地转向,使其在狭小空间内作业时具有较高的灵活性。通过仿真软件对相关机构进行了运动仿真,选择了合适的姿态调整方案。结果表明:该装置运动平稳、结构合理,得到的仿真数据可为今后的进一步研究提供依据。     

四轮菱形布置农用高地隙作业机设计与试验

针对玉米和甘蔗等高秆作物生长中后期田间管理缺乏有效作业机械的问题,设计了一种四轮菱形布置的农用高地隙作业机。该机采用门架式结构,具有离地间隙高、重心低、转向半径小和抗侧翻能力强的优点。左右两轮与中部机身的连接采用调整机构实现轮距大范围的精确调节,能适应不同的种植行距,减少作物根部的压实。左右两轮在高度方向也采用调整机构,在斜坡上作业时可调平车身。设计了相应的液压传动与机械传动系统,以满足驱动行走、机构调整与辅助装置工作的要求。试验结果显示,该机最大通过高度为2.8 m,最小转向半径为1.6 m,抗侧翻能力是提高车桥方案的2.4倍,轮距调节范围为0~1 000 mm,能在倾斜角小于等于25°的斜坡上调平车身。     

丘陵山区农用预检测主动调平底盘设计与试验

针对目前丘陵山区农用底盘倾斜后调平精度低、滞后的问题,提出一种预检测主动调平方法,该方法提前检测行驶前方地面情况,判断如何实施调平动作,并在底盘倾斜同时进行主动调整,可主动预防、避免或减少在崎岖不平地面上行驶作业过程中的底盘倾斜。设计了一种采用Y型可调悬架作为调平机构的农用车辆预检测主动调平底盘,分析计算了底盘悬架调整与预检测调平参数、承载能力与调平速度及调平执行策略,分析计算表明,可通过Y型可调悬架的高度调节实现底盘调平。利用样机在室外试验田中进行崎岖不平地面的行走试验验证,试验结果表明,在预检测主动调平行走过程中,丘陵山地农用预检测主动调平底盘可在精度0. 5°范围内实现动态调平,验证了预检测主动调平方法以及丘陵山地农用预检测主动调平底盘设计方案的可行性。     

田间作业机器人电动升降底盘设计

设计开发了一种田间作业机器人电动升降底盘,主要结构包括主机架及安装在主机架上的电源、控制器、行走机构、转向机构和升降机构。介绍了其主要组成和工作原理。该底盘可方便地实现车轮独立驱动、车轮独立转向、车轮距独立可调以及平台自动升降等功能,对我国田间作业机器人产业的自主发展具有重要意义。      

自走式玉米高地隙喷雾机底盘系统设计研究

玉米生长中后期常规施药机械难以适应,高地隙喷雾机的研制问题亟待解决。自走式高地隙底盘技术是玉米高地隙喷雾机研制的核心问题。为此,根据玉米生长中后期植保作业要求,制定了喷雾机总体设计方案;结合自走式底盘技术原理,应用solidworks对喷雾机底盘系统相关的行走系、转向系、制动系、轮距调整系及喷杆系等关键系统进行了三维设计,为底盘系统动力学建模、性能仿真分析及自走式玉米高地隙喷雾机的研制奠定了基础。     

小型收割机转向系统设计

介绍小型收割机转向系统的总体设计方案,分析转向系统的结构组成和和工作原理,对农作物收割机的转向半径和最小弯道宽度进行计算。确定齿轮组的传动路线和空间布置方案,从而计算出齿轮的传动比。为排除运动干涉,对转向系统与车架底盘的空间位置关系进行分析,保证农作物收割机在农作物收割时能够实现自由转向,降低劳动成本,提高生产效率。     

双置油缸推拉转向机构的设计

介绍双置油缸推拉转向机构的设计,此机构能满足机器行进中方便快捷地调整轮距的要求,并以某型号喷药机转向机构设计为例,说明了其应用。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。